浅析“独立语”

"独立语"是现代汉语中使用频率较高的于介绍"独立语"的含义和表意作用,阐述以往学术成果中关于"独立语"的研究内容。

Blind Separation of Speech Signals Based on Wavelet Transform and Independent Component Analysis

Speech signals in frequency domain were separated based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and independent component analysis (ICA). First, mixed speech signals were decomposed into different frequency domains by DWT and the subbands of speech signals were separated using ICA in each wavelet domain; then, the permutation and scaling problems of frequency domain blind source separation (BSS) were solved by utilizing the correlation between adjacent bins in speech signals; at last, source signals were reconstructed from single branches. Experiments were carried out with 2 sources and 6 microphones using speech signals at sampling rate of 40 kHz. The microphones were aligned with 2 sources in front of them, on the left and right. The separation of one male and one female speeches lasted 2.5 s. It is proved that the new method is better than single ICA method and the signal to noise ratio is improved by 1 dB approximately.

English Connector as Binding Term for Conjunction and Relative Pronoun

As grammatical words, conjunction and relative pronoun play a similar role. They join clauses, phrases, and even words. The terms independent and dependent clauses have become popular for quite a long time. When the concept of clause and sentence meets at the presence of NP （Noun Phrase） and VP （Verb Phrase）, there is a right to consider construction as an S or a sentence leaving the conjunction and relative pronoun as means of uniting device and leaving every NP-VP construction as equal units. By employing an embedding theory, we can see hidden parts of a sentence and their roles in other sentences. This article tries to see if it is still necessary to distinguish between dependent and independent clauses.

Speech Separation Based on Robust Independent Component Analysis

In this paper, we applied RobustICA to speech separation and made a comprehensive comparison to FastICA according to the separation results. Through a series of speech signal separation test, RobustICA reduced the separation time consumed by FastICA with higher stability, and speeches separated by RobustICA were proved to having lower separation errors. In the 14 groups of speech separation tests, separation time consumed by RobustICA was 3.185 s less than FastICA by nearly 68%. Separation errors of FastICA had a float between 0.004 and 0.02, while the errors of RobustlCA remained around 0.003. Furthermore, compared to FastICA, RobustlCA showed better separation robustness. Experimental results showed that RohustICA was successful to apply to the speech signal separation, and showed superiority to FastlCA in speech separation.

COMPARISON OFEMA-SYNCHRONIZED AND STAND-ALONE SPEECH BASED ON SPEECH RECOGNITION

Synchronized acoustic-articulatory data is the basis of various applications,such as exploring the fundamental mechanisms of speech production,acoustic to articulatory inversion(AAI),and articulatory to acoustic mapping(AAM).Numerous studies have been conducted based on the synchronized ElectroMagnetic Articulograhy(EMA)data and acoustic data.Hence,it is necessary to make clear whether the EMA-synchronized speech and stand-alone speech are different,and if so,how it affects the performance of the applications that are based on synchronized acoustic-articulatory data.In this study,we compare the differences between EMA-synchronized speech and stand-alone speech from the aspect of speech recognition based on the data of a male speaker.It is found that:i)the general error rate of EMA-synchronized speech is much higher than that of stand-alone speech;ii)apical vowels and apical/blade consonants are more significantly affected by the presence of EMA coils;iii)parts of vowel and consonant tokens are confused with the sounds who use the same articulator or the articulators nearby,such as confusion among apical vowels and confusion among apical and blade consonants;iv)the confusion of labial tokens demonstrates a diverse pattern.

THE THEORY OF FDI AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING

As an important dimension of cognitive style, field dependent (FD) and field independent (FI) have been extensively investigated in various aspects of language teaching and learning. It is widely believed that the FDI characteristics can provide important information in contributing to students' success and individualizing educational programs. Based on the previous studies, the present paper aims to make a detailed theoretical survey of FDI and to discuss its implications in English language teaching and learning. It is hoped that the research offers some insight into the theory of FDI and the employment of the theory in the classroom. Some problems and suggestions are also put forward for further consideration.

THE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE OF COOPERATIVE ENGLISH TEACHING IN NTU

合作教学作为一种有效的教学方式,20世纪70年代初兴起于美国,80年代—90年代在中国也有实践研究。一名外教和两名中国英语教师于2006年—2007年在宁夏师范学院就《英语国家社会文化》课程进行合作教学实践研究,旨在开阔学生视野,提高学生跨文化意识和小课题研究能力,以及提高教师合作和专业发展能力。实践合作教学如何很好地促进学生学习有效性和教师专业发展,探索合作教学对职前和在职师范教育培训的有效性,合作教学实践和效果检测表明"合作教学"虽有压力和挑战,但能很好地调动学生的学习积极性和主动性,能很好地提高学生的学习自主性,开阔了学生的文化视野,培养了学生跨文化意识和小课题研究能力,尤其是很好地促进了合作教师的协作能力、科研能力和文化洞察力等专业能力发展。结论认为合作教学方式是一种有效的培训方式,值得提倡。