从“理具”到“具理”——对孤山智圆、朱熹心性论形态演化关系的构拟

宋初天台义学之争所贡献的新思想命题不仅有着深刻的佛教思想意涵,而且与理学思想命题有曲折间接的关联性。其中,宋初天台山外派领袖孤山智圆以“心之理具”给出其心性论,展开对“心”之先验(性)、经验(修)关系的思考,此与朱熹以“心之具理”思想命题展开心、性关系的思考有思想“形变”的演化关系。

Embodied Meaning in Comprehending Abstract Chinese Counterfactuals

Embodied cognition theories propose that language comprehension triggers a sensorimotor system in the brain.However,most previous research has paid much attention to concrete and factual sentences,and little emphasis has been put on the research of abstract and counterfactual sentences.The primary challenges for embodied theories lie in elucidating the meanings of abstract and counterfactual sentences.The most prevalent explanation is that abstract and counterfactual sentences are grounded in the activation of a sensorimotor system,in exactly the same way as concrete and factual ones.The present research employed a dual-task experimental paradigm to investigate whether the embodied meaning is activated in comprehending action-related abstract Chinese counterfactual sentences through the presence or absence of action-sentence compatibility effect(ACE).Participants were instructed to read and listen to the action-related abstract Chinese factual or counterfactual sentences describing an abstract transfer word towards or away from them,and then move their fingers towards or away from them to press the buttons in the same direction as the motion cue of the transfer verb.The action-sentence compatibility effect was observed in both abstract factual and counterfactual sentences,in line with the embodied cognition theories,which indicated that the embodied meanings were activated in both action-related abstract factuals and counterfactuals.

Application and development of case-based reasoning in fixture design

Based on the case-based designing (CBD), it is presented that the similarity of the fixtures is described by the fixture information of workpiece and the structure information of feature. Then, the computer-aided fixture design system is created on case-based reasoning (CBR), in which the attributes information of the main features of workpiece and structure of fixture as case index code are designed for the retrieve of the similar cases, and the structure and hierarchical relation of case library are set up for store. Meanwhile, the algorithm based on the knowledge-guided in the retrieve of the similar cases, the strategy of case adaptation and case storage in which the case identification number is used to distinguish from similar cases are presented. The application of the system in some projects improves the design efficiency and gets a good result.

An Analysis of the Structure of Carbide-tool Utilization Expert System

The necessity and feasibility of an expert system for carbide-tool utilization are analyzed and a practical system named CUES(carbide-tool utilization expert system ) is developed and realized. The system concept, module structure, data management, inference strategy and the interface design of the system are discussed in.detail. The system would be useful not only for the preparation of tool bank of FMS or CIMS, but the for the proper application of cemented carbide tools in conventional machining Processes.

Metabolic Changes in Rats with Photochemically Induced Cerebral Infarction and the Effects of Batroxobin:A Study by Magnetic Resonance Imaging,~1H-and ^(31)p-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Metabolic changes in rats with photochemically induced cerebral infarction and the effects of batroxobin were investigated 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after infarction by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 1H- and 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). A region of T2 hyperintensity was observed in left temporal neocortex in infarction group and batroxobin group 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after infarction. The volume of the region gradually decreased from 1 day to 7 days after infarction. The ratio of NAA/Cho + Cr in the region of T2 hyperintensity in the infarction group was significantly lower than that in the corresponding region in the sham-operated group 3, 5 and 7 days after infarction respectively (P

Magnetic resonance imaging:A new tool for diagnosis of acute ischemic colitis?

AIM： To define the evolution of ischemic lesions with 7T magnetic resonance imaging （7T-MRI） in an animal model of acute colonic ischemia. METHODS： Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. Group I underwent inferior mesenteric artery （IMA） ligation followed by macroscopic observa- tions and histological analysis. In group H, 7T-MRI was performed before and after IMA ligation and followed by histological analysis. RESULTS： Morphological alterations started to develop 1 h after IMA ligation, when pale areas became evident in the splenic flexure mesentery and progressively wors-ened up to 8 h thereafter, when the mesentery was less pale, and the splenic flexure loop appeared very dark. The 7T-MRI results reflected these alterations, showing a hyperintense signal in both the intraperitoneal space and the colonic loop wall 1 h after IMA ligation; the lat- ter progressively increased to demonstrate a reduction in the colonic loop lumen at 6 h. Eight hours after IMA ligation, MRI showed a persistent colonic mural hyper- intensity associated with a reduction in peritoneal free fluid. The 7T-MRI findings were correlated with histolog- ical alterations, varying from an attenuated epithelium with glandular apex lesions at 1 h to coagulative necro- sis and loss of the surface epithelium detected 8 h after IMA ligation. CONCLUSION： MRI may be used as a substitute for invasive procedures in diagnosing and grading acute ischemic colitis, allowing for the early identification of pathological findings.

Inconel 617 and Stellite 6 alloys for tooling in thixoforming of steels

Thermal fatigue and high temperature wear are the two principle failure mechanisms for thixoforming dies. Samples of Inconel 617 and Stellite 6 alloys were submitted to thermal cycling under conditions which approximate thixoforming of steels and to sliding wear tests at 750 ℃. The experimental results thus obtained were compared with those of the X32CrMoV33 hot work tool steel. The Inconel 617 and Stellite 6 samples are much more resistant to oxidation and to softening than the hot work tool steel, providing a superior resistance to thermal fatigue cracking. The wear resistance of the Inconel 617 and Stellite 6 alloys at 750 ℃ is also markedly superior. The adhesive oxides growing slowly on Inconel 617 and Stellite 6 alloys sustain the wear action without spalling and are claimed to be responsible for the superior wear resistance of these alloys at 750 ℃.

Employer Branding Management As A Strategic and Organizational Control Tool

The issue of employer branding has always had an intrinsic interdisciplinary content, since it builds a bridge for cross-fertilization between different disciplines （strategic marketing, strategic management, and human resources management）. This paper presents employer branding as an approach based on effective strategic organizational resources and a precise employer branding management process. In this paper, the target is to define a possible frame in order to interpret employer branding techniques as control and regulation mechanisms. Control in organizations has long been a topic of interest for researchers and practitioners, alike who generally recognize that control mechanisms are needed to ensure that organizations may achieve their goals. It has been carried out a field work on the Italian Aeronautical Meta district, that generates annual revenues equal to EUR 8.7 billion and employees 36,300 people, of whom approximately 10% are employed in the space sector. Through this field work, the intention aim is to understand if and how employer branding may create, enforce, and set up internal and shared meaning and values. In particular, stemming from the empirical research＇s evidences, this paper tries to conceptualize employer branding as a factor to persuade and influence the way that organizational actors enact in a socially constructed context. In this effort, the aim is to understand how managers may affect meanings, values goals, and opinions through an effective action on employer branding that can play a crucial role in affecting sense-making processes, meanings, interpretations of the symbolic environment. The paper therefore opens up to new horizons, since it embraces a new application for employer branding, considering it as a modern control system and proposing an innovative approach in managerial control, founded on organizational identity as a key concept in an organizational citizenship＇s perspective

Energy, Social and Economic Indicators for Evaluation of Retrofit Buildings： The Brazilian Perspective on Sustainable Development

This paper aims to establish a methodological frame work and its validation as a response to the need of a demand management tool in the face of recurring comparisons of building revitalization or retrofits. As the investment and implementation actions improve and the social economic criteria are delimited by regulatory frameworks, it is extremely necessary to monitor previous performances and further prospects, regarding projects, it is necessary to measure the extent of which efforts have been meeting regulatory requirements and aiming to contribute with sustainable development. In this context, the use of indicators has been a major management tool.

Forming mechanism of integral serrated high fins by plowing-extruding based on variational feed

Plowing-extruding tool was designed and plowing-extruding process was investigated.Then,a manufacturing method of integral serrated high-finned tube,plowing-extruding based on variational feed was proposed,in which plowing-extruding tool moved forward at two different feeds,f1 and f2,in turn.In this method,overlaps that are usually avoided in practical application were utilized to manufacture high fins and average height of fins was up to 1.58 mm.The critical feed(fc) of overlaps forming and terms of high fins forming were analyzed.The main technical parameters that affect the fins height were discussed.The experimental results show that the fins height increases with extruding inclination angle and plowing-extruding depth,and the fins height increases with f1 increasing when f1 is smaller than fc,and decreases with f1 increasing if f1 is larger than fc.

Technology as Spectacle： Understanding the Burgeoning Role of Social Media in Special Events

This paper investigates how social media can be used as a communication tool throughout the event management process, how online social networking interfaces can allow consumers to become more engaged with special events, and how social media can be used to help gauge the social and cultural impact of special events. By synthesizing prominent literature that is peripherally related, this paper establishes both a base of knowledge for this new realm of inquiry, as well as identifying a platform for further research. The paper also adds to the knowledge based by creating a theoretical framework which brings together practice theory with situationist theory to present a new lens through which to examine this issue. From a theoretical standpoint, technology is said to be a reflection of society. If technology can be linked to society and society in turn can be equated with the spectacle then it is a natural progression to examine technology as spectacle. Therefore, using the two theories in tandem provides a very suitable lens to frame an investigation of technology as spectacle, and the viability of social media as a communication tool for special events.

Effects of Sequence on Transmission Properties of DNA Molecules

A double helix model of charge transport in DNA molecule is given and the transmission spectra of four DNA sequences are obtained.The calculated results show that the transmission characteristics of DNA are not only related to the longitudinal transport but also to the transverse transport of molecule.The periodic sequence with the same composition has stronger conduction ability.With the increasing of bases composition,the conductive ability reduces,but the weight of θ direction rises in charge transfer.

Instruments for Analysis of Knowledge Management in Operators Companies of Metropolitan Transport Systems

This research aimed to determine instruments for analysis of knowledge management in operators companies of metropolitan transport systems. How much the goal was an exploratory research, how much the procedure was a literature search, how much as nature was an applied research, and how much as approach was qualitative research？ The following instruments were identified and selected： （a） the methodology for the analysis of metropolitan transport systems; （b） the knowledge management maturity model （Siemens）; and （c） Documentation and Information Centre. The simulation, using the tools in the knowledge management to analyze the Company Metropolitan of S^io Paulo--METRO, identified the need for improvements in eight areas and the problems： （1） rethink the knowledge management area; （2） develop new knowledge management policies; （3） define responsibilities in knowledge management area; （4） implement new knowledge management processes; （5） explore new ways and structures of knowledge; （6） consider the internal and external actors in knowledge management actions; （7） expand the dissemination of the collaborative culture; and （8） integrate in the knowledge management area current and future initiatives. The analysis shows that the transposition of the current situation to the desired situation for the company can be obtained with the implementation of an Information and Documentation Centre. The conclusion is that this set of tools allows to characterize, evaluate, and model the knowledge management in this business.

Six Sigma in Service Organizations

Six sigma was developed as a managing tool for the manufacturing industry to eliminate defects. However, it has received considerable attention over the last five years in service organizations. The paper will point out the advantages of implementing six sigma in service organizations through case study analysis. Benefits and challenges of implementing six sigma in service organizations are indicated.

Side force formation mechanism and change law of TBM center cutter

The center cutter of a hard rock tunnel boring machine(TBM) is installed on the cutterhead at a small radius and thus bears complex side force.Given this fact,the formation mechanism and change law of the side force suffered by the center cutter were studied.Based on the rock shear failure criterion in combination with the lateral rolling width,a model for predicting the average side force was set up.Besides,a numerical analysis model of the rock fragmentation of the center cutter was established,and the instantaneous load changing features were investigated.Results shows that the inner side of the center cutter can form lateral rolling annulus in rock during the rotary cutting process.The smaller the installation radius is,the greater the cutter side force will be.In a working condition,the side force of the innermost center cutter is 11.66 k N,while it decreases sharply when installation radius increases.Variation tends to be gentle when installation radius is larger than 500 mm,and the side force of the outermost center cutter is reduced to 0.74 k N.

Widespread Hotel： An Innovative Made in Italy Model for Cultural Tourism and Local Sustainable Development The Umbria＇s Case

Widespread hotels represent a new Italian phenomenon still not much investigated, both on theoretical and empirical side, which cannot be ignored anymore. Indeed they meet the need to implement techniques and management tools which are able to improve the culture-tourism binomial. This would permit to transform into valid instruments of national economical development, the shared declaration of intents for which culture and tourism, especially in Italy and in this particular fragile period, represent even more the main strategic levers for the sustainable development. This article intends to describe the potentiality of these widespread hotels as innovations particularly suitable with trends recently emerged in tourism sector and outline the phenomenon pattern in ltaly with particular attention on Umbria region, in order to identify his main strength and weakness and some innovation to improve performance. To this end, it starts from the analysis of the national and international economic-managerial literature concerning in particular cultural and experienced trends shown in tourism. Then it introduces the main acquisitions about widespread hotels in Italy, updating and extending them through a desk survey based on indirect sources of various natures. Lastly, it describes the case of Umbria, analyzing more in depth making use of interviews with entrepreneurs/managers of hotels and based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The aspects of indeterminateness which were found, starting from the normative one, testify how the potentiality of the widespread hotels as far as regards the value creation for the enterprise itself and the territorial stakeholder, are still not properly understood and therefore used. It is clear that, therefore, new behaviors are needed for entrepreneurs and, most importantly, for local policy makers in order to create the conditions for the full success of these hospitality models.

Strategic Planning as a Competitive Advantage by Using the BSC as a Management Tool： A Case Study in Application of Radioisotope Technology at IPEN

Strategic planning is one of the most important management tools for organizational decision making. The nuclear area represents a segment of energy production used by many countries in America, Europe and Asia. It is known that in the future nuclear energy can be a major exit to the global energy crisis. The aim of this research was to use the BSC （Balanced Scorecard） as a strategic tool for decision making in a teaching and research institution of the nuclear area--IPEN （Nuclear and Energy Research Institute）, located in the city of Sao Paulo, which belongs to the CNEN （National Nuclear Energy Commission） in Brazil. The methodology used in this academic doctoral study was a case study, which considered the period of research from December 2012 to December 2015. The main results expected from this case study are： the improvement of information flow, the view, the increased visibility of an organization providing education and especially research in relation to published works, increased interaction among IPEN and the main global research institutes and centers, increasing academic production of technical articles, indicator improvement, improving the monitoring of management actions, among others. Given the expected results one can conclude that this study will be of great value to the IPEN and also for the Brazilian energy sector, as it will allow and contribute to the dissemination and demystification of nuclear power as an energy source of mankind, its peaceful applications and for the management activity of knowledge and innovation production in the nuclear area of IPEN.

Implementation of Six Sigma Projects in Fortune 500 Companies

Six Sigma was introduced as a quality management tool at Motorola in the 1980s. Since then, leading U.S. companies have gained significant financial and non-financial benefits/results from the implementation of Six Sigma projects. Despite Six Sigma popularity, some companies have failed to gain quantifiable net financial benefits/results from Six Sigma implementation. In the process of Six Sigma implementation, vital components are critical factors and key ingredients for the success of Six Sigma projects because if these vital components do not exist, Six Sigma projects have little chance of success. Thus, this paper identifies most influencing and least influencing vital components. The results are generated from a survey conducted in U.S. Fortune 500 companies employing descriptive statistics. Based on the data analysis, ＂leadership commitment to Six Sigma＂ was the most influencing vital component and ＂overall, training on Six Sigma to reduce employee turnover＂ was the least influencing vital component.

Knowledge Management Practices for Improvement of Brazilian Hospital Websites

This work aims to verify how the Web portals of Universities Hospital located in the northeast of Brazil are contributing to the expansion of knowledge of its users from the analysis of interactive features associated with the three mechanisms of knowledge management： knowledge access （KA）, knowledge creation （KC）, and knowledge transfer （KT）. The study is exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative type, such as a survey, developed through an adaptation of a relevant research, which involves the standardization of data collection instruments （questionnaires and interviews） applied directly to persons of a specific population, to assess knowledge management tools present in the University Hospital portals in the northeast region of Brazil. The results indicated that the resources from knowledge access were more prevalent than the others, ratifying the results found in research developed in Asian and North American Hospital portals.

Assessment of Payment for Ecosystem Services in Zomba Mountain Forest Catchment Area, Malawi

The emergence of Payment for Ecosystem Services （PES） concept has raised expectations that ecosystem conservation can be achieved through popular payments rather than through unpopular measures of command and control. A study on PES was conducted in Zomba Mountain Forest （ZMF） catchment area in southern Malawi between August and December 2009. The aim was to assess stakeholders＇ role that would promote payment for ecosystem services as a management tool. A purposive sampling was used to identify the respondents who were randomly sampled for interviews. The findings show that PES can be used as a management tool in ZMF as there are key stakeholders who benefit from the catchment area in terms of services. While there is moderate level of PES awareness among the community and other stakeholders, the current forest policy does not address PES which may derail implementation of a fully fledged PES arrangement. The study revealed that existing management challenges originate from inadequate funding that ZMF Reserve gets from government. However, this challenge offers opportunities to stakeholders through PES to contribute and participate in conserving ZMF for sustained flow of benefits.