格拉斯《铁皮鼓》创作研究二题

德国当代文豪君特·格拉斯于1959年完成的长篇小说《铁皮鼓》,叙述了德国在20世纪上半叶的历史,以个人的视角倾诉和反思了这段混乱的时月,力图借此唤起人们对"理性传统"的反思,从而进行第二次思想启蒙,重估当代人的存在价值。

Jeffery Nicholas, Reason, Tradition and the Good. Maclntyre＇s Tradition Constituted Reason and Frankfurt School Critical Theory （Indiana： University of Notre Dame Press, 2012）

Jeffery Nicholas differentiates between objective reason as a practice of evaluation that provides justification and critique and subjective rationality as a subspecies of reason limited to means-ends forms of reasoning. He believes that modem crisis is a crisis of reason due to the dominant form of reason in modernity, i.e., subjective rationality. Nicholas aspires to develop a substantive form of reason to base a critical theory of society aimed at human emancipation in the spirit of the Frankfurt School. The most interesting part of this effort is that although Nicholas thinks that Habermas＇s theory of procedural and situated communicative rationality is an initial step towards a substantive conception of reason, he recognizes the limitations of formalism in this conception and argues that the requisite terms provides Maclntyre＇s theory of tradition-constituted and tradition-constitutive reason. The mediating figure in this project is Charles Taylor, whose critique, first, is used against Habermas and, then, his Gadamerian idea of the ＂fusion of horizons＂ is adopted in order to expand Maclntyre＇s theory.

Oxygen Transfer and Hydrodynamics in a Flexible Fibre Biofilm Reactor for Wastewater Treatment

A flexible fibre biofilm reactor was developed for treatment of organic wastewaters.The hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer coefficients of oxygen were studied and compared with those of the conventional activated sludge processes.Tracer experiments were performed to obtain the residence time distributions of the reactors.The results indicated that both reactors could be treated as mixed flow reactors.The effects of flow rates of water and air on the overall mass transfer coefficient of oxygen were investigated,and the correlations between the mass transfer coefficient and the ratio of flow rates were obtained.Compared to the conventional activated sludge reactor,the mass transfer coefficients in the flexible fibre reactor were similar to but slightly lower,and less sensitive to the variation in the ratio of flow rates.It indicated that the fibre packing in the reactor hindered the oxygen transfer to some extent.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Properties of a Traditional Turkey Cheese Tomas/Serto （Dorak）

Turkey is a country producing various kinds of cheese. Tomas cheese is a kind of cheese that is still traditionally produced, and it is not widely-known. In this study, the characteristic properties of Tomas cheese, a local product that is extensively consumed in the city of Tunceli and its environs, have been examined. For this purpose, samples from cheese varieties currently on sale in the cities of Tunceli and Elazl~ have been taken, and some of their physico-chemical and microbiological properties have been determined. The results of physico-chemical analysis showed that the average moisture rate of the samples was 53.24%, average ash rate 4.24%, average dry matter 46.76%, average acidity rate in terms of lactic acid 1.08%, average salt rate 2.93%, average fat rate 17.66%, average fat-free dry matter rate 25.56% and average pH value 4.67. The microbiological analysis data showed that the average values for the total aerobic mesophyll bacteria （TAMB） was 7 loglo kob/g, 2.3 logl0 kob/g for coliform, 4.6 logl0 kob/g for yeast, 5.5 logl0 kob/g for mold, 6.8 log10 kob/g for Lactococcus spp., and 6.1 log10 kob/g for Lactobacillus spp.. The results show the high variation among samples, proving that there has not been a standard production procedure. It has been established that the hygienic condition of the product changes according to the production process, and the probability for cross contamination is high. A large number of studies need to be carded out for this kind of traditional food items, due to lack of enough literature data in this paper.

Integral Equation Method for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Stratified Anisotropic Dielectric-Magnetic Materials

We investigate the propagation of electromagnetic waves in stratified anisotropic dielectric-magnetic materialsusing the integral equation method (IEM).Based on the superposition principle, we use Hertz vector formulations ofradiated fields to study the interaction of wave with matter.We derive in a new way the dispersion relation, Snell's lawand reflection/transmission coefficients by self-consistent analyses.Moreover, we find two new forms of the generalizedextinction theorem.Applying the IEM, we investigate the wave propagation through a slab and disclose the underlyingphysics, which are further verified by numerical simulations.The results lead to a unified framework of the IEM for thepropagation of wave incident either from a medium or vacuum in stratified dielectric-magnetic materials.

Cross-scale indentation scaling relationships of strain gradient plastic solids:Influence of inclusions near the indenter tip

The indentation test is a localized testing technique;therefore,the role of the material size-effect and local non-uniformity is of much importance.The influence of the heterogeneity in size-independent materials has been studied previously.The present work detailedly investigated the influence of the material size-effect and heterogeneity(inclusions near the indenter tip)on the indentation hardness using a size-dependent strain gradient plastic theory.And it was found that when considering the material size-ffect,shallow hard inclusions in the heterogeneous materials more significantly enhance the material indentation hardness compared with the size-independent materials which are based on the conventional plastic theory.This hardening effect is be-lieved to be related to the elevation of the load and local constraints of large deformation.The effect of material inhomogeneity mainly comes from the non-uniformity of the structure rather than the inclusion modulus itself especially when the size-effect is involved,and the transition range of the inclusion modulus'influence is pretty narrow.The effect of non-uniformity becomes negligible after the initial inclusion depth is larger than its diameter.The horizontal offset of the indenter from the inclusion is also of much sensitivity to the influence of the heterogeneous indentation.This paper focuses on the scaling relationships in micro-and nanoindentation,the influence of non-uniformity in microscopic materials is studied and supplemented as well.

Genetic diversification in the East Himalayas as revealed by comparative phylogeography of the black-throated bushtit and Elliot＇s laughing thrush

The Southwest Mountainous region of the eastern Himalayas is a hotspot with extraordinarily high biodiversity and endemism, but the processes that have driven this unique diversity are largely unknown. We evaluated processes that have con- tributed to the current observed high genetic diversity in this region by integrating comparative phylogeography with ecological niche modeling in a study of two representative birds of the Southwest Mountains： the black-throated bushtit Aegithalos concinnus and the Elliot＇s laughing thrush Garrulax elliotii. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed multiple divergent genetic lineages, which are roughly congruent with the north, south and east eco-subregion division of the Southwest Mountains. This strong geo- graphical structure in these two species suggests that lineage diversification has proceeded in situ between the eco-subregions of the Southwest Mountains. During Pleistocene glaciations, the two species responded differently to climatic fluctuations. A. con- cinnus maintained rather stable habitats, mostly evergreen forests, during glacial cycles and thus kept a stable population size and further accumulated genetic diversity. In contrast, G. elliotii, which is mostly active in shrublands, has shifted its suitable habitats with glacial cycles. This species dispersed to low elevation areas during glacial periods, which provided multiple opportunities for gene admixture. The admixture causes the mixing of previously isolated genetic lineages and thus obscures the pattern of genetic variation [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 935-942, 2015].