本雅明“生产性”文学批评的建构与真理救赎

在20世纪文学批评史上,瓦尔特·本雅明是一位极具思想性和创造性的批评家。面对人类经验结构的变化以及文学批评在德国被忽视的窘状,本雅明通过对文学的关注与反思,将“有创见地评价”作为批评的任务,尤其通过对巴洛克悲悼剧的研究,将文学批评置于碎片的意义重构位置,提出批评不是对作品简单地发表意见,而是以一种辩证思维的方式洞悉其中深藏不露的内容,把为每一件艺术品提供的历史内容变成哲学真理,使批评成为意义阐释、价值重构和真理救赎的独特方式,彰显批评的“生产性”要义以及文本内在的生产机制。这一切意在打捞弥赛亚踪迹,拯救现象世界中的真理内容,即以神学的方式获得救赎并走向真理层面。由此,本雅明意义上的“艺术生产”不只是创作者一极对文学技术的重视,还是阅读者、批评者一极作为文本的生产者,实施作品的意义生成过程。这显示本雅明的艺术生产理论绝不是某种单向度的理论,而是充满着内在的丰富性和复杂性。

当下我国农民“生产性”隐形负担加重探析——基于马克思劳动价值论视角

推动城乡发展一体化,建设社会主义新农村的首要任务是促进农民收入持续较快增长。审视当下我国农民"生产性"隐形负担加重——农产品的生产成本增加、价格波动频繁、流通成本攀高等现象,以马克思劳动价值理论视角深入分析其原因,提出减轻农民"生产性"隐形负担的对策,促进农民劳动收益不断增加,是保障农村民生改善和推进农村经济持续健康发展的关键节点。

民间传说生产性保护传承论析——结合民间传说白蛇传谈起

随着非遗保护和挖掘工作的全面展开,近几年学界提出了生产性保护模式。通常认为该模式主要应用于传统技艺、传统医药炮制、部分美术类非遗项目的保护,但笔者以为该保护模式也可用于民间传说的保护。本篇拟从生产性保护模式的介绍着手阐明民间传说为什么可以采纳此保护模式以及如何采用的问题。

非物质文化遗产“生产性保护”路径探析--以百色市民族传统手工艺为例

近年来,"生产性保护"逐渐成为少数民族地区加强非物质文化遗产保护与传承的重要方式和手段,这对活态文化的传承与发展、培育民族文化品牌、促进地方经济发展都具有重要意义。百色市是少数民族聚居区,是非物质文化遗产大市。以壮锦、绣球、刺绣为例,分析了民族传统手工艺非物质文化遗产在"生产性保护"中面临的困境,提出了构建政府支持性机制、加大产品文化创意、实施文化脱贫致富、开发电子商务市场、培育民族文化产业品牌等民族传统手工艺非物质文化遗产发展路径。

工业遗产中“生产性遗存物”的概念与价值解析

工业遗产的核心价值是技术价值,"生产性遗存物"作为技术价值的主要载体之一,是体现工业遗产价值完整性不可或缺的要素之一。重建筑物业轻生产性遗存物是当前我国工业遗产保护与再利用的案例中普遍存在的问题。针对这样的问题,本文解析了"生产性遗存物"的概念,包括其存在方式、类型、特征等内容,并最终对其价值进行理论的提炼。

论阐释的辩证平衡

张江教授的《再论强制阐释》接续了《强制阐释论》的主题,并且拓展了理论纵深。借助心理学研究,张江深入揭示了"强制阐释"的任性、固执包含的心理原因,细致地阐述了阐释的活跃与"强制阐释"之间的辩证平衡。阐释史表明,某些"强制阐释"带有"生产性"特征,一些不正确的认识仍然可能补充和扩张思想空间,重新确定阐释对象;另一些条件下,"强制阐释"也可能产生积极后果,譬如利用种种惊世骇俗的阐释惊醒世人。"强制阐释"始终是一个刺眼的偏见,但是,完整地考虑周围思想环境的种种复杂关系,或许可以合理地认识、处置甚至利用这个偏见。

Effects of Milk Replacer on the Performance and Blood Biochemical Indices in Lambs

[Objective] In this study, the performance and blood biochemical indices in lamps fed on milk replacer were researched, the feasibility of early weaned in lamps was discussed. [Method] 37 of 10 days lambs of Suffolk（♂） x XiaoWeiHanYang（ ♀ ） were randomly divided into group A, B, C, D for this experiment. Group A, B, C were fed by 3 milk-replacers containing milk for different protein source respectively, and ten Iambs in each group; group D （seven lambs） were fed by ewes as the control. The performance and blood biochemical indices of the lamps were determined. [ Result] The results showed that the average daily gains of 10 - 15 days of age was not significantly different between group A and D （ P 〉 O. 05 ）, the control were higher significandy than the group B,C （P 〈0.05）. The average daily gains of 16 -25, 26 -35 days of age were not significantly different in group A, B, C, D. The daily weight gains of Group A, B, C in 45 - 55 days of age were higher significantly than the control （P〈0.05 ）. Plasma urea nitrogen （PUN） of group B and C were higher than group A significantly （P〈0.05 ） ;Total protein （ TP）, Plasma albumin （ALB） and Plasma total amino acid were no significant difference among the other 3 groups （P〉0.05 ）. [Conclusion] So, the milk-replacers were available for early-weaned lamb.

Effects of Feed-grade Proteinase on the Production Performance of Piglets

In this study, feed-grade proteinase was added into conventional diets of three-line crossbred （Duroc x Landrace x Large White） piglets, to investigate the effects of feed-grade proteinase on anti-diarrhea capacity, daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of piglets. The results showed that adding feed-grade proteinase in diets enhanced anti-diarrhea capacity of piglets and improved signifi- cantly production performance and breeding efficiency of piglets. This study provided the reference for rational utilization of feed-grade proteinase in actual production.

Effects of Different Padding on Air Quality in Broiler House and Growth Physiological Index of Broilers

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different padding on ammonia concentration in broiler house and growth performance and blood indi- cators of broilers. [Method] A total of 480 one-day-old 817 broilers were selected. They were randomly divided into four groups with different paddings, and each group was in triplicate. The weights of broilers and feed were weighed weekly. The growth performance of broilers was determined. On day 30, the ammonia concentra- tions in broiler houses were determined. On day 35, 6 broilers were randomly se- lected from each group, and their vein blood was sampled. In the sampled vein blood, the concentrations of ammonia, glucose, globulin, serum total protein and urea nitrogen were determined. [Result] There were significant differences in ammo- nia concentration among broiler houses laid with different paddings （P〈0.05）. The ammonia concentration in group 1 was significantly lower than those in group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）. No significant difference was found in ammonia concentrations in broiler houses between group 2 and group 3 （P〉0.05）. The ammonia concentration in group 4 was significantly higher than those in group1, group 2 and group 3 （,0〈 0.05）. There were also significant differences in blood indicators among different groups （P〈0.05）. The blood ammonia, blood glucose and serum urea nitrogen con- centrations in group 1 were significantly lower than those in other groups （P〈0.05）, the serum total protein concentration was significantly higher than those in group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）, and the serum globulin concentration was significantly higher than those in group 2, group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）. Significant differences were observed in feed intake, body weight gain and slaughter weight between different groups （P〈0.05）, but there were no significant differences in feed to grain ratio （P〉 0.05）. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, the padding of Chinese medicine residue showed better effect on reducing ammonia concentration in broiler house, which was conducive to play of production potential of broilers.

Status of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City

According to a survey for the urban vegetation of Guangzhou, urban vegetation has a significantly difference from natural vegetation because of intense human impacts. The research was conducted in a synthetic survey for soil, species di-versity, roadside trees and ecological function of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City. The results showed that: (1) soil densi-ties of urban roadside and park forests were higher than mean density of natural forest soil. The pH values of soil in urban roadside were higher too, and the content of organic matter and the concentration of nitrogen were lower. (2) Species diversity of urban vegetation was lower. The most number of species was only 16 species in tree layers of urban forest. (3) Tree growth was limited by narrow space in high-density urban area, where the trees with defects and disorders were common. (4) Com-paring with mature natural forests, the productivity of urban vegetation was lower. The effect of urban vegetation on balance of carbon and oxygen were influenced by the low primary production of urban vegetation. Therefore, the growth condition for urban vegetation should be improved. Biodiversity, primary production and ecological function should be increased for urban vegetation in order to improve urban eco-environment.

The Influence of Plant Diversity and Functional Composition on Ecosystem Stability of Four Stipa Communities in the Inner Mongolia Plateau

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of plant species diversity and functional composition (the identity of the plant functional groups) on ecosystem stability of Stipa, communities in the Inner Mongolia Plateau. The research work was based on a 12-year study (from 1984 to 1995) of species abundance, diversity, and primary productivity of four Stipa communities, i.e. S. baicalensis Roshev., S. grandis P. Smirn., S, krylovii Roshev., and S. klemenzii Roshev. respectively. The Shnnon-Wiener index was used as a measurement of plant diversity, while functional composition was used to differentiate the functional groups that were included in the communities. The plant species of four Stipa communities were classified into functional groups based on the differences in life forms and ecological groups, which influence their performance in resource requirements, seasonality of growth, tolerance to water stress, and life history. Plant species were classified into five functional groups based on their differences in life form, shrubs and half shrubs, perennial bunch grasses, perennial rhizome grasses, forbs, annuals and biennials. Based on their differences in water requirement these species were classified into four functional groups: xerads, intermediate xerads, intermediate mesophytes, and mesophytes. The results showed: 1) Plant species diversity stabilized ecosystem processes. Shannon-Wiener index were 2.401 4, 2.172 0, 1.624 8, 0.354 3 from S. baicalensis community to S. grandis, S. krylovii and S. klemenzii community, respectively. The dynamics of the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) for a 12-year's period showed a reverse pattern, the coefficients of variation of the four communities were 21.94%, 20.63%, 29.21% and 39.72% respectively. 2) The Life form functional group component of diversity was a greater determinant of the ecosystem processes than the species component of diversity. The effects of perennial bunch grasses, perennial rhizome grasses and forbs on community stability were highly significant. 3) The ecological group component of diversity was also a great determinant of the ecosystem processes. The effects of xerads, intermediate xerads, and mesophytes on community stability were also very strong.

少数民族传统节日文化的生产性保护研究——以贵州榕江侗族萨玛节为例

文化是属人的,在本质上是实践的,即具有生产性。因此,少数民族传统文化传承需要走生产性保护之路。侗族萨玛节作为少数民族传统节日文化内容,必然地把它理解为在人的一定"生产"中而发生的.同样,保护也要把它理解为在"生产"中实现的。在当代,其生产性保护就是要研究萨玛节有否转变为"产业项目"的资源特性。文化习俗实现为市场开发,其"生产化"就在于其文化内容可以成为异族人们进行差异性体验、认识的范畴并构成旅游消费产品,以致必须把"保护"融入产业性发展作为其实现传承的基本选择,并纳入高层次生产的国际化分工体系来把握其生产的条件和特性,以"特殊"实现"普遍"构造价值的运作机制和形成生产之路。

从“失语”到“双语”——谈对外汉语教学中的文化维度

本文考察了对外汉语教学中存在的表现在"教"与"学"两个方面的"文化失语"现象,分析了该现象的原因及后果。其中有两个重要原因:一是长期忽视正迁移,二是对文化教学中"文化"概念的误解。"文化失语"的现象归根结底是因为"单向文化"的思维造成的。从"失语"走向"双语",即双语双文化并重,不仅是全球化的需要,而且是切实提高对外汉语教学水平和增强对外汉语教学实效的要求。双语双文化教学中的"生产性双语学习"模式是值得倡导的,它是文化相对主义关照下的一种真正的平等的文化对话。

Seasonal Dynamics of Terrestrial Net Primary Production in Response to Climate Changes in China

Study on seasonal responses of terrestrial net primary production (NPP) to climate changes is to help understand feedback between climate systems and terrestrial ecosystems and mechanisms of increased NPP in the northern middle and high latitudes. In this study, time series dataset of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and corresponding ground-based information on vegetation, climate, soil, and solar radiation, together with an ecological process model, were used to explore the seasonal trends of terrestrial NPP and their geographical differences in China from 1982 to 1999. As the results,. seasonal total NPP in China showed a significant increase for all four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) during the past 18 years. The spring NPP indicated the largest increase rate, while the summer NPP was with the largest increase in magnitude. The response of NPP to climate changes varied with different vegetation types. The increased NPP was primarily led by an advanced growing season for broadleaf evergreen forest, needle-leaf evergreen forest, and needle-leaf deciduous forest, whilst that was mainly due to enhanced vegetation activity (amplitude of growth cycle) during growing season for broadleaf deciduous forest, broadleaf and needle-leaf mixed forest, broadleaf trees with groundcover, perennial grasslands, broadleaf shrubs with grasslands, tundra, desert, and cultivation. The regions with the largest increase in spring NPP appeared mainly in eastern China, while the areas with the largest increase in summer NPP occurred in most parts of Northwestern China, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Mts. Xiaoxinganling-Changbaishan, Sanjiang Plain, Songliao Plain, Sichuan Basin, Leizhou Peninsula, part of the middle and lower Yangtze River, and southeastern mountainous areas of China. In autumn, the largest NPP increase appeared in Yunnan Plateau-Eastern Xizang and the areas around Hulun Lake. Such different ways of the NPP responses depended on regional climate attributes and their changes.

Estimation of Net Primary Productivity of Terrestrial Vegetation in China by Remote Sensing

Among the many approaches for studying the net primary productivity (NPP), a new method by using remote sensing was introduced in this paper. With spectral information source (the visible band, near infrared band and thermal infrared band) of NOAA-AVHRR, we can get the relative index and parameters, which can be used for estimating NPP of terrestrial vegetation. By means of remote sensing, the estimation of biomass and NPP is mainly based on the models of light energy utilization. In other words, the biomass and NPP can be calculated from the relation among NPP, absorbed photosynthetical active radiation (APAR) and the rate (epsilon) of transformation of APAR to organic matter, thus: NPP = ( FPAR x PAR) x [epsilon * x sigma (T) x sigma (E) x sigma (S) x (1 - Y-m) x (1 - Y-g)]. Based upon remote sensing ( RS) and geographic information system (GIS), the NPP of terrestrial vegetation in China in every ten days was calculated, and the annual NPP was integrated. The result showed that the total NPP of terrestrial vegetation in China was 6.13 x 10(9) t C . a(-1) in 1990 and the maximum NPP was 1 812.9 g C/m(2). According to this result, the spatio-temporal distribution of NPP was analyzed. Comparing to the statistical models, the RS model, using area object other than point one, can better reflect the distribution of NPP, and match the geographic distribution of vegetation in China.

Responses of Vegetation and Primary Production in North-South Transect of Eastern China to Global Change Under Land Use Constraint

A regional model of vegetation dynamics was revised to include land use as a constraint to vegetation dynamics and primary production processes. The model was applied to a forest transect in eastern China (NSTEC, North-South transect of eastern China) to investigate the responses of the transect to possible future climatic change. The simulation result indicated that land use has profound effects on vegetation transition and primary production. In particular, land use reduced competition among vegetation classes and tended to result in less evergreen broadleaf forests but more shrubs and grasses in the transect area. The simulation runs with land use constraint also gave much more realistic estimation about net primary productivity as well as responses of the productivity to future climatic change along the transect. The simulations for future climate scenarios projected by general circulation models (GCM) with doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted that deciduous broadleaf forests would increase, but conifer forests, shrubs and grasses would decrease. The overall effects of doubling CO2 and climatic changes on NSTEC were to produce an increased net primary productivity (NPP) at equilibrium for all seven GCM scenarios. The predicted range of NPP variation in the north is much larger than that in the south.

Study on the Correlation between Blood Enzyme Activity and Production Performance in Tibetan Yaks

Yak ( Bos grunniens ) is classified as Bovine genus,they live in Qingzang Plateau with elevation more than 3500m and it's neighbor highland,where the weather is high chilly,short of oxygen and large difference of temperature between day and night.But yak have adapted that circumstance after thousands of years' artificial and natural selection and has great anti adversity capacity.Yak is an important sustenance and means of production to Tibetan.China is a country with the largest number of yak,whose amount of livestock on hand accounts for 95% of the world and Tibet region takes the second place next to Qinghai in the number of yak.Tibetan yak has formed some groups for Tibetan's large area,complicated geological ecosystem conditions,geological isolation.The typical better groups are Yadong yak,Jiali yak and Sibu yak. Study about yak fell behind other animals due to the restriction of inconvenient transportation,difficult sampling and poor experimental technology.Study about the relationship between yak blood enzyme activities and milk production was little,only Jing (1992) studied correlation of milk production with serum amylase,esterase in Gansu Jiulong yak,Maiwa yak and no report was found in other groups.This study discussed six Jiali yak blood enzyme activities lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),alkaline phosphatases (AKP),acid phosphatase (ACP),catalase (CAT),amylase (Amy) and superoxide dismutase (SOD),and explored their relationship with milk production in Jiali yak,so as to supply with theoretical evidence by using blood enzyme activity as biochemical assisted selection marker in the breeding of Tibetan yak milk yield. This experiment investigated activity of six blood enzymes from 28 Tibetan yaks and explored its relationship to production performance.The results showed a extremely positive significant difference ( P <0.01) between activity of LDH and milk yield,CAT activity and length of belly hair respectively,while a positive significant difference ( P <0.05) was observed between AKP activity and body weight,Amy activity and body weight and a negative significant difference ( P <0.05) for SOD activity and body weight.Stepwise Regression Analysis showed that activity of LDH could be used for the prediction of milk yield,AKP,CAT,Amy for body weight,CAT,Amy for length of belly hair.So it is expected to use activity of LDH,AKP,CAT,Amy as biochemical genetic marker in the selection of milk yield,body weight and length of belly hair.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Biological Traits and Physiological Indexes at Seedling Stage and Yield of Directly-sown Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different nitroge- napplication rates and application times on biological traits and physiological indexes of directly-sown rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） at the seedling stage and investigate the relationship between these biological traits or physiological indexes at the seedling stage and yield, so as to provide scientific theoretical support for high yield and efficient fertilization management in production of winter rapeseed. Field trials were conducted in Chengdu plain of Sichuan Province under rice-rapeseed rotation system during the period of 2011-2012. The nitrogen application rate trial consisted of five nitrogen levels （0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg/hm2） and the nitrogen application time trial included NTl（single application as base fertilized）, NT2 （bottom application ＋one time of topdressing at seedling stage） and NT3 （bottom application＋two times of topdressing at seedling stage） under the same nitrogen rate （225 kg/hm2）. The results indicated that compared with no nitrogen application （NO） treatment, the in- crease of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to the increase of biological traits including plant height, green leaf number, leaf area index and dry weight of rapeseed at the seedling stage, the improvement of physiological indexes including total nitrogen content, chlorophyll content and soluble protein content of functional leaves, and the reduction of soluble sugar content. Nitrogen rate was linearly correlated with various biological traits at the seedling stage and physiological indexes including total nitro- gen content, chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content in functional leaves over- a/I, but in parabolic correlation with soluble protein content. Under the same nitrogen rate, NT2 treatment exhibited biological traits remarkably or significantly higher than NT1 treatment and NT3 treatment. The nitrogen application times were linearly cor- related with the physiological indexes of functional leaves at the seedling stage. The various biological traits and physiological index of functional leaves at the seedlings stage were in quadratic function parabolic correlation with seed yield, and the corre- lation was significant （P〈0.05）. Therefore, under the rice-rapeseed rotation system in Chengdu plain, the economic rational nitrogen rate is 180-225 kg/hm2, and the mode of bottom application ＋ one time of topdressing （NT2） is suitable.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Physical Characters of Soil and Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Potato

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of plastic film mulching on soil physical characters, including soil temperature, soil moisture content and soil bulk density, and yield and yield components of sweet potato. The results showed that plastic filming mulching increased soil temperature. Considering the soil temperature-increasing effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. However, with the deepening of soil layer, the warming effect of plastic film mulching was weakened. Black or white plastic film mulching was conducive to low T/R value, especially in the early growth stage of sweet potato. Plastic film mulching significantly improved the storage root yield of sweet potato. In terms of yield-improving effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. The storage root num- ber per plant showed a downward trend, but the weight of single storage root was increased.

Analysis of stability and bullwhip effect in production-inventory systems

To discuss the relationship between stability and bullwhip effect in the supply chain system,a basic model in a production-inventory control system is developed using difference equations.Z-transform techniques are applied to investigate the production ordering and inventory dynamics.For the two operational regimes of sufficient inventory coverage and insufficient inventory coverage,the scope of decision parameters which make the system stable or instable is investigated.Under two operational regimes and the actual system,production release rates,stability/instability and bullwhip effect in the stable region and instable region are examined based on different demand functions,and then the numerical simulation results are given.The results show that reasonable choices of fractional adjustment of inventory and supply line can make the system stable and decrease bullwhip effect.It is summarized that the piecewise linearization based on the stability analysis approach is a valid approximation to the analysis of production-inventory ordering systems with nonlinearities.Some interesting results are obtained and they have important implications for improving inventory and order decisions in supply chain systems.