“百姓富”与“生态美”关系的系统动力学模型构建

"百姓富"与"生态美"的良性互动是经济发展的重要目标之一。科学地评价两者关系,对国家或地区进行科学决策具有积极作用。把"百姓富"分解为居民的物质生活和文化生活,将"生态美"具体化为居民所处的自然环境和人居环境。运用系统动力学方法,构建了"百姓富"与"生态美"关系的系统动力学模型,以期为科学分析两者关系,搭建一个理论平台。

谢灵运山水诗“生态美”的价值思考

谢灵运山水诗中"生物物种多元共生"的内蕴,有助于人们重新确立健康的生存价值观;其"蓬勃旺盛的生命力"的内蕴,有助于督促人们按照生态规律来改造和利用自然界,敬畏生命,尊重生命,以恢复和繁荣生态环境美为己任;其"物我合一"的内蕴在一定程度上可以为康养旅游管理者提供有益的借鉴。

陕西“生态美”建设林苗一体化中实践应用初探

"国土增绿、农民增收"是林业发展的目标。近年来作为林下经济、以短促长的林苗一体化造林绿化模式在全国得到普遍应用。本文结合陕西林业生态建设实际,分析提出了陕西林业"生态美"建设中推广应用林苗一体化造林绿化的可行性,以供同行参考。

乡村振兴的生态伦理维度探析

党的十九大报告中提出决胜全面建成小康社会的七大战略,乡村振兴战略是其中之一。乡村振兴需要坚持人与自然和谐共生,走乡村绿色发展之路。在乡村振兴实践中确立人与自然和谐共生思想、自然价值论以及生态系统整体性循环思维,努力促进乡村发展过程中生产方式和生活方式的绿色化转变。这对于我国农业农村坚持绿色发展导向,推动可持续发展,确保乡村振兴战略的顺利实施具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。

习近平关于集体林权制度改革重要论述研究

集体林权制度改革是习近平总书记亲自谋划、亲自推动的伟大改革实践。文章系统研究了习近平总书记关于集体林权制度改革的系列重要论述,深入分析了集体林权制度改革的思想发展和创新实践,尝试总结了坚持正确改革方向、坚持尊重群众首创精神、坚持“生态美、百姓富”有机统一、坚持问题导向、坚持人与自然和谐共生五大深刻内涵,以期为新时代推进深化集体林权制度改革,构建中国式现代化的集体林业经营制度提供有益借鉴。

The Landscape Design of Roads Afforestation of Jiangnan New District in Mudanjiang Municipality

Based on road characters in Jiangnan New District in Mudanjiang Municipality,four typical roads were selected to carry out road afforestation design with consideration of local building features and local vegetations,in order to integrate both of landscape effects,in terms of improving and beautifying city environment,and of ecological effects,such as filtering air,reducing temperature,increasing humidity,and reducing noise.

Developmental ecology of the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus

During spawning events, horseshoe crab eggs are released from the female＇s oviducts, and fertilized by one or more males. Eggs are shaped by the female into discrete clutches deposited in nests at depths of 10-20 cm on intertidal estuarine beaches. Distinguishing between fxesh eggs and the early developmental stages is obfuscated by the large amount of dense, opaque yolk. The first unambiguous confirmation of development is the formation of the rudimentary prosomatie appendages at the ＂limb bud＂ stage. Several days thereafter, the outer chorion is shed and the developing embryo expands and undergoes a series of molts within the clear inner egg membrane. The trilobite （first iustar） stage thus attained may remain within the beach sedi- ments for several more weeks, until hatching is facilitated by environmental factors such as hydration, agitation, and osmotic shock that accompany the infiltration of seawater into the nests. Trilobites exhibit endogenous eirgatidal swimming rhythms that are entrained by mechanical agitation, suggesting that peaks in larval swimming are timed to coincide with periods of high water and the inundation of the nests. Larval swimming is limited and does not appear to result in long-distance dispersal. The limited dispersal of the larvae has important implications for the population dynamics of relatively isolated populations. The rate of larval development is highly plastic and is influenced by temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of pollutants. The broad environmental tolerances of horseshoe crab embryos and larvae are important in understanding their current geographic distribution and their evolutionary persistence

Comparison of Soil Biota Between Organic and Conventional Agroecosystems in Oregon, USA

Soil samples at 0-10 cm in depth were collected periodically at paired fields in Corvallis, Oregon, USA to compare differences in soil microbial and faunal populations between organic and conventional agroecosystems. Results showed that the organic soil ecosystem had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) average number or biomass of soil bacteria; densities of flagellates, amoebae of protozoa; some nematodes, such as microbivorous and predaceous nematodes and plant-parasitic nematodes; as well as Collembola. Greater numbers of Rhabditida (such as Rhabditis spp.), were present in the organic soil ecosystem while Panagrolaimus spp. were predominant in the conventional soil ecosystem. The omnivores and predators of Acarina in the Mesostigmata (such as Digamasellidae and Laelapid), and Prostigmata (such as Alicorhaiidae and Rhagidiidae), were also more abundant in the organic soil ecosystem. However, fungivorous Prostigmata (such as Terpnacaridae and Nanorchestidae) and Astigmata (such as Acarida) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the conventional soil ecosystem, which supported the finding that total fungal biomass was greater in the conventional soil ecosystem. Seansonal variations of the population depended mostly on soil moisture condition and food web relationship. The population declined from May to October for both agroecosystems. However, higher diversities and densities of soil biota survived occurred in the organic soil ecosystem in the dry season.

Research on the development of the natural tourism resources in the countryside based on the perspective of the ecological aesthetics

The cartier that the natural tourism projects rely on should be the objective natural environments, including the mountains, water, animals and plants and so on, which are the object present before the development of the project. Therefore, what the natural tourism projects should first be ＂the economic value of the natural resources＂. However, after the man-made planning and being given the humanity, they have the ＂economic value of the human resources＂. In the construction of the future path of the development, we should also have the dynamic study on the subjective preferences of the Chinese consumers. The change of these subjective preferences directly results from the change of the levels of their own income.

Tests to evaluate the ecological impact of treated ballast water on three Chinese marine species

Ballast water has been a topic of concern for some time because of its potential to introduce invasive species to new habitats. To comply with the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, members of the International Maritime Organization(IMO) must equip their ships with on-board treatment systems to eliminate organism release with ballast water. There are many challenges associated with the implementation of this IMO guideline, one of which is the selection of species for testing the ecological impacts of the treated ballast water. In the United States, ballast water toxicity test methods have been defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. However, the test methods had not been finalized in China until the toxicity test methods for ballast water were established in 2008. The Chinese methods have been based on species from three trophic levels: Skeletonema costatum, Neomysis awatschensis, and Ctenogobius gymnauchen. All three species live in broad estuarine and open sea areas of China; they are sensitive to reference toxicants and acclimatize easily to different conditions. In this paper, the biological characteristics, test processes and statistical analysis methods are presented for the three species. Results indicate that the methods for evaluating these three organisms can be included in the ecological toxicity tests for treated ballast water in China.

Climate Change Adaptation for People and Nature:A Case Study from the U.S.Southwest

In the U.S.Southwest,global climate change,acting in concert with extant stressors such as urbanization and over-allocation of water resources,is changing ecosystems in measureable and sometimes dramatic ways.Twenty-first century projections indicate accelerating climate change and cascading ecological consequences.Effects observed to date include large-scale forest dieback,large and severe wildfires,and changes in the flow regimes of rivers and streams with attendant changes to riparian and aquatic ecosystems.Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are pushing ecosystems across physiological and ecological thresholds,causing widespread mortality and,in some cases,major changes in composition,structure and function.These changes have prompted action by the conservation community to reduce the adverse effects of climate change.The Southwest Climate Change Initiative(SWCCI),a project led by The Nature Conservancy,works with local stakeholders in affected landscapes,reduces adverse impacts on ecological and social systems using scientific knowledge and practical tools.The Initiative has learned through practical experience that: 1) managers must embrace change and manage for resilience rather than resistance;2) strong local science-management partnerships are critical to effective adaptation planning and implementation;3) planners and managers must broaden the scope and accelerate the pace of conservation activities if ecosystem services are to be sustained;4) adaptation often does not require radically new or different management practices,rather,conservationists already have many of the tools they need;and 5) rapid documentation and widespread communication of methods and findings can build rapidly regional capacity for climate change adaptation.Our experience suggests that adaptation efforts can be effective if they are focused at the local scale;employ learning networks;and engage in ecosystem-based adaptation:the sustainable management,conservation and restoration of ecosystems so that they continue to provide the services that allow people to thrive in changing environments.

Collegian Cultural Form of the American Entrepreneurial Universities and Its Enlightenment

The cultural form of entrepreneurial university has the academic entrepreneurial characteristics, which agrees with the background of economic era. MIT and Stanford University are the models of American entrepreneurial universities, and the spiritual culture, system culture, material culture and behavior culture elements of academic entrepreneurial characteristics depend on each other, influence each other and have a good cycle of cultural form, which is the internal driving mechanism of MIT and Stanford University towards entrepreneurial university development. In this cultural structure, the contradictory unity of academic and entrepreneurship, tile interaction between science and hummaity, the mutual promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship have the enlightenment significance for the construction of entrepreneurial university.

Comprehensive Study on Degradation and Management of Baiyangdian Lake in North China

Baiyangdian lake as the kidney of north China plays a huge ecological function, bringing about environmental and economic benefits as well as aesthetics value. It takes the role of adjusting climate, slowing flood, storing water, alleviating drought, maintaining the water body＇s purifying capacity, protecting biodiversity as well as vegetating fish and reed, developing eco-tourism etc.. Now it is degenerating under the pressure from both physical and human society. This paper studied the process, condition and root causes of the lake shrinking, pollution, biodiversity losing and disasters. Adaptation and integrative management strategies are also put forward for maintaining the ecological function and sustainable development.

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Carbon Sequestrations in the Conterminous United States

This study develops geospatial analysis of terrestrial carbon exchange for the conterminous United State and estimates large-scale NEP （net ecosystem production） dynamic from 2008 to 2013. We apply land-use and land-cover data in order to coherently include cropland, forest, wetland and other ecologically active landscapes in the mapping. Our results show a distribution of high harvest carbon release in the Corn Belt states, in addition to hot spots around the US in areas like Southern California and Arizona. Harvest carbon is low in areas in the southern United States, and central/southern Appalachian Mountains. We identify NEP changes for coupled agricultural, forest and other high-carbon-uptake ecosystems systems, conversions to and from crop, and land in frequent conversion among forest, wetland, pasture and rangeland. Findings from this study will provide important information to support and promote the co-production of science and decision-making.

Contribution of Community Forestry in Poverty Reduction: Case Study of Multiple Community Forests of Bajhang District, Nepal

In Nepal,nearly half of the total land is covered by forest,which holds a potentially important position in promoting rural livelihoods and in alleviating rural poverty.The rural landscape that encompasses an agrarian economy,a fragile ecology,and a complex and differentiated society is changing rapidly in Nepal today.Although poverty alleviation has been one of the top priorities for national development since 1976,poverty still remains widespread,persistent and it is also an acute problem in Nepal,where people are in a state of deprivation with regard to incomes,clothing,housing,healthcare,education,sanitary facilities and human rights.Thus,Nepal is considered as one of the poorest countries in South-Asia,with 25.2%people living below the poverty line.The objective of this study was to assess changes in poverty of forest users brought on by the community forestry program,in order to analyze the level of participation in community forestry management activities.For this study,Bajhang district was chosen as the study site,which is one of the poorest and most remote districts in the country of Nepal.Different Participatory Rural Appraisal methods such as face-to face interviews,focus group discussions and key informants’interviews including secondary data were used to gather information.The findings showed that the forest users'participation in meetings,discussion and other activities,like community forestry management or silvicultural operation related to community forestry,was high.The assessment found that 42.3%,32.6%and 25.1%of respondents strongly agreed,agreed and were neutral,respectively,towards the idea that poverty reduction from community forests had occurred.The results showed almost all the respondents were depended upon agriculture and/or forest resources for their livelihoods.Different ecosystem services such as ethnomedicines,aesthetic value and ecotourism,control of soil erosion/land-slides,water recharge and soil fertility have increased due to the decomposition of leaf litter.This was apparent from the formulation of community forests.Poverty in rural areas of the country is still higher than in urban areas and the incidence of poverty is the highest in the Far western Province where this research was conducted,Therefore,the government,policy makers and other stakeholders should work hand-in-hand to effectively reduce the poverty that persists in Nepal.

Plagiarism in Their Own Words:What Chinese and American Students Say about Academic Dishonesty

This study investigates perceptions of and attitudes toward plagiarism by Chinese ESL students and American students with questionnaire and interview as the main sources of data. It was found that Chinese students exhibited less knowledge of plagiarism than American students due to a lack of previous instruction. Chinese students showed different perceptions about some cases of plagiarism such as using memorized words without citing, which may have been caused by the emphasis on memorization in Chinese learning culture. However, Chinese students held similar attitudes toward plagiarism; that is, they thought it was morally wrong and should not be tolerated unless it was unintentional. Based on the findings, this paper calls for Chinese scholars to spend more time addressing the problem by making it part of the curriculum.

The Philosophical Wisdom and Action Implications of “Beautiful China”

On planet earth, the only place so far known that is suited to human life, human beings are the life form with the greatest vitality and ability. Our attitudes and concepts in relation to the world should not stop at understanding and changing it; rather, they should be sublated into a new worldview through which we can scientifically understand and rationally improve the world. Only on the basis of this new worldview can we find a new focus and a new set of values, a new way of living and acting. ＂Beautiful China,＂ as a literary metaphor for the goal of constructing ecological civilization, vividly and fully expresses a completely new vision for socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. The building of ecological civilization is a social scheme that needs to be based on clear, comprehensive, long-term and scientific ecological values, guided by ideas and regulated by institutions. It calls for the conscious action of all members of society.

Effects of western juniper(Juniperus occidentalis)control on ecosystem nitrogen stocks in central Oregon,USA

Aims In the Oregon of USA,the control of western juniper(Juniperus occidentalis)is an accepted rangeland management practice to restore sagebrush steppe habitats of importance to wildlife and livestock.The effects of juniper cutting on ecosystem nitrogen,however,have not been well addressed although woody plant control has important implications for local watershed management and regional nitrogen pools.Methods We quantified ecosystem nitrogen stocks in two adjacent watersheds,comprised of a treated watershed(most juniper removed)and an untreated watershed(juniper not removed).Thirteen years after juniper removal,we measured aboveground nitrogen stocks for juniper trees,shrubs,grasses and litter in both watersheds.We also measured belowground nitrogen stocks(roots and soil)in both watersheds at two soil depths(0–25 and 25–50 cm).Important Findings Aboveground nitrogen stocks were 6.9 times greater in the untreated than in the treated watershed considering the much larger aboveground biomass.However,root nitrogen stocks were 3.1 times greater in the treated one due to the gain of understory root biomass associated with juniper cutting.Soil nitrogen stocks at both 0–25 and 25–50 cm depths were not affected by juniper removal.Overall,total ecosystem nitrogen stocks did not differ between the treated(9536 kg N ha−1)and untreated(9456 kg N ha−1)watersheds.The greatest ecosystem nitrogen accumulation(at least 95%total ecosystem nitrogen)resided belowground(soil 0–50 cm and roots)in both watersheds.This study provides evidence that the benefits of juniper removal can be attained without significantly affecting the capacity of ecosystem nitrogen storage.

An Exploration of Major Factors in the Cultural Ecology of the German Aesthetic Discourse of Modernity

The German aesthetic discourse of modernity is the self-manifestation of German historical development from early modern times. German cultural ecology, comprising German natural, historical, social and intellectual factors, has determined the historical fate of the German aesthetic discourse of modernity and also, realistically, its essential characteristics. The Protestant spirit is the soul of the national consciousness, intellectual concepts, cultural understanding and life experience of the Germans, who take culture as the foundation of their nation. German civic cultural ecology--the social structure, way of life and cultural institutions that originated and developed in civil society--to a great extent determined the form of the German aesthetic discourse of modernity. The three salient features of German enlightenment thought, i.e., the establishment of perception and the independence of beauty, the adjustment of rationalism and the birth of value rationality, and the establishment of the public character of art, are the constituent elements of German cultural ecology.