Study on Qianling Lake Restoration with Artificial Wetland

The ecological restoration of water quality in Qianling Lake was conducted by artificial wetland, which transformed N and P in wastewater into essential matters in organism tissues, so pollutants discharged into Qianting Lake were reduced for the purpose of restoration.

“黎民”“百姓”称呼例谈

“黎民”和“百姓”两个词现在通常指一般的人民大众。由于我国历史的发展沿革,称呼人民大众的词语很多,现摘举几例,以供大家参阅。史书记载,四千多年前,黄河流域的炎帝部落和黄帝部落结成联盟,他们同东夷一起打败了从南方前来进犯的九黎民族,并俘获了大量的敌人。这些俘虏便成了炎黄部落的奴隶,被称为“黎民”。

Dominance hierarchy and social relationships in a group of Captive black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bietl)

Different types of dominance hierarchies reflect different social relationships in primates. In this study, we clarified the hierarchy and social relationships in a one-male unit of captive Rhinopithecus bieti observed between August 1998 and March 1999. Mean frequency of agonistic behaviour among adult females was 0.13 interactions per hour. Adult females exhibited a linear hierarchy with a reversal of 10.9%, indicating an unstable relationship; therefore, R. bieti appears to be a relaxed/tolerant species. The lack of a relationship between the agonistic ratio of the adult male towards adult females and their ranks indicated that males did not show increased aggression towards low-ranking females. Differentiated female affiliative relationships were loosely formed in terms of the male, and to some extent influenced by female estrus, implying that relationships between the male and females is influenced by estrus and not rank alone. A positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of adult females and their ranks showed that the degree to which one female negatively impacted others decreased with reduction in rank. Similarly, a positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of females and differences in rank suggests that a female had fewer negative effects on closely ranked individuals than distantly ranked ones. These data indicate that rank may influence relationships between females. A steeper slope of regression between the agonistic ratio and inter-female rank differences indicated that the extent of the power difference in high-ranking females exerting negative effects on low-ranking ones was larger during the mating season than the birth season, suggesting that rank may influence the mating success of females.

Terrestrial behavior and use of forest strata in a group of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu,Tibet

Food distribution and predation pressure are considered to be the main ecological factors that influence the use of forest strata （basically arboreality vs. terrestriality） in non-human primates. Here, we investigate ground use of wild, unprovisioned black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti by means of the scan sampling method. The results show that the monkeys spent 15.0% of the day time on the ground; 16.6%, 12.7%, and 15.6% for adult males, adult females and juveniles, respectively. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes showed significantly higher rates of terrestrial time than adult females. Females without clinging infants spent significantly more time on the ground than expected, while females with clinging infants spent significantly less time on the ground than expected. These results suggest that the higher degree of terrestrial behavior for males and juveniles may be due to their higher agility in comparison with females. Our study showed that the monkeys fed more on lichens relative to other food items when in the trees, but more on buds/leaves, flowers, fruits/nuts, resin/bark, and herbs when on the ground. According to our investigation, the ecological significance of the species＇ terrestriality lies mainly in the utilization of terrestrial food resources [ Current Zoology 55 （3） ： 180 - 187, 2009].

Hydrodynamic Shear Stress Affects Cell Growth and Metabolite Production by Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

By investigating the shear effect on submerged cultivation of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Ganoderma lucidum, a relatively high cell concentration of 13.8 g·L-1 by dry mass was obtained in bioreactor at an impeller tip speed (ITS) of 0.51m·s-1. At an ITS of 0.51,1.02 and 1.53m·s-1, a maximal production titer of intracellular polysaccharide was 2.64, 2.20 and 2.28g·L-1 and that of ganoderic acid was 306, 299 and 273g·L-1, respectively. Under these ITSs, the maximal mean projected area of dispersed hyphae was 3.70, 2.54 and 2.13×104μm2, and that of pellets was 0.91, 0.67 and 0.55mm2, respectively. The information obtained is useful for efficient submerged cultivation of mushrooms on a large scale.

First evidence of prey capture and meat eating by wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan,China

Most extant nonhuman primates occasionally prey on fast-moving, warm-blooded animals; however, Indriidae, Lepilemuridae, and Colobinae either scavenged for meat or did not eat meat at all. Here we report six cases of animal consumption by the snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in a wild, habituated group between 2004 and 2009 in Yunnan, China. At present, only males in an all-male unit within the study group were involved in active hunting. Such a male-biased activity may be related to the group structure and spatial spread of R. bieti. Two females were observed eating freshly killed birds. The findings confirmed that R. bieti engaged in scavenging and, when hunting, employed a cranio-cervical bite to kill their prey. Meat eating is likely a nutrient maximization feeding strategy in R. bieti, especially in males. A begging behavior occurred after successful prey capture. Although begging was observed, no sharing of the meat was seen. The present findings illuminate the dietary diversity of R. bieti and their ability to expand their dietary spectrum.

Research on Miniature Hexapod Bio-robot

This paper described the structure and control of a new kind of miniature hexap od bio-robot, analyzed the moving principle of the robot. The robot is based on the principle of bionics, its structure is simple, design novel, unique. It can mov e forwards and backwards. The external dimensions of bio-robot is: length 30 mm , width 40 mm, height 20 mm, weight 6.3 g. Some tests about the model robot were made. The experimental results show that the robot has good mobility.

Sensitivity of Near Real-time MODIS Gross Primary Productivity in Terrestrial Forests Based on Eddy Covariance Measurements

As an important product of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS), MOD17A2 provides dramatic improvements in our ability to accurately and continuously monitor global terrestrial primary production, which is also significant in effort to advance scientific research and eco-environmental management. Over the past decades, forests have moderated climate change by sequestrating about one-quarter of the carbon emitted by human activities through fossil fuels burning and land use/land cover change. Thus, the carbon uptake by forests reduces the rate at which carbon accumulates in the atmosphere. However, the sensitivity of near real-time MODIS gross primary productivity(GPP) product is directly constrained by uncertainties in the modeling process, especially in complicated forest ecosystems. Although there have been plenty of studies to verify MODIS GPP with ground-based measurements using the eddy covariance(EC) technique, few have comprehensively validated the performance of MODIS estimates(Collection 5) across diverse forest types. Therefore, the present study examined the degree of correspondence between MODIS-derived GPP and EC-measured GPP at seasonal and interannual time scales for the main forest ecosystems, including evergreen broadleaf forest(EBF), evergreen needleleaf forest(ENF), deciduous broadleaf forest(DBF), and mixed forest(MF) relying on 16 flux towers with a total of 68 site-year datasets. Overall, site-specific evaluation of multi-year mean annual GPP estimates indicates that the current MOD17A2 product works highly effectively for MF and DBF, moderately effectively for ENF, and ineffectively for EBF. Except for tropical forest, MODIS estimates could capture the broad trends of GPP at 8-day time scale for all other sites surveyed. On the annual time scale, the best performance was observed in MF, followed by ENF, DBF, and EBF. Trend analyses also revealed the poor performance of MODIS GPP product in EBF and DBF. Thus, improvements in the sensitivity of MOD17A2 to forest productivity require continued efforts.

Impact of life and inspiration- Monet＇s back garden era

Impressionist Claude Monet was the most representative painter; he is not only the founder and terminator of Impressionism, but also the opener of modem painting. The artistic vitality of his life is extremely strong, unrivaled with an amazing number of works of Impressionism. Among the legacy, ＂classic＂ and ＂existence＂ works make up the most. The 1890s is the dividing line of Monet＇ s two periods of his creative career. It is also his most focused era of creation, called Monet back garden world＂ , where his works of all forms come out.

Utilization of Fungi for the Biological Control of Insect Pests and Ganoderma Disease in the Indonesian Oil Palm Industry

Biological control is usually the first choice of control and prevention method for integrated pest management （IPM） strategies and has now been widely implemented by Indonesian oil palm plantations. Entomopathogenic fungus, i.e., Metarhizium anisopliae, Cordyceps militaris and Beauveria bassiana have been demonstrated to control renowned pests of oil palm. Metarhizium has been used to control Oryctes larvae and the mortality has ranged from 91.67% to 100% in laboratory and 7.4% to 88.75% in the field. Metarhizium has been applied in combination with a termite baiting system （TBS） to control termites in the field for preventive and curative action as well. In many oil palm plantations in Indonesia, Cordyceps has been used to reduce the field moth population ofSetothosea asigna. Application of Cordyceps within the oil palm circle was able to infect S. asigna pupae up to 80%. Meanwhile, Beauveria in an effervescent formulation was demonstrated to have better efficacy on Darna trima larvae. A significant finding on the biological control of basal stem rot disease （Ganoderma） was the isolation of Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp.. The efficacy was conducted with promising result and techniques on the application of Triehoderma have been developed, i.e., hole-in-hole system, surgery and a mounding method. However, as the roots developed, Trichoderma was no longer able to protect the palm from Ganoderma. In spite of that, the use of Trichoderma still prolonged the life ofoil palms by up to 2-3 years. Another fungi belonging to vesicular arbuscular mychorrhiza （VAM） has been developed to control Ganoderma. The efficacy in the nursery showed promising results and the Ganoderma incidence remained low compared to the untreated control. Large scale field trials are ongoing. Challenges on the implementation of biological control in oil palm plantations are because of application and availability of biopesticides/natural enemies. Therefore, advances in research on the formulation of biological control agents are still needed.

Upsilon Photo-Production off Proton in QCD Inspired Model

Based on the generalized vector meson dominance model in QCD, we study photoproduction of vector meson T off the proton by use of the QCD inspired model in which the contributions from quark-quark, gluon-gluon, and quark-gluon interference term to observable are taken into consideration. Calculations are performed for total cross section σtot, differential cross section dσ/dt, ratio of the real part to imaginary part of forward scattering amplitude ρ, and nuclear slop parameter function β. The mediators of interactions between projectiles （the quark and antiquark pair fluctuated from the real the photon） and the proton target （three-quark system） are the tensor Glueball and Odderon instead of using the usual Pomeron exchange. The theoretical predictions for σtot （s） are consistent with the experimental data within error bars of the data. The data for dσ/dt, ρ, and β are urgently needed.

Optimal control of natural resources in mining industry

The paper focuses on the optimal control of natural resources in mining industry. The purpose is to pro- pose an optimal extraction series of these resources during the lifetime of the Mine＇s maintenance. Fol- lowing the proposed optimal control model, a sensitivity analysis has been performed that includes the interest rate impact on the optimal solution. This study shows that the increasing of the interest rate sti- mulates faster extraction of the resources. The discounting factor induces that the resource has to be extracted faster hut this effect is counterbalanced by the diminishing returns of the annual cash flow. At higher parameters of ＂alpha＂ close to one of the power function about 80% from the whole resource will be extracted during the first 4 years of object/mine maintenance. An existence of unique positive root with respect to return of investment has been proposed and proved by two ways： by the ＂method of chords＂ and by using specialized software.

祛毒生肌汤与痔炎冲洗灵用于肛周脓肿术后愈合的疗效分析

目的探讨祛毒生肌汤联合痔炎冲洗灵对肛周脓肿术后愈合的疗效及对血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平影响。方法选取医院收治的肛周脓肿患者90例,随机分为两组各45例。对照组患者给予痔炎冲洗灵局部熏洗坐浴,治疗组在对照组基础上口服祛毒生肌汤,两组患者均持续治疗20d。对比两组治疗后临床疗效、临床症状缓解情况、创面愈合时间、术后肛瘘发生率和脓肿复发率及血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平变化。结果治疗后,治疗组总有效率明显较高(P<0.05);治疗组患者创面愈合时间、术后肛瘘发生率和脓肿复发率明显低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前,两组患者伤口疼痛度评分、分泌物评分和肉芽组织生长评分比较(P>0.05);治疗后,两组患者伤口疼痛度评分、分泌物评分和肉芽组织生长评分均显著降低,且治疗组明显低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前,两组患者血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平比较(P>0.05);治疗后,两组患者血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平显著降低,且治疗组降低更显著(P<0.05)。结论采用祛毒生肌汤联合痔炎冲洗灵治疗肛周脓肿具有较好的临床疗效,能够改善临床症状,降低血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平,有助于患者伤口愈合,降低术后肛瘘发生和脓肿复发,值得在临床上推广应用。

Soul, Spirit, Breath, and Life in the Book of Job

The terms ＂soul,＂ ＂spirit,＂ ＂breath,＂ and ＂life＂ occur several times each in the Book of Job. A proper understanding of these terms in Scripture, especially ＂soul＂ and ＂spirit＂ is integral to understanding the state of the dead, among others. These terms are used in diverse contexts with interchangeable nuances in the Book of Job. A living （＂life＂） person （＂soul＂） consists of the body/flesh plus the life principle （＂spirit＂） of which ＂breath＂ is a concrete expression. In poetic contexts, the terminologies denote the physical （＂soul＂/＂life＂）, appetitive （＂soul＂/＂life＂）, psychical （＂spirit＂/＂breath＂）, and emotional （＂soul＂/＂spirit＂） characteristics of the human being. While ＂soul＂ and ＂life＂ tend towards physieality and therefore can be used synonymously for the whole person, ＂spirit＂ and ＂breath＂ tend towards non-physicality and express such phenomena as intellection and wind. A study of these terminologies in other poetic texts in the Hebrew Bible may evince similar semantic configurations as found in the Book of Job.

Image Reconstruction for Invasive ERT in Vertical Oil Well Logging

An invasive electrical resistance tomographic sensor was proposed for production logging in vertical oil well.The sensor consists of 24 electrodes that are fixed to the logging tool,which can move in the pipeline to acquire data on the conductivity distribution of oil/water mixture flow at different depths.A sensitivity-based algorithm was introduced to reconstruct the cross-sectional images.Analysis on the sensitivity of the sensor to the distribution of oil/water mixture flow was carried out to optimize the position of the imaging cross-section.The imaging results obtained using various boundary conditions at the pipe wall and the logging tool were compared.Eight typical models with various conductivity distributions were created and the measurement data were obtained by solving the forward problem of the sensor system.Image reconstruction was then implemented by using the simulation data for each model.Comparisons between the models and the reconstructed images show that the number and spatial distribution of the oil bubbles can be clearly identified.

Social rank and cortisol among female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

In animal societies, some stressful events can lead to higher levels of physiological stress. Such stressors, like social rank, also predict an increased vulnerability to an array of diseases. However, the physiological relationship between social rank and stress varies between different species, as well as within groups of a single species. For example, dominant individuals are more socially stressed at times, while at other times it is the subordinate ones who experience this stress. Together, these variations make it difficult to assess disease vulnerability as connected to social interactions. In order to learn more about how physiological rank relationships vary between groups of a single species, cortisol measurements from hair samples were used to evaluate the effects of dominance rank on long-term stress levels in despotic and less stringent female rhesus macaque hierarchal groups. In despotic groups, cortisol levels were found not to be correlated with social rank, but a negative correlation was found between social rank and cortisol levels in less stringent hierarchies. Low ranking monkeys in less stringent groups secreted elevated levels of cortisol compared to higher ranking animals. These data suggest that variations in the strictness of the dominance hierarchy are determining factors in rank related stress physiology. The further consideration of nonhuman primate social system diversity and the linear degree of their hierarchies may allow for the development of valid rank-related stress models that will help increase our understanding and guide the development of new therapeutics for diseases related to human socioeconomic status.

Research on Occurrence Mechanism of Public Security Emergency from the perspective of the Structure Box

Public security emergency is a public crisis event, and we cannot anticipate the specific time, actual scale, specific situation and influence depth of emergencies. If the emergencies are not under control, the crisis will get worse and its destructive energy will be released quickly.Structure box is an invisible closed system which is constructed by local politics, economy, and culture. Namely, structure box is local social ecological environment. Structure box is a closed area which is full of anger. Therefore, in such environment with too much pressure, we need an outlet to release pressure. Anger is the social and psychological basis of the emotional resonance of onlooker, when the fuse incident occurred, so that the widespread anger in structure box will find the spotlight. The words and actions of the leaders in the informal group will produce a great social infection and circulatory response, and groups’ stirring will cause emotional resonance which is easy to burst. Thus, irrational behavior may caused by people. This processcan use five links to describe： occurrence of fuse events, information diffusion, emotional resonance, situational catalysis, control failure, and occurrence of public security emergency. This is the occurrence mechanism of public security emergency.

NEW ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS OF BIOFILM OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS IN ARTIFICIAL MOUTH MODEL

Objective To develop a new antimicrobial sensitivity test model for oral products in vitro.Methods A biofilm artificial mouth model for antimicrobial sensitivity tests was established by modifying the LKB chromatography chamber. Using sodium fluoride and Tea polyphenol as antimicrobial agent and Streptococcus mu-tans as target, sensitivity tests were studied. Results The modeling biofilm assay resulted in a MIC of 1. 28mg/ ml for fluoride against S. mutans, which was 32 times the MIC for broth maco-dilution method. The differential resistance of bacteria bioflim to antimicrobial agent relative to planktonic cells was also demonstrated. Conclusion The biofilm artificial mouth model may be useful in oral products test.

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Regional Marine Ecosystem Services Value

Marine ecosystem services are the benefits which people obtain from the marine ecosystem,including provisioning services,regulating services,cultural services and supporting services. The human species,while buffered against environmental changes by culture and technology,is fundamentally dependent on the flow of ecosystem services. Marine ecosystem services become increasingly valuable as the terrestrial resources become scarce. The value of marine ecosystem services is the monetary flow of ecosystem services on specific temporal and spatial scales,which often changes due to the variation of the goods prices,yields and the status of marine exploitation. Sensitivity analysis is to study the relationship between the value of marine ecosystem services and the main factors which affect it. Uncertainty analysis based on varying prices,yields and status of marine exploitation was carried out. Through uncertainty analysis,a more credible value range instead of a fixed value of marine ecosystem services was obtained in this study. Moreover,sensitivity analysis of the marine ecosystem services value revealed the relative importance of different factors.

Preparation, characterization, and antifungal activity of hymexazol-linked chitosan derivatives

In this study, three hymexazol-linked chitosan derivatives （HML-CS） were synthesized and their structures confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and elemental analysis. Linkage ratios were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The derivatives＇ antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fimgi Rhizoctonia solani CGMCC 3.28 and Gibberella zeae CGMCC 3.42 were investigated at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/L. These HML-CS derivatives exhibited stronger antifungal activity than CS alone. HML-CS-1 showed the best antifizngal activity against G. zeae, whose antifimgal index was 65.9% at 400 mg/L, and also showed the best antifungal activity against R. solani, whose antifimgal index was 52.7% at 400 mg/L. This conjugation of CS and HML suggested the presence of synergistic effects between the moieties and indicated that these derivatives possessed great potential as novel fungicides and require further research for the development of applications in crop protection.