农村小学“生物园”科技教育活动的实践研究

本文以《基础教育课程改革纲要》为指南,结合义务教育新课程实施理念,借鉴国内外有关生物科技教育方面的经验,充分挖掘和利用湖区的天然资源,确定了三方面的研究内容:湖区农村小学"生物园"活动的基础性研究、生物科技活动的过程性研究和乡土生物科技校本课程的理论性研究。这些研究充分体现了湖区"生物园"教育资源的育人目标,促进了教师教学技能与科研能力的提升,培养了中小学生的科学探究精神,推动了学校科技教育工作的全面提高。

木霉菌在园艺植物上的应用研究进展

木霉是一种重要的生防因子,已成功地用于多种植物真菌病害的生物防治。从木霉菌的抑菌作用机理、诱导抗病性、促进植物生长、转基因工程等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对今后的研究进行展望。

Bioremediation of Soil Pollution in Orchard

[ Objective ] The aim was to study the bioremediation mechanism of soil pollution. [ Method ] The effects of applying biological organic fertilizers on the bioremediation of soil pollution in orchard were studid by experiment in orchard field and soil simulative experiment. [ Result] The biological organic fertilizers improved the activities of enzymes like polyphenol oxidase, urease, phosphatase, etc. in root-zone soil, promoted the passivation of heavy metals like Cd^2＋ , Pb^2＋ , Cr^3＋ , As^8＋ , etc. in root-zone soil, increased the quantities of useful active bacterium like beneficial fungi, actinomycetes, bacterium, etc. and decreased the quantities of harmful biology （like Fusarium oxysporum, Moniliophthora roreri, Ruselliniu necutrix/Helicobasidium mompa, nematode, etc. [ Conclusion] The study results provide some references for the popularization and application of biological organic fertilizers on fruit trees.

Effect of Biochar on the Chemical Fertility of Vegetable Soil

[Objective] To investigate the effect of biochar on the chemical fertility of vegetable soil. [Method] By pot experiments, the effect of biochar the soil pH and the content of organic matter, available nitrogen, readily available potassium, avail- able phosphorus, water-soluble phosphorus, exchangeable calcium and magnesium were investigated. The experiment contained five treatments, i.e., CK （no biochar）, T1 （0.10% biochar）, T2 （0.25% biochar）, T3 （0.50% biochar） and T4 （1.00% biochar）. [Result] As the application amount of biochar increases in the treatments, the soil pH, the content of organic matter and readily available potassium ascended significantly, with a trend of T4〉T3 〉T2〉TI〉CK; the contents of available phospho- rus and water-soluble phosphorus first show upward trend then downward trend, with T3 being the highest and CK the lowest; the contents of available nitrogen and exchangeable magnesium did not assume obvious change; compared with control, an appropriate amount of char could significantly increase the content of exchangeable calcium. [Conclusion] Biochar can significantly improve the chemical fertility of vegetable soil, and the application amount in T3 （0.50% biochar） brings the best effects.

Fifty Years of Botanical Gardens in China

The development, distribution and features of one hundred and forty botanical gardens (BGs) in China are reported and their functions on research, conservation, display and utilization of biodiversity are summarized in this paper. The contributions to the social and economic development in the early stage of Chinese BGs with the researches of economic plant (tobacco), medicinal plant (yam) and wild fruit tree resources are evaluated. The theoretical and applied achievements in recent years in seed science, plant conservation, economic plant introduction, acclimatization and breeding are also described. A general scope of living plant collections in Chinese BGs is presented and the outstanding ones, including Magnoliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cycadaceae, medicinal plants, Actinidia and Rhododendron are particularly mentioned. With special reference to Chinese penjing art garden and silicified wood garden, the development of scientific popularization and tourism in BGs is reviewed.

Study on the Plant Furnishing for Garden Landscaping

With the social development and the improvement of living standards, higher demands have been proposed on dwelling environment, plant furnishing in garden landscaping can not only beautify the environment, satisfy the aesthetic requirements of people, but also generate considerable ecological and social benefits. Based on studying the present situation of garden plant furnishing, problems in garden landscaping were found out, principles for scientific and reasonable plant furnishing were proposed as well as favorable methods and artistic theories, it was also put forward that the ecological, scientific and human-oriented plant furnishing was the orientation of garden landscaping.

Effects of Continuous Irrigation of Biogas Slurry on Forms and Biological Availability of Pb in Soil of a Tea Garden

Through indoor culture experiments, the effects of continuous irrigation of biogas slurry on the forms and biological availability of Pb in soil of a tea garden were studied. The results show that continuous irrigation of biogas slurry could change the forms of Pb in the soil, and exchangeable Pb, Pb bonded to iron and manganese oxides, and Pb bonded to carbonates transformed to Pb bonded to or- ganic matter and residual Pb in the soil. Among various forms of Pb in the soil, the content of residual Pb was the highest in the soil irrigated with biogas slurry contin- uously in various treatments, accounting for 54.56%, 60.00% and 60.70% in the treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Compared with the CK, the application of bio- gas slurry could decrease the biological activity and biological availability of Pb in the soil obviously, and the reduction of the biological activity was 21.26%-22.83%. In a word, the application of biogas slurry in soil of the tea garden could inhibit the biological activity and biological availability of Pb.

Biological Basis & Microclimate Effects of Intercropping in Jujube Field

Objective] This study aimed to explore the biological basis and microcli-mate effects in intercropping jujube orchard. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, jujube was intercroped with wheat, peanut, soybean, garlic, watermelon, vegetables etc. By fixed observation and simultaneous mobile observation, the field microclimate factors such as the air temperature, surface temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed, etc. were measured, with mono-crop farmland as the control. [Result] The competi-tion relationship existed between jujube trees and the intercropped plants for re-sources such as il umination, fertilizer, and water; however there were differences in phenological phases and the critical periods in needing for water, fertilizer and il u-mination between jujube and intercropped plants. Meanwhile, there was significant difference （P〈0.05） in the variation of agricultural microclimate environment in jujube field compared with that in control farmland. Compared with the control, the air tem-perature in intercropping jujube orchard was reduced by 0.2 to 0.7 ℃, the earth surface temperature reduction ranged from 2.1 to 2.5 ℃, the relative air humidity increased by 3.7% to 6.8% and the wind speed decreased by 0.2 to 0.4 m/s. [Conclusion] Al above results showed that intercropping in jujube orchard could be promoted in central China and northern China areas.

Application and Analysis of Native Plant in Landscaping

With PVESM point of view, this study analyzed comprehensive functions of native plants, which including natural function, visual function, ecological function, social function and spiritual function, the advantages of native plants in landscaping and the effects of it on human living environment were expounded. Based on analyzing the present situations of native plants in landscaping, the relative improvement measures were put forward.

A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest

Diversity, density and species composition of naturally regenerated woody plants under Eucalyptus grandis plantation and the adjacent natural forest were investigated and compared. Twenty plots, with an area of 20 m × 20 m for each, were established in both of E. grand＆ plantation and adjacent natural forest, independently. In each plot, species name, abundance, diameter and height were recorded. Numbers of seedling were collected in five sub-plots （4 m2） within each major plot. A total of 46 species in the plantation, and 52 species in the natural forest, which belongs to 36 families were recorded. The diversity of species （H＇） is 2.19 in the plantation and 2.74 in the natural forest. The density of understory woody plant was 3842 stems/ha in the plantation and 4122 stems/ha in the natural forest. The densities of seedlings in the natural forest and the plantation were 8101 stems/ha and 4151 stems/ha, respectively. High similarity of woody species composition was found between the natural forest and the plantation. The E. grand＆ plantation was found favoring the regeneration and growth of Millitiaferruginia and Coffea arabica in a much better way than other underneath woody species.

Biological Control of Tortricidae in Tea Fields in Japan Using Insect Viruses and Parasitoids

Tea is a perennial and evergreen plant. Cultivated tea trees provide a habitat for insect pests and their natural enemies. In Japan, granuloviruses (GVs) have successfully controlled two of the most important pests of tea, Adoxophyes honmai and Homona magnanima (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera). The GVs are produced in vivo and a single application sustains pesticidal efficacy throughout a year, which encompasses 4 to 5 discrete generations of both species. A. honmai and H. magnanima also have various natural enemies, especially hymenopteran parasitoids. Such resident natural enemies also play a role in reducing the pest density in virus-controlled fields, but the effect of virus infection on parasitoids sharing the same host larva has not been well studied. Survival of one of the major parasitoids of A. honmai, Ascogaster reticulata (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), is reduced by virus infection of the host. Viruses, including GV and entomopoxvirus (EPV), and certain koinobiont endoparasitoids, including A. reticulata, are both known to regulate host endocrinology. However, the GV and EPV have distinct host regulation mechanisms, and consequently have different impacts on the survival of A. retuculata, when A. reticulata parasitizes a host that is infected with either GV or EPV. These additional effects on host regulation displayed by both viruses and parasitoids affect the outcome of virus-parasitoid interactions.

Investigation and Assessment of Ecological Effect of Garden Plants in Linzhi, Tibet

In this study, we investigated main garden plants and assessed the eco- logical effect of garden plants in Bayi town, Linzhi district, Tibet. There are 33 land- scape plants, including 13 trees and 20 shrubs. There are 26 newly-introduced landscape plants, including 10 trees and 16 shrubs. The main landscape plants in Bayi Town could absorb 245.6 t of CO2 and release 178.66 t of 02 per year, illus- trating significant ecological effect. According to the theory that 25 m2 of lawn or 10 m2 of tree could completely absorb the CO2 breathed out by one person daily, the current green space in Bayi town could satisfy the requirement of 43 400 people. We also found that the maximum amount of retained dust by the garden plants is 12.8 t per year, which is considerable and consistent with the results from other studies.

Survey on the Diversity of Afforestation Plants in Xi'an City

Through investigating plants applied in the main streets and public greenbelts,the first-hand information about afforestation plants in Xi'an City was obtained for the first time.The results showed that,there are 136 species of plants in total belong to 102 genera,and 53 families,among which 122 species are woody plants belong to 89 genera and 44 families,i.e.89.71% of the total afforestation plants;14 species are herbaceous plants belong to 13 genera and 9 families,i.e.10.29% of the total;and there are 3 species of liana that belong to 3 genera and 2 families in woody plants with a ratio of 2.21%.The analysis showed that the landscape monotonicity was caused by the simplification of plant disposition pattern,as well as uneven quantity and frequency of applied afforestation plants.From the perspective of plant diversity,the proportion of herbaceous plants was too small;native plants were used widely which basically demonstrated the characteristics of local landscape,and most of exotic plants had obvious pantropic features which grew well in Xi'an City.This paper also analyzed problems in the present greening situation and put forward several suggestions for future tasks.

Acacia mearnsii management in a South African National Parks：SWOT analysis using hot topics in biological invasion as a guide

The assessment of the policy framework governing Invasive Alien Species(IAS) control is of critical importance in conservation. The undertaking of a SWOT analysis of such a framework is necessary because it enhances the efficacy of IAS control. The aim of this study is to carry out a SWOT analysis of the policy framework guiding the control of the spreading of Acacia mearnsii and other IAS in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa,as well as the implementation of restorative measures in the park and adjacent communities in line with the recommendations of the Convention on Biodiversity. A comparative analysis of this framework and the hierarchical framework that was developed during the European Union Conference on Freshwater Invasives- Networking for Strategy in 2013 is undertaken. The results indicate the need to strengthen parkcommunity relations,upgrade existing legislation,and boost the technical capacity of South African national parks to identify,detect,monitor and predict IAS invasions,both within the parks and their surroundings. This knowledge is important for developing future policies on IAS control in South Africa.

Weaver Ant, Oecophylla Ionginoda （Latreille） （Hymenoptera： Formicidae） Activity Reduces Fruit Fly Damage in Citrus Orchards

Fruit flies are causing extensive socio-economic losses in citrus orchards in Ghana. The flies as quarantine pests have detrimental effects on the export market due to international trade regulations. Oecophylla species have been tested as biological control agents on other crops, and have shown great potential in reducing the effects of pests. The effectiveness of Oecophylla as a biocontrol agent of fruit flies was compared with insecticide, Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate （Cydim super~） at Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre, Kade, in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The results have shown that trees colonized by Oecophylla had between 6%-10% fly infestation and Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate （1614 mg a.i. mL~ tree＂1） recorded 3.0% infestation. Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate treatment recorded 3.50 ~ 0.87 dropped fruits, and Oecophylla colonized-trees recorded 15 to 19.20 -4- 3.61. Oecophylla colonized-trees recorded yield values from 12.90 to 15.20 tons ha-~ whilst Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate treatment recorded 27.90 tons hat fruit yield. Total number of fly landings in the presence of Oecophylla （72.00） was significantly lower than the absence of Oecophylla （114.20）. Set-up with no Oecophylla recorded the highest infestation index （71.17） while the presence recorded 45.83. These results suggest that Oecophylla longinoda can be used as a biocontrol agent for IPM programs in citrus orchards.

Regeneration and Tree Species Diversity of Sitakund Botanical Garden and Eco-Park,Chittagong,Bangladesh

Anthropogenic disturbances influence plant regeneration and species diversity, which impact the conservation status of protected areas. A study was conducted in the Sitakund Botanical Garden and Eco-park （SBGE）, Chittagong, Bangladesh to analyze the natural regeneration and tree species diversity in disturbed and less disturbed zones. Stratified and systematic random sampling was used to select 50 sample plots from each of the two zones. A total number of 109 plant species from 43 families were recorded in the study; of which 93 species were of natural origin while the rest were planted. From the species with natural origin 66 were tree species, 9 were shrub species and 28 were climbers. Species richness, density of regeneration and disturbance index in the height classes （0- 0.5 m） and {dbh 〉 6 cm） indicated significant differences between the zones. The study analyzed how disturbances affect species diversity in the area. It was found that species richness and basal area are negatively related with disturbances. Moreover, density （N/ha） of trees was more likely to decrease with increasing tree height that reflects the huge demand of local people to harvest large trees as part of their income generating activities. The study findings have implications for future managementdecisions of the SGBE. To restore these ecosystems, management should focus on both biodiversity eonservation and providing benefits to local people without hampering forest ecosystems.

Nitrogen Derivatives of Irrigation in Chihuahua＇s Parks with Wastewater Treatment Residuals

Since 2000 Chihuahua City has distribution system Waste Water Treatment （WTR）, watering city＇s green areas. The need to cover the growing demand for drinking water has encouraged the use of non-potable water where water quality is not an issue despite being used by 10 years ago, it is not known whether nitrogen compounds derived from WTR pose risks to the environment and public health. Therefore, in order to minimize health and environmental risks, this is needed to assess the impact and policy support for water use. The aim of this study is to determine the constitution and the concentration of nitrogen compounds through selection and characterization of park＇s representative. It＇s divided into physical properties and main parameters that affect nitrogen transformations. It was determined that sand was material that allowed more favorable oxidation and reduction of nitrate in soil and atmosphere, opposite of the clay, When used WTR, nitrates, nitrites and ammonia nitrogen were identified in the subsurface and NOx and N20 were identified in the atmosphere. When drinking water was used, none of these compounds was found. However, it was determined that despite having high concentrations of nitrates, the WTR was within the limits allowed by the Mexican standard for the use of WTR in public places.

A study on the protection of biodiversity resources in Micangshan Forest Park in northeast of Sichuan Province

The Micangshan Forest Park is located in the northeast edge of the Sichuan Basin. The wild animals and plants resources are rich and the ecosystem is integrity. There are well-preserved areas of native biological communities. Its strip and the region decided that on the one hand biological diversity is rich; on the other hand, there is its unique ecological fragility. Once it is destroyed, it would be very difficult to restore. In order to protect the ecological environment of wild animal and plant habitats and wild animal and plant resources, this paper uses quadrat survey procedure to carry on the investigation. In the Micangshan Forest Park's typical land sector the author establishes the sample area of 20 m×20 m to invest the tree layer of plant species and builds five 2 m×2 m the small quadrats along the type place's diagonal line machinery to invest bush level and the field layer floristic component. Again according to the Micangshan Forest Park's terrain, the vegetation and the difference humanity interference condition, the autor builds the different quantities separately the line transect to invest the animal type. This article through to eastern Sichuan Province north the Micangshan forest park biodiversity resources investigation, has analyzed the biodiversity protection work present situation and the existence question, and put forward the proposal to the next protection work.

Microbial Quality of Irrigation Water of Public Parks in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

In this study, the microbial quality of treated wastewater used for irrigation of three public parks in Dubai was evaluated. A total of 23 samples of TWW （treated wastewater） and 12 samples of irrigated soils from three public parks were collected and tested for Legionella, Salmonella, traditional bacterial indicators, Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts using membrane filtration and direct immune-fluorescence assay. The majority of the tested water samples were found contaminated with LLO （Legionella like organisms）, Salmonella and traditional bacterial indicators. Both Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected in these samples with a higher occurrence ofCryptosporidium oocysts （96%） than Giardia cysts （35%）. The fecal coliform bacteria were detected in 60.8% of water samples and 58% of soil samples. Total coliform bacteria were detected in most of the water and soil samples with a higher occurrence than the fecal coliform bacteria. The results of this study indicate that microorganisms are surviving the chlorination method used for disinfecting wastewater, and are further multiplying in the public parks irrigation network system. Therefore, monitoring the treated wastewater for bacterial pathogens, protozoan parasites and controlling their growth at the point of end use are vital to reducing the risk of environmental contamination with microbial pathogens.

Habitat Utilization and Feeding Biology of Himalayan Grey Langur (Semnopithecus entellus ajex) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Habitat utilization and feeding biology of Himalayan Grey Langur （Semnopithecus entellus ajex） were studied from April, 2006 to April, 2007 in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The results showed that in the winter season the most preferred habitat of the langurs was the moist temperate coniferous forests interspersed with deciduous trees, while in the summer season they preferred to migrate into the subalpine scrub forests at higher altitudes. Langurs were folivorous in feeding habit, recorded as consuming more than 49 plant species （27 in summer and 22 in winter） in the study area. The mature leaves （36.12%） were preferred over the young leaves （27.27%） while other food components comprised of fruits （17.00%）, roots （9.45%）, barks （6.69%）, flowers （2.19%） and stems （1.28%） of various plant species.