中国古典诗词在“生物多样性”课程教学中的应用探析

语言是教学思想的直接体现,是教师使用最广泛、最基本的信息载体。故而,教师要精炼教学语言,力求形象生动、简洁明了。而在"生物多样性"教学中应用中国古典诗词可增添课堂的艺术色彩和教学乐趣,同时激发学生的学习兴趣、提高教学效率,并通过了解我国古代传统的生态思想在潜移默化中提升其生态素养水准。基于此,本文通过应用古典诗词激发学习兴趣、铺展教学内容、进行教学点缀和进行知识反馈四方面,对在"生物多样性"课程教学中中国古典诗词的艺术运用作以探析,以便为今后的教学提供理论基础。

生态学专业课程改革中应用“科研反哺教学”的实践和探索——以“生物多样性调查与评价”课程为例

“科研反哺教学”作为一种新型人才培养理念,能实现高校科研与教学二者共同发展,并有效地提高学生的科学素养。文章通过阐述“科研反哺教学”理念,以“生物多样性调查与评价”课程为例,构建以学生为中心的教学体系、改革实验教学、完善课程考核体系,将“科研反哺教学”应用到该课程教学实践中。“科研反哺教学”理念应用于教学的意义能在实现教学与科研相长、增强学生创新意识、提高教学质量及提高学生科学素养等方面得以体现。

谈加强“生物多样性保护”意识的教育

保护“生物多样性”是保护“生态系统平衡”的重要组成部分，加强生物专业师范生的“生物多样性保护”意识教育，是“环境保护”教育的重要组织部分，本文就如何加强生物专业师范生的“生物多样性保护”的意识教育，谈了一些具体建议。

北京师范大学生态学研究所暨生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室简介

北京师范大学是国内最早开展生态教学与研究的重点高校之一，多年来一直针对本学科的重大基础理论问题，以国家经济建设和社会发展需求为目标，围绕“生物多样性保育”现代宏观生物学核心、形成了较为完整的“宏观与微观”相结合、“野处与室内”相结合、“理论与应用”相结合的研究体系；在巩固和发展种群生态学、生理生态学、理论生态学等现有优势的同时，

探索生物进化之谜——“生物多样性领导奖”获得者张亚平

一位年轻的科学家，破译猕猴白化的密码、提示狗的起源、建立中国最大的野生动物DNA库……，成为第一位荣获国际“生物多样性领导奖”殊荣的亚洲学者，他就是张亚军。

“生物-文化多样性”理念证成与非遗法治创新

“生物-文化多样性”理念是一种建基于生物多样性和文化多样性,整合、全面与协同看待人类与自身、文化、环境关系的世界观与认识论。该理念以实现可持续发展为宗旨,通过事先知情同意实现社区、原住居民和传统知识等要素相联互通。以该理念审察非遗法治十多年进程,我国虽在国家文化生态保护区建设、非遗地方立法践行事先知情同意等方面成就突出,但仍存在定位归类有待明确、上下位阶法律适用冲突、获取和惠益分享法律制度尚待建构等问题。我国应以最新版《非遗意见》为指引,在立法目的转化、结构框架调整、具体问题解决等方面展现该理念助推非遗法治创新。

Variations of phyllosphere microorganisms in asymptomatic and tobacco brown spot leaves before and after spraying 12% difenoconazole + fluxapyroxad SC

12%difenoconazole+fluxapyroxad SC(commercial name:Jiangong)was first released by BASF in China in 2016.It has been registered to control many diseases,including pear scab,apple Alternaria leaf spot,tomato early blight,cucumber powdery mildew,etc.This study evaluated the bioactivity of Jiangong against Alternaria alternata and explored variations of phyllosphere microorganisms in both asymptomatic and tobacco brown spot leaves at different persistence periods(0,5,10,and 15 days post-fungicide application)using high-throughput sequencing technology.The results indicated that Jiangong effectively inhibited mycelial growth(average EC_(50) value of 0.51μg/mL),conidia germination(average EC_(50) value of 3.47μg/mL),and the carbon metabolism of A.alternata.Both asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves presented complex microbial communities.Higher fungal diversity was noted in asymptomatic leaves,while higher bacterial diversity was found in symptomatic leaves.After application,the diversity and abundance of microbial community structures in both types of leaves changed over time.Fungal microbiome communities showed greater sensitivity than bacterial groups,with the microbiome communities of asymptomatic leaves being more affected than those of symptomatic leaves.Fungal community diversity decreased for both symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves after 5 days of application,while the diversity of fungal community in symptomatic leaves showed an upward trend after 10 days of application.Meanwhile,bacterial community diversity increased in both symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves after 5 days of application but then declined in asymptomatic leaves after 15 days.The abundance of the dominant function group of phyllosphere bacteria(metabolism,genetic information processing,environmental information processing)was not affected by the application of Jiangong.However,the abundance of the dominant function group of phyllosphere fungi(animal pathogen-endophyte-wood saprotroph,endophyte-plant pathogen,plant pathogen-undefined saprotroph)was significantly affected by the application of Jiangong,and high variation was found in symptomatic leaves than that of asymptomatic leaves.The application of Jiangong-induced alterations in the community structure of the tobacco phyllosphere microbiome provides a basis for future tobacco brown spot control strategies based on phyllospheric microecology.

挑起我国森林生物资源保护重担,迎接二十一世纪的到来

挑起我国森林生物资源保护重担，迎接二十一世纪的到来罗菊春（北京林业大学）自本世纪中叶以来，随着工业的高速发展，人口剧增，森林、草原、海洋资源被破坏的程度不断加剧，各种类型的生态系统直至整个生物圈的生态环境在遭受毁坏，尤其森林的破坏最为严重，随之而来...

人教版《义务教育课程标准实验教科书·生物学(八年级上册)》 第六单元教材分析

一、本单元的地位及重要意义过去的20世纪,是人类有史以来获得物质财富最多的世纪,同时也是人为破坏环境最严重的世纪。1992年,在巴西里约热内卢召开的联合国环境与发展大会上,有150多个国家签署了《生物多样性公约》。

Preliminary Report on the Successful Breeding of the Endangered Fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami Endemic to Dianchi Lake

The fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami is one of the indicative and endemic species in the Dianchi Lake ecosystem. As a result of pollution and invasion of exotic fishes, the fish had disappeared from Dianchi Lake since 1986 and only a few small populations survive in springs and streams around the lake. Due to the endangered status and special scientific value, S.grahami was listed as the second class protective animal of China in 1989. The importance of S. grahami and the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake were recognized by the Global Environment Foundation （GEF） /World Bank and Yunnan Development ＆ Reform Committee. Therefore a special grant was set up to restore and conserve the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake. The artificial breeding of S. grahami is a part of the targeted activities. Two successful breeding experiments were achieved using five females plus six males up to early March 2007. Approximately 1600 eggs were collected, of which 1320 eggs fertilized using the dry-fertilizing method. The mean fertilization rate was 73%. Approximately 480 fish fry was hatched and the mean hatching rate was 36%. After 10 days of cultivation, 95% fingerlings survived and their body lengths were up to 8- 12 mm. The importance of the artificial breeding success of S. grahami could be summarized as following： effectively protecting the fish from extinction; releasing the fish fry back to appropriate water body of the lake could help to restore the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake; facilitating the shift of local fish cultivation from the present non-indigenous to the future indigenous fishery.

Distribution pattern of rare plants along riparian zone in Shennongjia Area

Due to the importance of riparian zone in maintaining and protecting regional biodiversity, increasingly more ecologists paid their attentions to riparian zone and had been aware of the important effects of riparian zone in basic study and practical management. In this study, 42 sampling belts (10 m?00 m) parallel to the bank of Xiangxi River at different elevations in Shennongjia Area were selected to investigate the riparian vegetation and rare plants. 14 species of rare plants were found distributing in riparian zone, accounting for 42.4% of the total rare plant species in Shennongjia Area. The main distribution range of the 14 rare plant species was the evergreen and deciduous mixed broadleaved forest at elevation of 1200-1800 m, where, species diversity of plant community was the maximum at the moderate elevation. The analysis of TWINSPAN divided the 14 rare species into 3 groups against the elevation, namely low elevation species group, moderate elevation species group, and high elevation species group. The analysis of DCA ordination showed similar results to that of TWINSPAN. In the paper, the authors discussed the reasons forming the distribution pattern of rare plant species, and pointed out that the important function of riparian zone on rare plant species protection.

Survey on Bio-resources of Zhengzhou Yellow River Wetland and Protective Measures

Upon the basis of comprehensive survey on the bio-resources of Zhengzhou Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve,we analyzed the relationship between wetland ecology and bio-resource protection,the problems encountering wetland development and protection,and further put forward corresponding protective measures.

Status of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City

According to a survey for the urban vegetation of Guangzhou, urban vegetation has a significantly difference from natural vegetation because of intense human impacts. The research was conducted in a synthetic survey for soil, species di-versity, roadside trees and ecological function of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City. The results showed that: (1) soil densi-ties of urban roadside and park forests were higher than mean density of natural forest soil. The pH values of soil in urban roadside were higher too, and the content of organic matter and the concentration of nitrogen were lower. (2) Species diversity of urban vegetation was lower. The most number of species was only 16 species in tree layers of urban forest. (3) Tree growth was limited by narrow space in high-density urban area, where the trees with defects and disorders were common. (4) Com-paring with mature natural forests, the productivity of urban vegetation was lower. The effect of urban vegetation on balance of carbon and oxygen were influenced by the low primary production of urban vegetation. Therefore, the growth condition for urban vegetation should be improved. Biodiversity, primary production and ecological function should be increased for urban vegetation in order to improve urban eco-environment.

Study on the Biological Diversity of Nematode-trapping Fungi in Erhai Lake

[Objective]The research aimed to investigate the biological diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in the sediment of Erhai Lake.[Method]616 pieces of sediments were collected from Erhai Lake.The traditional classification and identification methods were used to isolate,purify and identify.[Result]3 genera and 22 species of nematode-trapping fungi were isolated.Arthrobotrys oligospora,A.musiformis and Dactylella leptospora were the dominant species,and their detection rates were 28.05%,16.04% and 8.92% respectively.By analyzing the diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in four seasons,it was found that the biological diversity was richer in summer,spring and autumn,and the diversity indexes were 2.59,2.47 and 2.34 respectively.The diversity index in winter was 1.48 and was lower.Species forming the adhesive nets were predominant;positive rate was 41.00%.[Conclusion]The rich nematode-trapping fungi resource existed in Erhai Lake,and its biological diversity had the seasonal variation characteristic.The nematode-trapping fungi which formed the viscous net were the dominant species in Erhai Lake.

Advances in Research on the Structure and Diversity Variation of Insect Communities in Wetland

The species diversity, structure and dynamic rules of insect communities in wetland can provide data of the insects for the protection, utilization and monitor- ing of wetland, which is an essential link to maintain the healthy ecological system of the wetland and protect the biodiversity in the wetland. A systematic study on the composition and succession of insect communities in the wetland, as well as the indication of insect groups can provide a theoretical basis for wetland protection and management, and thus promote the development of regional economy and en- vironmental protection.

Distribution of the Ibex (Capra ibex) in Tomur National Nature Reserve of Xinjiang, China

lbex （Capra ibex）, a first grade protected animal, has not been well studied in China. Surveys were conducted to investigate the distribution of the ibex in the Tomur National Nature Reserve during October--November 2004, July 2005, and October-December 2005. The results were as follows： （1） Out of five valleys, the ibex was distributed in the Qiong-Tailan, Keqik-Tailan, and Muzart Valleys： （2） Ibexes were not observed in the Tomur Valley and Kuzbayi Valley in our surveys, but interview investigations indicated that they may be found here as well. Our results indicated that the nature reserve as a whole is in the distribution range of ibex and it plays an important role in protecting ibex and the alpine biodiversity. However, the uneven distribution pattern can be due to human activities. Therefore, the management of the reserve needs to be improved in the future.

A strategic study on biodiversity conservation in Xishuangbanna

Xishuangbanna harbors valuable tropical rainforests with abundant biod iversity and it is acknowledged as a treasure house of wildlife. By describing t he characteristics of its physical geography, the authors analyzed the habitat c omplex. The major vegetation types and rare wildlife were systematically studied to indicate the major elements and great value of the biodiversity. The present status of general biodiversity conservation was briefly appraised to reveal the potential crises and problems in the conservation practice. Based on the theori es and experience borrowed from modern conservation biology and innovations at h ome and abroad, 4 primary strategies were accordingly suggested to establish a b eneficial mutual-improvement mechanism for the better conservation so that the b iodiversity conservation and utilization can be properly integrated, the local p eople's livelihood effectively uplifted and their over-dependence on the resourc es relatively lessened.