Research Progress on Resource Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Manure

Although mass livestock and poultry breeding brought magnificent econom-ic benefits to the society, it made great harm to the environment. By reviewing the current status of environmental pol ution caused by livestock and poultry manure in China, harm-free treatment technology for livestock and poultry manure including fer-tilization technology, feed processing technology and energy technology were elabo-rated so as to address the existing issues in this regard and provide references for resource utilization and eliminating environmental pol ution through modified technical system and environment laws.

Composition of Pig Manures and Wastewaters under the Gan Qing Fen System in China

A large scale pig farm located in the North West of Beijing that applies the gan qing fen manure management system was selected and a continuous sampling of manures and wastewaters was performed from June to October 2009. Samples were collected once a week based on the pig production cycle, namely gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. Analysis of nutrients and heavy metals were determined by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy （ICP）. Total Nitrogen （TN） was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The main results showed that pig manures were characterized by high nutrients and heavy metals contents that might be due to the solid fraction separation from the liquid fraction under the gan qing fen manure management system. Further, piggery wastewaters were characterized by very low concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals as result of their dilution with flushing water mainly used for cleaning the pigsties. Manure and wastewaters samples from weaning pigs contained the highest concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals that could be due to high supplementation rates of these minerals in the weaner diets. In general, it seems that the manual daily collection of pig manures in the gan qing fen system is an efficient practice in order to maintain nutrient contents in pig manures but the use of flushing water should be reduced as it can lead to further environmental pollution.

Suppression of Rhizoctonia Damping-off of Chickpea Using Manure Extracts and Their Associated Fungi

Decomposed manure extracts of cattle, sheep, poultry, horse and their composition of antagonistic fungi were evaluated to suppress phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani, one of the most important causes of chickpea damping-off. In vitro, the dual culture test used the criteria to evaluate antagonistic potential of fungal isolates that associated with different manures, in addition to assessment severity of Rhizoctonial damping-off of chickpea seedlings in potting media Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus were highly colonized each of manure extract. Results of dual culture observed the significant reduction of the pathogens mycelial growth （70.9%） when one disc of R. solani was placed in the center and three discs of antagonistic were placed in the periphery of plates. However, the mycelial growth of R. solani evidenced a higher inhibition （48.62%） when cultured with the antagonistic of Penicillium sp.. Sheep and poultry manure extracts reduced the pathogen＇s growth by 47.24% and 49.2%, respectively. Severity rating of Rhizoctonial damping-off was decreased to 0.2 when using poultry manure containing antagonistic fungus of A. terreus, other treatments of composted soil were similarized in their results of disease index.

Small-Scale Household Biogas Digesters as a Viable Option for Energy Recovery and Global Warming Mitigation--Vietnam Case Study

Biogas from livestock waste is considered as clean and renewable energy in Vietnam. In the last 20 years, in rural and remote areas of Vietnam, there has been a significant increase of small-scale household biogas digesters. Biogas digesters create the benefits of replacing energy and mitigation of climate change caused by greenhouse gas （GHG） emission and deforestation for firewood and charcoal. Livestock waste produces approximately 85 million tonnes every year and continues to increase, meaning there are huge feedstocks for biogas digesters to meet the energy demands in households. However, there are also many constraints on the development programme for small-scale household biogas digester. In Vietnam, the socio-economic situation and the lack of a sustainable energy policy for biogas from livestock sector are hindering the growth of the biogas digester industry. Government subsidies are needed to encourage farmers to participate. This paper will be helpful not only for the sustainable development of household biogas in Vietnam, but also for the developing program of biogas generation in developing countries with similar agricultural economies to Vietnam.

警惕集约化畜禽养殖场的污染

随着我国集约化畜禽养殖场的快速发展，行业污染危害日益严重，对自然环境和居民健康威胁很大。由于技术经济原因，只有综合利用的方法才能根本解决养殖场污染问题，但这种方式在我国存在着诸多推广障碍。建议采取以下措施促进综合利用：提高养殖场的排污标准和排污费征收标准，按照工业污染治理的办法来管理养殖场，对这类污染在重点地区开展专项整治，从税收、土地价格、贷款等方面扶持综合利用等。

Copper Residue in Animal Manures and the Potential Pollution Risk in Northeast China

A total of 224 animal manures and feeds, randomly sampled from different sizes of intensive farms in three northeastern provinces, were analyzed to determine Cu concentration. At the same time, the load of animal manure Cu on farmlands and loss to rivers in sewage irrigation areas of Liaoning Province was estimated. The results showed that the mean Cu concentrations in pig, cattle, and chicken feeds were 179.8, 16.6 and 20.8 mg kg-1, respectively. Cu concentrations in manures ranged from 1.5 to 1521.2 mg kg-1. The mean value of 642.1 mg kg-1 in pig manure was higher than the mean values of 65.6 mg kg-1 and 31.1 mg kg-1 in chicken and cattle manures, respectively. The load of animal manure Cu on farmland in the study area ranged from 12.3-35.4 kg km-2 annually. In particular, the Xiaolinghe area received a higher level than the other areas. The possible amount of manure Cu entering river water as a result of soil erosion was lower than 0.76 kg km-2. The highest loss rates were found in the south of Anshan and the west of Jinzhou. It is suggested that animal manures contain a high level of Cu. Long-term agricultural application of animal manure may increase the potential risk of Cu pollution in soil and surface water.

Applied and Environmental Chemistry of Animal Manure:A Review

Animal manure consists of predominantly urine and feces, but also may contain bedding materials, dropped feed, scurf, and other farming wastes. Manure is typically applied to soils as fertilizer for agricultural production. The estimated amount of manure produced in 12 major livestock-producing countries is 9 × 10^9 Mg of manure annually. Manure is rich in plant nutrients. However, manure is also considered as an environmental pollutant when it is over-applied to cropland or following runoff into surface water. Manure can also influence global climate change via emissions of methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O）. Thus, increased and updated knowledge of applied and environmental chemistry of animal manure is needed to shed light on the research and development of animal manure utilization and minimization of its adverse environmental concerns. The advances in basic and applied studies of manure major components, organic matter, phosphorus, and nitrogen, primarily related to US livestock production are summarized in this review. Detailed focus was placed on three notable challenges for future manure research： 1） soil application of animal manure, 2） manure phytate phosphorus, and 3） manure nitrogen availability. This review may contribute to the global effort in sustainable and environmentally sound agriculture by stimulating new ideas and directions in animal manure research, and promoting application of knowledge and insight derived from manure research into improved manure management strategies.