英汉语言中“白”与“黑”的词义比较分析

在英语和汉语共有的九种基本色彩中,"白"与"黑"是不同于其他七种色彩词(红、绿、黄、蓝、褐、紫、灰)的两个无彩词。这两个词的词义在两种语言中表现出共性和个性特征。本文试从共性和个性角度对它们的词义进行比较分析,从而有助于理解两种语言存在的共性和个性。

“黑”、“白”棱镜下的俄汉文化

颜色词属于民族文化语义丰富的物质文化词位．不同民族赋予同一颜色词的文化语义因民族世界观、文化历史、文化习俗的不同而各异。对俄汉语中颜色词“黑”与“白”的语言文字特色和它们作为物质文化词位构成的熟语中所蕴合的民族文化语义特色的对比和探讨，折射出俄汉民族风格各异的文化魅力。

《为奴十二年》:美国社会中“黑”与“白”的对立

《为奴十二年》是美国黑人所罗门·诺瑟普的自传体小说,它真实讲述了所罗门·诺瑟普从自由人到被拐卖最终沦为奴隶的12年的悲惨生活,定格了美国社会最真实的"黑"与"白"的对立。解决这一对立局面的根本之法在于制度的建立和白人优越感的根除。

英汉“黑”“白”颜色词文化内涵的对等性

英汉两种语言里经常使用有关“黑”“白”的颜色词。本文通过大量“黑”“白”颜色词的例子揭示出两种颜色词正面和反面文化内涵的对等:在英汉两种语言里,“黑”都有表示庄重、严肃的正面含义和表示邪恶、厄运的反面含义;“白”都有表示清白、纯洁的正面含义和表示死亡、失败的反面含义。

基于语料库的英汉语中“黑”“白”颜色词概念隐喻对比研究

本文基于语料库对英汉语中的颜色词“黑”“白”隐喻表达进行概念隐喻对比研究。通过研究发现,英汉语中的颜色词“黑”“白”隐喻表达存在着相似和不同,有的隐喻表达共同存在于英汉语中,有的仅存在于英语或汉语中。颜色词“黑”“白”隐喻表达的相似和不同是由众多因素造成的。本文对于跨文化交际、外语学习等有着较为重要的意义。

水泥路面“白+黑”罩面防反射裂缝施工技术研究

近年来,随着我国交通事业的迅猛发展,使重载交通量不断增多,导致水泥路面出现不同程度裂缝,最终影响到道路服务的质量,甚至还会引发严重的交通事故。该文主要以某水泥路段改造重铺工程作为案例,研究"白+黑"罩面防反射裂缝施工技术,进而为近似的工程项目提供参考的依据。

探析黄宾虹山水画中的“黑”与“白”

黄宾虹的一生是波折而又艺术的一生,虽然经历坎坷却从未停止过对艺术的追寻与探求。可把黄宾虹的艺术人生分为三个阶段:50岁之前早期风貌中的“白”;50—70岁中期“师造化”,由“白”向“黑”的转变;70岁以后的“黑”。结合这三个时期来分析黄宾虹山水艺术中的“黑”与“白”的艺术特色,感受黄宾虹作品的艺术精神以及文化内涵。

如意黑白散对白癜风模型小鼠皮损组织PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的影响

目的探讨如意黑白散治疗白癜风的可能作用机制。方法将24只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为空白组,模型组及如意黑白散大、小剂量组,每组6只。除空白组外其余各组采用氢醌外涂构建白癜风动物模型。造模后如意黑白散大、小剂量组灌胃如意黑白散7.02、2.34 g/kg,空白组与模型组予10 ml/kg生理盐水灌胃,每日1次,各组均给药36天。给药结束后肉眼观察皮损情况,HE染色观察皮损组织黑色素含量,免疫组化测定皮损组织中CD3^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达;免疫荧光染色测皮损组织中程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)表达;RT-PCR法检测皮损组织中细胞程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)mRNA表达;ELISA法检测血清超氧化物歧酶(SOD)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、酪氨酸酶(TYR)含量。结果与空白组比较,模型组小鼠皮肤苍白,皮损组织HE染色后镜下可见黑色素含量明显减少,皮损优良率降低,表皮和毛囊周围细胞黑色素颗粒明显减少,皮肤组织中CD3^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达显著增加,PD-L1 mRNA、PD-1表达下降,TYR含量下降,SOD、TNF-α含量增加(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,如意黑白散大、小剂量组皮肤颜色加深,黑色素含量增加,皮损优良率升高,棘细胞层、基底细胞及毛囊黑色素颗粒增多,皮损处CD3^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达减少,PD-L1 mRNA、PD-1表达增加,TYR含量上升,SOD、TNF-α含量下降(P<0.05)。与如意黑白散小剂量组比较,如意黑白散大剂量组造模区域皮损色素恢复面积更大,皮损优良率升高,棘细胞层及基底细胞以及毛囊黑色素颗粒增多,皮损处CD3^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达减少,PD-L1 mRNA、PD-1表达增加,TYR含量上升,SOD、TNF-α含量下降(P<0.05)。结论如意黑白散可以使白癜风模型小鼠皮肤黑色素含量增多,其作用机制可能为激活皮损组织PD-1/PD-L1信号通路,从而抑制T细胞介导的自身免疫对黑色素细胞的破坏。

“白+黑”路面拼接方案及力学特性研究

为了减缓“白+黑”路面反射裂缝病害的出现,确定高速公路改扩建“白+黑”路面拼接结构型式。建立了路面有限元模型,拟设直接拼接、基层台阶式拼接、加垫枕梁、设置拉杆、枕梁尺寸变化等7种新旧路面拼接方案,分析拼接路面在荷载作用下各结构层的应力响应。在此基础上,通过茂湛高速公路改扩建“白+黑”路面实体工程进行验证。结果表明,在拼接路面水泥混凝土板基层间增设拉杆能够增强路面结构整体性,对于延缓反射裂缝的产生和发展具有显著效果;在下部结构加垫枕梁,则可有效降低路表弯沉,可减小沥青面层底部最大剪应力、沥青面层底部拉应变等。优选Ⅵ型结构铺设试验段,发现拉杆与枕梁组合结构不仅有助于稳固旧路肩混凝土板,使拼接带处的弯沉值下降,还有助于新旧路拼接处的荷载传递,可延缓反射裂缝出现。

动用颜色词行为全貌的动态历时演变——以“红”“白”“黑”为例

基于语料库语言学中的行为全貌(BP)研究范式,本研究纳入MDS(多维尺度测量)分析法,对汉语中最为典型的“红”“白”“黑”三个颜色词动用形式的历时演变进行对比分析,探究三个词不同时期的全貌特征、典型义演变路径及其内在的认知机制和理据。研究表明,颜色词动用后表示“事物颜色变化的动态过程”(物理义)以及“人物某情感变化的心理过程”(情感义),且主要表达情感的消极义。根据语料统计,发展至今,动用“红”更倾向于与人及人体部位相连,表人物情感的动态变化;而动用“黑”“白”倾向于与具体事物相连,表事物颜色变化的动态过程;这与中华民族的文化认知有很大关系。颜色词动用的认知机制主要为转喻,其语义的“产生—拓展—固化”及再循环过程也是“范畴化与非范畴化”理论的有力阐释。

Positive influence of traditional culture and socioeconomic activity on conservation: A case study from the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Tibet

Found in the Trans-Himalayas of north-west Yunnan and south-east Tibet, the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey （Rhinopithecus bieti） is one of the world’s most endangered primates. A recent survey indicates that only 15 groups with 2500 individuals remain in the wild. However, the Tibetan Xiaochangdu group may be the only equilibrium group in the field since the last investigation in 1988. To evaluate the effects of traditional culture and socioeconomic activity on biodiversity conservation of R. bieti, we conducted a case study in the Honglaxueshan National Nature Reserve in southeast Tibet from June 2003 to May 2005. Interviews, direct observations, and analysis of socioeconomic data indicated major advantages to the conservation of R. bieti, which included that： 1） traditional culture mainly depended on raising livestock and collecting non-timber products rather than forest planting of Tibetan highland barley; 2） religious beliefs, against to kill any wildlife living on the sacred mountain, were mainly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism; and 3） bigger household numbers were induced by the polyandrous marriage system, which resulted in lower per capita resource consumption than smaller ones.

Metabolism and thermoregulation between Mrs Hume's Pheasant(Syrmaticus humiae) and Elliot's Pheasant(S.ellioti)

To understand metabolic adaptations,the basal metabolic rate（BMR） of Mrs Hume＇s Pheasant（Syrmaticus humiae） and Elliot＇s Pheasant（Syrmaticus ellioti） were investigated.Metabolic rate（MR）,body temperature（Tb） and thermal conductance（C） were determined in both species at a temperatrue range of 5-35 ℃,respectively.Oxygen consumption was measured with a closed circuit respirometer.The thermal neutral zones（TNZ） were 24.5-31.6 ℃,and 23.0-29.2 ℃,respectively.With a temperature range of 5-35 ℃,Mrs Hume＇s Pheasant and Elliot＇s Pheasant could maintained stable Tb at a mean of（40.47±0.64） and（40.36±0.10） ℃,respectively.Mean BMRs within TNZs were（1.36±0.84） mLO2/（g.h） for Mrs Hume＇s Pheasant and（2.03±0.12） mLO2/（g.h） for Elliot＇s Pheasant,which were 77% and 86% of the expected value based on their body mass,respectively.Thermal conductance of Mrs Hume＇s Pheasant and Elliot＇s Pheasant were（0.12±0.01） and（0.17±0.01） mLO2/（g.h.℃）,below the lower critical temperature,respectively,which were 119% and 124% of the expected value based on their body mass,respectively.The ecophysiological characteristics of these species were low metabolic rate,high body temperature,and high thermal conductance,which allow both species to better adapt to the warmer climate environment in south China.

α-Synuclein redistributed and aggregated in rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease rats

Objective To observe the influence of rotenone on the distribution of α-synuclein （ASN） in rat model of Parkinson＇s disease （PD）. Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups and received 2 mg/kg rotenone （s.c.） or sunflower oil （as control group） for about 4 weeks. The hippocampus, substantia nigra and striatum of brain were observed. Hematoxylin and eosin stain were used to observe the Lewy body like inclusion. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） or ASN protein was determined by anti-TH or anti-α-synuclein immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results In control rats, ASN protein distributed widely in brain, especially in hippocampus, cortex and striatum. Rotenone obviously increased TH positive neurons and fibers loss in substantia nigra and striatum （P 〈 0.05）. In rotenone treated rats, ASN positive cells increased in global brain but not distributed in an even manner. In substantia nigra, ASN positive stuff was found aggregate in both cytoplasm and nucleus, and some formed spherical inclusion; in striatum, ASN positive neurites end aggregated and agglomerated around neurons; and in hippocampus, few dot-like ASN were aggregated in cell body, and no notable change was found in nucleus. Conclusion In rotenone administrated PD rats, ASN protein aggregated in several brain regions but most obviously in striatum and substantia nigra, and the distribution region of ASN was changed from peri-synapse to the cytoplasm and nucleus of dopaminergic neuron.

Comparison of roosting habitat characteristics of two sympatric pheasants during springtime at Dazhong Mountain,southwestern China

Hume's Pheasant(Syrmaticus humiae) and the Silver Pheasant(Lophura nycthemera) are two sympatric bird species at Dazhong Mountain of Yunnan Province,southwestern China.We investigated characteristics of roosting habitats of the two pheasants from February to April,2004 in this area.Multiple statistics,Matryoshka and a habitat classification-tree were used to analyze the selection of roosting habitats of these pheasants. The results of the habitat classification-tree indicated that several separations occurred in their macro and micro roosting habitats in the study area. The two pheasants had similar crucial requirements for and selection of ecological roosting factors,which allow them to live in the same macrohabitat.Competition between these two pheasants was avoided by separation of spatial elements,such as roosting trees and topographic characteristics.For safety strategy,Hume's Pheasant adopted primarily a way of'uneasily found habitat cover plus easy escape',while the Silver Pheasant employed a unique way of'uneasily found habitat cover'.For tactics of keeping warm,Hume's Pheasant selected mainly a method of'suitable vegetation supplemented with suitable topography',while the Silver Pheasant chose a unique man-ner of'suitable vegetation'.

Study on the Degradation Trend of Ryegrass-White Clover Artificial Grassland

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the degradation law and trend of artificial grassland. [Method] Taking the ryegrass （Lolium perenne） - white clover （ Trifolium repens） artificial grassland in Maiping Township, Guizhou Province as the research object, the grassland vegetation of 40 quadrate from different areas （area around the sheep shed, hilltop, hillside, flatland at the foot of the hill） were analyzed by comparing the dominance and richness index. [ Result] Degradation of different degrees appeared in various areas of this artificial grassland. To be specific, the degradation of grassland around the sheep shed was not serious for less consumption by the sheep; however, the areas on the hilltop and hillside degenerated to the grassland types of dallis grass （ Paspalum dilatatum Poir. ） -Indian lovegrass （ Eragrostis pilosa） and dallis grass - cogongrass [ Imperata cylindrica （ Linn. ） Beauv. ], respectively, and the area at the foot of the hill degenerated to the grassland type dominated by garland chrysanthetnum （ Chrysanthemum coronarium L. ） and knotgrass （ Paspalum distichum L. ）. [ Conclusion ] This study provided a basis for grassland improvement as well as the efficient and sustainable utilization of grazing-type artificial grassland in South China.

Reinforcement of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber with Silica Modified by Silane Coupling Agents: Experimental and Theoretical Chemistry Study

The properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by modified silica was investigated according to national standards. Silica was modified by silane coupling agents KH-570, KH-590, and KH-792. The optimized geome-tries of molecular modified silica reinforced SBR were obtained by using B3LYP calculation of density functional theory with the 6-31+G basis sets. The natural bond orbital analyses were carried out. The Si—O bond length of silica modified by KH-792 was the shortest and the electronegative of O was the highest. It indicated that the connection between silica and KH-792 was the tightest. Higher tensile strength and elongation of reinforced SBR was obtained by silica modified with the KH-792. It was caused by large delocalization of lone pair electrons of the two N atoms in KH-792. The S—C bond length in silica modified by KH-590 was longer than the ordinary S—C bond length. Then the sulfur free radical (·S·) was produced more easily in vulcanization. The degree of crosslink was increased by the cross-linkage of the rubber molecule and the sulfur free radical. That was why the highest stress and tear strength of reinforced SBR was produced when silane coupling agent KH-590 was used. The calculation results was in accord with experimental data.

Flotation performance of anisic hydroxamic acid as new collector for tungsten and tin minerals

In order to improve the recovery of tungsten ores containing tin minerals,anisic hydroxamic acid(p-methoxy benzohydroxanic acid,PMOB)was synthesized and introduced as novel collector in the flotation of scheelite,wolframite and cassiterite.The flotation performance and adsorption mechanism were investigated by micro/batch flotation,zeta potential measurements and density functional theory(DFT).The micro flotation results showed that the recoveries of scheelite,wolframite and cassiterite using PMOB as collector are 97.45%,95.77% and 90.08%,respectively,and the corresponding recoveries are 91.00%,84.30% and 84.67% for benzohydroxamic acid(BHA).The batch flotation results revealed that the collector dosage could be reduced by about 45% for PMOB compared with BHA,in the case of similar flotation indicators.Zeta potential measurements indicated that PMOB could be adsorbed on the mineral surfaces by chemisorption.Moreover,density functional theory(DFT)calculation results showed that the substituent group—OCH_(3)endues PMOB stronger electron donation ability and hydrophobicity compared with benzohydroxamic acid(BHA),pmethyl benzohydroxamic acid(PMB)and p-hydroxyl benzohydroxamic acid(PHB).

Late Cretaceous biota and the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg)Boundary in Jiayin of Heilongjiang,China

An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River,China during 2002-2010,is summarized in this paper. The strata includes the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun-,Taipinglinchang-,Yuliang-zi-,and Furao formations,and the Paleocence Wuyun Formation consisting of Baoshantou Member and a Coalbearing Member. Seven palynological assemblages from Santonian to Paleocene are recognized,which is used for definition of the K--Pg boundary. Through the palynological analysis of three drilled boreholes (XHY-2005,2006,2008) in Xiaoheyan of western Jiayin,the K--Pg boundary is defined within 20. 00-20. 05 m in the borehole XHY-2006 (as a standard boundary) which is just between the top of Furao Formation (late Maasterichtian) and the base of Baishantou Member (early Danian) . These new research results are supported by paleo- magnetic,geochemical and other analyses,also. On the other hand,the presence of eight taxa of Maasterichtian dinosaurs (mostly hadrosaurids) have been recognized by the authors; and two mega-plant assemblages from the Yong'ancun Fm (Santonian) to Taipinglinchang Fm (Campanian) are confirmed. These research a-chievements indicate that the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in Jiayin can be well correlated to the strata in the neighboring Zeya-Bureja basin,Russia. The K--Pg boundary definited in Jiayin is the first well documented non-marine K--Pg boundary in China. Also the related paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and the mass extinctions in this area during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition are also discussed.

Effect of Xiaobailing Decoction on Melanocytes in Vitro

To observe the effect of Xiaobailing Decoction （消白灵汤） on murine melanocytes in vitro and to explore the mechanism of Xiaobailing Decoction in the treatment of vitiligo. Methods： B-16F10 murine melanoma cells were cultured in 1640 medium and treated respectively with different concentrations （lmg/ml, 2mg/ml, 3mg/ml） of the Chinese drug Xiaobailing Decoction and its main components, the drugs for replenishing the lddney-yang, and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation, etc. for 7 days. MMT assay was used to determine the proliferation of B-16F10 murine melanoma cells. NaOH cleavage assay was adopted to measure the melanogenesis of melanocytes. Results：Xiaobailing Decoction, the drugs for replenishing the kidney-yang and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation at different concentrations significantly improved the proliferation of B-16F10 murine melanoma cells from the 3rd day to the 5th day （P〈0.05）, with Xiaobailing Decoction at the concentrations of lmg/ml having the most distinct action on promoting the proliferation of melanocytes on the 3rd day （P〈0.001）; And the drugs for replenishing the lodney-yang at the concentrations of 2mg/ml and 3mg/ml and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation at 3mg/ml significantly increased melanogenesis of melanocytes （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Xiaobailing Decoction can promote melanocytic proliferation and melanogenesis in vitro, and it is indicated that the drugs for replenishing the kidney-yang and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation play an important role in treating vitiligo.

Effect of Cowshed Design and Cooling Strategy on Welfare and Productivity of Dairy Cows

Nine cowsheds were used, the differences between each cowshed are orientation （east-west or north-south）, cooling （with or without）, and height （3 m, 5 m or 8 m height）. Dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, dew point, shaded area, air velocity, and maximum temperature were measured beneath each shed. The temperature-humidity index （THI） and the shading efficiency were calculated for each cowshed. The trials were conducted using 180 lactating Holstein Friesian cows; twenty cows housed beneath each shade structure. Measurements performed on cows were respiration rate, skin temperature, and rectal temperature; moreover, the milk produced by each cow was recorded, and the feed intake. High air velocities were recorded under high shade structures which enhance the aeration; consequently, maximum temperatures, and THI recorded beneath high sheds were less than those recorded beneath low sheds; also, skin temperatures, and respiration rates for cows housed under high sheds were less than those measured for animals housed under low sheds（differences were found to be significant）. Thereby, increasing shed height enhances dairy cows＇ microclimate under Egyptian conditions （hot climate）; consequently, the milk production increases. The best orientation is the east-west orientation, which is preferable for hot climates. The exploitation of cooling has significant effect on microclimate, cooling enhances the ambient environment and provides comfortable zone for dairy cows within which cows reach high production levels.