“白肉”与“红肉”

很多糖友在血糖控制不理想的情况下，对于饮食的控制是非常严格的。即使血糖控制在稳定的范围内，对于食物的摄取量也是有限制的。很多糖友喜欢吃肉，这篇文章分别列举几种“红肉”和“白肉”仅供糖友们参考。糖友们在食用时，也要按照自身情况适当摄取，千万不要过量。

吃“红肉”还是吃“白肉”？

民间有一句谚语：“宁吃天上飞禽四两，不吃地上走兽半斤”，翻译成咱老百姓都明白的话就是一个吃“红肉”还是吃“白肉”的问题。究竟是吃红肉好还是吃白肉好呢？身体健康的年轻太往往不需要太多考虑这个问题，但是对于老年人，尤其是患有糖尿病、高血压等慢性疾病的人来说，这个红白肉问题还真得考虑考虑。

无肉不欢，细说红白肉

在某些地方，红肉指的是猪肉中的瘦肉，而白肉则是猪肉中的肥肉，按照颜色瘦肉发红，而肥肉呈白色。还有人按煮熟前的颜色分类，如果煮熟前的肉是红色就属“红肉”，比如：猪肉、牛肉、羊肉等畜肉，而那些在煮熟前颜色呈白色或浅颜色的肉就属“白肉”，比如：鸡肉、鱼肉、鸭肉等肉类。其实这些分类方法都比较片面，不太科学。一般大家比较接受的分类是按肉中所含肌红蛋白的多少而定。如果肌红蛋白越多肉质越红，就是红肉。如果肌红蛋白含量少，肉质呈浅色或白色就是白肉。那么区分了红白肉，红白肉的区别又在哪呢？

“红肉”爱好者谨防大肠癌

结肠、直肠癌通称大肠癌，近年来我国发病率明显上升。这与我国居民饮食日益“精细”，长期食用高热量、高脂肪、高蛋白、低纤维的食物有关。国家中西医结合肿瘤重点学科、南京军区福州总医院肿瘤科欧阳学农主任提醒大家，科学合理的饮食习惯有益于大肠癌的防治，应提倡少吃“红肉”——牛、羊、猪肉，多吃“白肉”——禽类或鱼类等的肉。

Expression of Integrin α4 in Osteosarcoma and Significance

Objective： To investigate the expression of integrin α4 in osteosaxcoma and significance. Methods- Forty-six patients with osteosarcoma （Enneking Ⅰ-Ⅲ） were analyzed for the expression of α4 integrin subunit using immunohistochemical method. Results： Twenty-nine （63.04%） of 46 samples demonstrated positive （＋-＋＋） integrin α4 expression. Loss expression of integrin α4 was observed in the patients with advanced Enneking stage （P=0.0040） and with metastatic disease at presentation （P=0.0158）. Integrin α4 expression correlated with cell differentiation, the level of malignancy and the invasive behavior of osteosaxcoma. Conclusion： The loss expression of integrin α4 subunit might be a predictor indicating the invasive potential of osteosarcoma and play a role in metastasis of osteosaxcoma patients.

In Vivo Tissue-dependent Abscisic Acid Specific-binding Proteins with High Affinity in Cytosol of Developing Apple Fruits

The in vivo highly tissue-dependent abscisic acid (ABA) specific-binding sites localized in cytosol were identified and characterized in the flesh of developing apple ( Malus pumila L. cv. Starkrimon) fruits. ABA binding activity was scarcely detectable in the microsomes and the cytosolic fraction isolated from the freshly harvested fruits via an in vitro ABA binding incubation of the subcellular fractions. If, however, instead that the subcellular fractions were in vitro incubated in H-3-ABA binding medium, the flesh tissue discs were directly in vivo incubated in H-3-ABA binding medium, a high ABA binding activity to the cytosolic fraction isolated from these tissue discs was detected. The in vivo ABA binding capacity of the cytosolic fraction was lost if the tissue discs had been pretreated with boiling water, indicating that the ABA binding needs a living state of tissue. The in vivo tissue-dependent binding sites were shown to possess protein nature with both active serine residua and thiol-group of cysteine residua in their functional binding center. The ABA binding of the in vivo tissue-dependent ABA binding sites to the cytosolic fraction was shown to be saturable, reversible, and of high affinity. The scatchard plotting gave evidence of two different classes of ABA binding proteins, one with a higher affinity ( Kd = 2.9 nmol/L) and the other with lower affinity ( Kd = 71.4 nmol/L). Phaseic acid, 2-trans-4-trans-ABA or cis-trans-(-)-ABA had substantially no affinity to the binding proteins, indicating their stereo-specificity to bind physiologically active ABA. The time course, pH- and temperature-dependence of the in vivo tissue-dependent binding proteins were determined. It is hypothesized that the detected ABA-binding proteins may be putative ABA-receptors that mediate ABA signals during fruit development.

Effect of Wheat Based Diet Supplemented with Xylanase on Blood Sugar and Total Protein in Serum of Geese

[Objective] The effects of wheat based diet supplemented with xylanase on blood sugar and total protein in serum of geese were studied. [ Method ] By using the randomized design of single factor, the 1-day-old healthy goslings were divided into 6 groups and fed with corn based diet, wheat based diet and wheat based diet supplemented with xylanase at different concentrations respectively, the contents of blood sugar and total protein in serum were determined. [ Result] The wheat based diet supplemented with xylanase could increase the blood sugar and total protein in serum of geese and wheat based diet supplemented with 0.2% xylanase generated the best effect, which was higher than those of corn based diet group. As for the concentration of protein in serum, wheat based diet supplemented with 0.2% xylanase was significantly different from corn based diet and wheat based diet. [ Conclusion] The wheat based diet supplemented with xylanase could enhance geese production.

Isolation and Identification of a Subgroup A Avian Leukosis Virus from Imported Meat-type Grand-parent Chickens

An exogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) strain SDAU09C1 was isolated in DF-1 cells from one of 240 imported 1-day-old white meat-type grand parent breeder chicks. Inoculation of SDAU09C1 in ALV-free chickens induced antibody reactions specific to subgroup A or B. But gp85 amino acid sequence comparisons indicated that SDAU09C1 fell into subgroup A; it had homology of 88.8%-90.3% to 6 reference strains of subgroup A, much higher compared to other subgroups including subgroup B. This is the first report for ALV of subgroup A isolated from imported breeders.

Plants regenerated from mesophyll protoplasts of white mulberry

Morus alba(white mulberry) mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from leaves of 30-45 day old sterile shoots,with protoplast yields of 2.5 x 107 g-1/F.W. after purification. The protoplasts were cultured in a modified K8P liquid medium containing 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D(2,4- Dichlorophe-noxy acetic acid), 1 mg/L NAA(Naphthyl acetic acid) and 0.5 mg/L BA(6-benzylaminopurine). A low plating density (5 x 104/ml) proved to be favourable to the division of protoplast-derived cells. The first divisioll occurred 4 days after culture, and the division frequency reached 24% at 10 days. A number of cell colonies and microcalli formed in 6 weeks. The microcalli were transferred onto MSB medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA for further proliferation. Shoot formation was initiated when the calli of 3-4 mm in size were transferred onto MSB differentiation medium with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BA. The frequency of shoot formation was 35%. The shoots of 4-5 cm in height were excised from the callus and rooted on half strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L BA. After transplantation into pots, the regenerated plants grew vigorously in the phytotron.

Molecular cloning and mRNA expression analysis of myosin heavy chain(MyHC)from fast skeletal muscle of grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

The myosin heavy chain(MyHC)is one of the major structural and contracting proteins of muscle.We have isolated the cDNA clone encoding MyHC of the grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella. The sequence comprises 5 934 bp,including a 5 814 bp open reading frame encoding an amino acid sequence of 1 937 residues.The deduced amino acid sequence showed 69%homology to rabbit fast skeletal MyHC and 73%–76%homology to the MyHCs from the mandarin fish,walleye pollack,white croaker,chum salmon,and carp.The putative sequences of subfragment-1 and the light meromyosin region showed 61.4%–80%homology to the corresponding regions of other fish MyHCs.The tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific expressions of the MyHC gene were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR.The MyHC gene showed the highest expression in the muscles compared with the kidney,spleen and intestine.Developmentally,there was a gradual increase in MyHC mRNA expression from the neural formation stage to the tail bud stage.The highest expression was detected in hatching larva.Our work on the MyHC gene from the grass carp has provided useful information for fish molecular biology and fish genomics.

Sarcopenia in heart failure： mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

Chronic heart failure （CHF） is a highly prevalent condition among the elderly and is associated with considerable morbidity, institution-alization and mortality. In its advanced stages, CHF is often accompanied by the loss of muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome that has been actively studied in recent years due to its association with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. The goal of this review is to discuss the relationship between CHF and sarcopenia, with a focus on shared pathophysiological pathways and treatments. Mal- nutrition, systemic inflammation, endocrine imbalances, and oxidative stress appear to connect sarcopenia and CHF. At the muscular level, alterations of the ubiquitin proteasome system, myostatin signaling, and apoptosis have been described in both sarcopenia and CHF and could play a role in the loss of muscle mass and function. Possible therapeutic strategies to impede the progression of muscle wasting in CHF patients include protein and vitamin D supplementation, structured physical exercise, and the administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and β-blockers. Hormonal supplementation with growth hormone, testosterone, and ghrelin is also discussed as a potential treatment.

A Novel Hydrolytic Product from Flesh of Mactra veneriformis and Its Bioactivities in Calcium Supplement

To prepare calcium-binding peptides, the flesh residue of Mactra Veneriformis was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. By comparing the capability of combining calcium of the hydrolyzates, pepsin was confirmed to be the most suitable enzyme for hydrolyzing the flesh residue to release calcium-binding peptides among the seven tested proteases. The pepsin hydrolyzate (PHM) was divided into three fractions according to the molecule weight of its composition, which ranged from 0.5 to 15 kDa. The low-molecule-weight fraction named PHM-3 had the highest capability in combining calcium. The peptides existing in the PHM-3 fraction consisted of higher contents of Glu, Ala and Leu, and could produce one type of calcium-peptide complex by powerfully chelating calcium ions. PHM-3 products could effectively increase calcium absorption and retention while they decreased the calcium excretion in animal tests. Additionally, symptoms caused by low calcium bioavailability in ovariectomized rats, such as bone mineral density reduction and mechanical strength loss could be significantly ameliorated by the hydrolytic products addition in diet.

Detection of the End Point Temperature of Thermal Denatured Protein in Fish and Chicken Meat Through SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was applied in the detection of the end point temperature (EPT) of thermal denatured protein in fish and meat in this study. It was also used in studying the thermal denatured temperature range of proteins in salmon and chicken meat. The results show that the temperature ranges of denatured proteins were from 65 ℃ to 75 ℃ , and these temperature ranges were influenced by the processing methods. Through SDS-PAGE, the features of repeated heating thermal denatured proteins under the same temperature and processing time were studied. The electrophoresis patterns of thermal denatured proteins determined through repeated heating at the same temperature did not exhibit any change. For the detection of cooked fish and meat samples, they were subjected to applying the SDS-PAGE method, which revealed an EPT ranging from 60 ℃ to 80 ℃ .

Developmental Changes of IGF-Ⅰ mRNA Expression Level in Sheep Muscle

[ Objective] To detect the mRNA of muscle insulin-like growth factorl （IGF-I） in the early development of Kazak sheep and Xinjiang fine-wool sheep, so as to provide information for the research about the early growth and development of sheep. [ Method] With real-time quan- titative PCR, the muscle IGF-I mRNA level was separately detected in two varieties of sheep at 2, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days old. Then the data was analyzed with SPSS software. [ Result] The IGF-I mRNA in sheep muscle first increased and then decreased with ages, peaking at 30 days old in Kazak sheep and at 60 days old in Xinjiang fine-wool sheep. The IGF-I expression level of Kazak sheep had no significant difference with Xinjiang fine-wool sheep at 2 or 90 days old （ P 〉0.05）, but was lower than that of the latter with extremely significant difference （ P 〈0.01 ） from 30 to 60 days old. [ Conclusion] The male Kazak sheep and Xinjiang fine-wool sheep have similar model of developmental changes of muscular IGF-I mRNA, but the expression level is different between these two species.

Juvenile polyposis syndrome

Juvenile polyposis syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by multiple distinct juvenile polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and an increased risk of colorectal cancer.The cumulative life-time risk of colorectal cancer is 39% and the relative risk is 34.Juvenile polyps have a distinctive histology characterized by an abundance of edematous lamina propria with inflammatory cells and cystically dilated glands lined by cuboidal to columnar epithelium with reactive changes.Clinically,juvenile polyposis syndrome is defined by the presence of 5 or more juvenile polyps in the colorectum,juvenile polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract or any number of juvenile polyps and a positive family history of juvenile polyposis.In about 50%-60% of patients diagnosed with juvenile polyposis syndrome a germline mutation in the SMAD4 or BMPR1A gene is found.Both genes play a role in the BMP/TGF-beta signalling pathway.It has been suggested that cancer in juvenile polyposis may develop through the socalled "landscaper mechanism" where an abnormal stromal environment leads to neoplastic transformation of the adjacent epithelium and in the end invasive carcinoma.Recognition of this rare disorder is important for patients and their families with regard to treatment,follow-up and screening of at risk individuals.Each clinician confronted with the diagnosis of a juvenile polyp should therefore consider the possibility of juvenile polyposis syndrome.In addition,juvenile polyposis syndrome provides a unique model to study colorectal cancer pathogenesis in general and gives insight in the molecular genetic basis of cancer.This review discusses clinical manifestations,genetics,pathogenesis and management of juvenile polyposis syndrome.

Low Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcomas and Multiple Myeloma in the Same Patient： One Case Report and Literature Review

IntroductionMultiple myeloma （MM） is a neoplastic plasma cell dyscrasia char-acterized by anemia; a monoclonal protein（M-protein） in the serum and/or urine; abnormal bone radiographs and bone pain;hypercal-cemia; and renal insuf.ciency or failure.According to the results of immunoelectrophoresis, patients are separated to Ig type （IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM）; light chain; nonsecretory.

Study on Application of Polyenzyme Method to Offal of Harengula zunasi

The new polyenzyme method for making gravy from Harengula zunasi offal involves protein enzymolysis with flavorase after proper alkaline and neutral protease levels were established by orthogonal trials to select the best hydrolytic conditions for processing offal with alkaline and neutral protease. The conditions for the polyenzyme method were pH of 7.0, temperature of 50℃, alkaline and neutral protease concentration of 1.5% respectively, hydrolysis time of 120 min, and flavorase concentration of 2.0%, for 60 min. The new gravy making technology yields a nutritious and delicious gravy containing 40.3% of total essential amino acids, with delicious amino acids Glu, Asp, Gly, Ala, Pro and Ser comprising 49.5%, total and amino nitrogen being respectively 1.9 and 1.1 g/100 g (amino acid nitrogen being 61.0% of total nitrogen), The polyenzyme method was used to make 14.8% protein gravy from Harengula zunasi offal. In addition, in inorganic elements, the phosphorus content is the highest.

Comparative studies on the biochemical characteristics of natural actomyosin isolated from PSE and normal pork

Biochemical changes of natural actomyosin from fresh pale, soft, exudative (PSE) and normal pork were studied,and the effects of different storage temperatures and different incubation temperature and times on sample superprecipitation,total sulfhydryl (-SH) content, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) sensitivity were investigated. The results demonstrated that ATPase activity and thermal stability of PSE actomyosin were lower than those of normal pork; and that PSE actomyosin had higher -SH content than that of normal pork at all incubation temperatures and times tested.

Defective maintenance of intracellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis is linked to increased muscle fatigability in the MG29 null mice

Mitsugumin 29 (MG29) is a transmembrane protein that is normally found in the triad junction of skeletal muscle. Our previous studies have shown that targeted deletion of mg29 from the skeletal muscle resulted in abnormality of the triad junction structure, and also increased susceptibility to muscle fatigue. To elucidate the basis of these effects, we investigated the properties of Ca2+-uptake and -release in toxin-skinned Extensor Digitorium Longus (EDL) muscle fibers from control and mg29 knockout mice. Compared with the control muscle, submaximal Ca2+-uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was slower and the storage of Ca2+ inside the SR was less in the mutant muscle, due to increased leakage process of Ca2+ movement across the SR. The leakage pathway is associated with the increased sensitivity of Ca2+/caffeine -induced Ca2+ release to myoplasmic Ca2+. Therefore, the increased fatigability of mutant EDL muscles can result from a combination of a slowing of Ca2+ uptake, modification of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR), and a reduction in total SR Ca2+ content.