Ethical banks can be defined as financial institutions providing both social and economic profitability for the society and environment. Placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion are significant factors that d...Ethical banks can be defined as financial institutions providing both social and economic profitability for the society and environment. Placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion are significant factors that differentiate ethical banks and the rest of financial intermediaries. Ethical banking is a new concept in Turkey. This paper analyzes the situation of ethical banking by examining the significant differences in lending behaviors of 49 Turkish banks in terms of their functions and ownership structures. We conducted non-parametric tests of Kruskal Wallis, Jonckheere-Terpstra, Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wald-Wolfowitz. We found that in terms of ownership structure, state-owned banks are more ethical than private banks when the placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion factors are considered. In terms of function, participation banks locate their funds to social value generating sectors more ethically than deposit and development banks. From the avoiding exclusion aspect, deposit banks are more ethical than other functional banking groups （i.e., participation and development banks）.展开更多
The fundamental criterion of the ＂three favorables＂ put forward by Deng Xiaoping is the basic theoretical foundation on which China＇s current ownership structure is established and improved, one where public owners...The fundamental criterion of the ＂three favorables＂ put forward by Deng Xiaoping is the basic theoretical foundation on which China＇s current ownership structure is established and improved, one where public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership coexist. What is critical for properly handling the relationship between the public and non-public economies and coordinating them within the great practice of constructing socialism with Chinese characteristics is adherence to the dominance of public ownership together with ceaseless exploration and active adoption of effective forms to realize public ownership. ＂Public assets dominate the total assets in society.＂ Their dominance in terms of quantity should mean mainly that net public operating assets account for a dominant proportion of society＇s overall net operating assets, while their dominance in terms of quality should be seen in the ability of the socialist economy linked with net public operating assets to yield much higher labor productivity than the capitalist economy. In order to consolidate and develop the public economy in China, and further bring into play the dominant role of the state-owned economy, it is imperative for us to correctly understand and grasp the unique features of China in the distribution of the state sector of the economy in the conditions of the socialist market economy, rationally map out and continuously optimize its distribution and structure, and endeavor to nurture a group of intemationally competitive large-scale state-owned or state-controlled enterprises or enterprise groups.展开更多
文摘Ethical banks can be defined as financial institutions providing both social and economic profitability for the society and environment. Placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion are significant factors that differentiate ethical banks and the rest of financial intermediaries. Ethical banking is a new concept in Turkey. This paper analyzes the situation of ethical banking by examining the significant differences in lending behaviors of 49 Turkish banks in terms of their functions and ownership structures. We conducted non-parametric tests of Kruskal Wallis, Jonckheere-Terpstra, Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wald-Wolfowitz. We found that in terms of ownership structure, state-owned banks are more ethical than private banks when the placement of assets and avoiding social exclusion factors are considered. In terms of function, participation banks locate their funds to social value generating sectors more ethically than deposit and development banks. From the avoiding exclusion aspect, deposit banks are more ethical than other functional banking groups （i.e., participation and development banks）.
文摘The fundamental criterion of the ＂three favorables＂ put forward by Deng Xiaoping is the basic theoretical foundation on which China＇s current ownership structure is established and improved, one where public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership coexist. What is critical for properly handling the relationship between the public and non-public economies and coordinating them within the great practice of constructing socialism with Chinese characteristics is adherence to the dominance of public ownership together with ceaseless exploration and active adoption of effective forms to realize public ownership. ＂Public assets dominate the total assets in society.＂ Their dominance in terms of quantity should mean mainly that net public operating assets account for a dominant proportion of society＇s overall net operating assets, while their dominance in terms of quality should be seen in the ability of the socialist economy linked with net public operating assets to yield much higher labor productivity than the capitalist economy. In order to consolidate and develop the public economy in China, and further bring into play the dominant role of the state-owned economy, it is imperative for us to correctly understand and grasp the unique features of China in the distribution of the state sector of the economy in the conditions of the socialist market economy, rationally map out and continuously optimize its distribution and structure, and endeavor to nurture a group of intemationally competitive large-scale state-owned or state-controlled enterprises or enterprise groups.
