学校课程标准的社会形成

在社会学视野中 ,课程标准并不只是关于学校所应传授给学生的教育知识之标准的一个“专业性文本” ,而同时也是一个“政治性文本”。课程标准的形成并不是一个“客观地”根据对学生、社会及学科的研究结果来编订的“技术过程” ,而是以政府决策层的价值取向为依据、有选择地利用有关学生、社会及学科的研究成果去编订的“社会过程”。课程标准编订工作的启动是政府决策层的价值需求发生变化及其权力运作的结果 。

Trilogy of Intellect as a New Method of Children Intellectual Development

The new method of intellectual development among children being investigated represents a trilogy of mind, whose main thinking operation is the logical operation of comparison. The method was created due to Aristotle＇s understanding of philosophy as ＂the science about the first reasons and origins＂ of cognition--types of opposition which should be the beginning of the surrounding world＇s cognition at school. As they were discovered and set in a natural line of comparative notions, the main Plato＇s plan was fulfilled to reduce all particular laws to the general and to withdraw all particular laws from the general one （Plato 1993）. As a result, we are talking about the building of stepwise transmission from one general notion to another more general notion that identifies the diversity of natural and social differences. As a result, it turned out to be possible to divide the whole thinking process into three related logical parts, each of which is determined by the advantageous usage of three types of cognitive means： （1） Reasonable thinking is the thinking with the help of classification notions on the basis of relations of ＂abstract identity＂ and ＂abstract difference＂, which determine the law of noncontradiction： either A, or not A; （2） Mental concrete-general metaphysical thinking is the thinking with the help of classification, quantitative, and comparative notions on the basis of the relation of ＂corresponding＂ and variety of mathematical and physical abstractions of different complexity being studied at school; and （3） Mental concrete-general dialectical thinking is the thinking with the help of classification and comparative notions on the basis of relation of ＂opposition＂ which allows to cognize natural and social processes. In addition to the generally accepted study of reasonable and mental thinking among schoolchildren with the help of concrete sciences, the new philosophical method is an effective means of advanced development of mental thinking among children, which makes for the holistic perception of the surrounding world by schoolchildren.

Accounting Research： A Synthetic View of Epistemological Differences

In this paper, a number of basic differences in the contemporary accounting research are explored： （1） American versus European research perspectives; （2） mathematically-based versus non-mathematically-based research approaches; （3） positive versus naturalistic methodologies; （4） objectivist versus subjectivist assumptions concerning the accounting craft; and （5） functionalist versus interpretive paradigms on the accounting theory. In this paper, the accounting literature is discerned from its methodological characteristics combined with some basic metaphors of accounting （e.g., accounting as the economic goods, the political output, the social process, or the cultural product）. Facing these differences, a synthetic view is called for to recognize the unique strengths of different perspectives. It is believed that different perspectives can enrich themselves by learning from each other. The synthetic view can then enhance the overall quality of the accounting research. Facing the wide-ranging needs of the contemporary accounting research, the important strategy is to match research methods/perspectives with research questions/purposes.

Art and Design in context of the new economic era

Human beings realize we have entered a modem society because of their awareness and understanding of social responsibility, recognizing that art is not only as a mirror to reflect the results of the present social processes, but also as a necessary means to promote social progress, that is to say that there is no modern society without modenl art. Modem design is closely related to human life. With twenty-first century the process of globalization accelerating, modem design in the promotion of modern human civilization takes responsibility, and also raises the batmer of human civilization, standing on high level of awareness of globalization and development of modem design.

A Feminist Analysis of Protagonists＇ Self-development in O Pioneers： and My Antonia

This paper focuses on pioneer women＇s development of the self from the perspective of feminism in 0 Pioneerst. （1913） and My A ntonia （1994）. As rigid social connections and concepts restrict women＇s autonomy and freedom, they must transform themselves and the world in order to survive. In order to analyze pioneer women＇s process of self-growth in the special period, the author of this paper compares and contrasts the specific situation, and analyzes the characteristics of the protagonists in the above two novels. Through analysis, the authuor concludes that pioneer women always create a nurturing and gracious atmosphere in their household. Practically, these women successfully transmit the old civilization to the newly established homestead.

New Technologies Democratize TV Programs： NosOtros and the Citizen Participation of a Glocal Content

This paper will present a television program based on glocal （global ＋ local） culture and sustainability concepts, such as local production, social support and cultural diversity, done with virtual and social networks. The result is NosOtros1. Its name is a play of words between Nos-we in Portuguese and Otros--other in Spanish. The purpose is to practice a journalistic and cultural production process which would understand local specificities and global themes. NosOtros used professional networks in journalism to compose a cultural, democratic, and balanced program, understood and accepted across all of Latin America. NrsOtros was recorded in four countries in 2007, co-produced by local journalists, using professional networks and new media technologies such as Voice over Internet Protocol （VolP） and peer-to-peer programs.

Contemporary Marxism and Post-industrial Economy

Karl Marx （1973） scientifically predicted the appearance of some extraordinary tendencies of social development in the second half of the 20th century was given a common name of post-industrial or informational society and interpreted as post-bourgeois, post-capitalist, post-business society, and late capitalism. Autonomist Marxism and Perm philosophy school had separately come to a conclusion that all the phenomena noticed by the post-industrial theory could be adequately explained if we consider the historically new form of material labour appearing now. Marx （1973）, who predicted this new form, named it automated, scientific, or universal labour. With the appearance of the universal labour, the wealth of the society depends on the universal human powers that help to involve the extensive powers of nature into the production process. Universal labour can not be averaged or measured by the labour time as the abstract labour; it implies high complexity and creativity. Involving increasingly powerful forces of nature and human society, it appears to be the labour of another essence and by its essence, it does not create value.

Social Integration of Forced Migrants：The Case of 1989 Emigres from Bulgaria in Tekirdag

This article examines the social integration of ethnic Turks, who were forced to migrate from Bulgaria to Turkey in the summer of 1989, within the framework of migration and settlement in Turkey, the efforts to find job, and the experiences of “building life” and survival strategies in Turkey. It is based on a qualitative research about the migration and integration of the ethnic Turks of Bulgaria and Ahlska （Meskethian） Turks. The article has two arguments： first, one of the major ways to understand what migrants experience while migrating and settling afterwards is to examine how they see and narrate the process of migration; and second, the concept of integration is insufficient in explaining what migrants experience after migrating. The 1989 emigres put emphasis on “starting from zero” and “building life”. When they came to Turkey, they were faced with many hardships. Yet, they “built a life” in their “homeland” and this is much more than settling. They continued their lives in Turkey where they felt free and secure and where they belonged. It was difficult and some of the emigres were disappointed however they were happy to come.

Notes on the Semantic Clash Caused by Individual Background, a Survey on Translation Materials in Qing Dynasty

Influenced by translator＇s individual background, semantic clash is inevitable during the process of code-switching from source language to target language. This re-correspondence in semantic level has been well-shown not only in the translation of literature works, but in those of dictionary and glossary translations as well. Semantic clash, generally, is based on two main factors, one is the inherent difference between languages lying in typology features, the other is the social and culture diversity factors lying in the translator＇s personal background. According to actual translation works, social and culture factors of individual background take the dominant position unconsciously over other features in the process of code-switching. The present paper, branches the latter factor into certain categories, by analyzing bilingual dictionaries and glossaries cases in the 18th century, Qing Dynasty, and indicates that the conceptual lagging, religion beliefs, living environment and political stand embedded in individual background will somehow result in semantic clash, which will lead the relevant research to pay more attention on cross-cultural literature translation.

Women Political Candidates The Malaysian Media and Their Concerns

Globally, women now play a key role in economic, political, and social cultural affairs, and Malaysia is no exception. Equitable representation by women in the political arena is viewed as crucial in the improvement of women＇s participation in the decision-making process. Nevertheless, though women have made and make great contributions in both the private and public spheres, a review of media＇s coverage of women in the public realm shows a strong tendency to relegate women to mainly domestic affairs. This is consistent with findings from studies on women political candidates＇ image during campaign issues that showed that though women candidates attempted to present themselves in decisive and assertive ways, gender stereotyping was dominant in the media agenda and persistent biases typical of traditional gender representations in the media prevailed. There is very little research in Malaysia on how the media frames women candidates during campaign periods, or what issues are aligned with women candidates. The construction of images of women political candidates, in particular, is often omitted in most research on the General Election. This study analyses how women candidates were covered in selected Malaysian newspapers in the 2008 General Election. The types of issues women political candidates are identified with in the newspapers are also analysed.

A New Social and Technological Paradigm to Assess Chronic Patient Management Process： Preliminary Results

The present research intends to address in a comprehensive, transversal, and interdisciplinary manner the chronic patient management process in the research project named ＂PRO DOMO SUD＂ in order to identify operational inefficiencies, thus demonstrating that these are largely attributable to incurred costs and, thus, evaluate possible solutions for providing effective and appropriate responses by healthcare and social services. Can patients/older people be treated, monitored, and managed successfully with mobile and wearable technologies？ The project involved three different groups of patients/participants： Patients with heart failure shock in ＂Home Monitoring Scenario＂; Patients with different pathologies in ＂Virtual Ward Scenario＂; Patients with limited mobility due to Neurological and Orthopaedic disease in ＂Rehabilitation Scenario＂. Due to the complexity of the issue, the methodological approach adopted must be multidimensional and interdisciplinary, addressing the complexity of the chronic patient from all viewpoints, not reducing it, yet analysing, understanding, rearranging, and managing it in an organic manner. The three different scenarios were allowed to identify several impacts on organizational and clinic management of chronic diseases, the tests showed significant improvements in quality of life of patients enrolled in the project. The data deriving from the three scenario demonstrate that wearable divide and ICT, in general, can empower both patients and physician personnel allowing them to be active part in the chronic disease management process. The PRO DOMO SUD experience derived from the Living Lab, this is a new paradigm for industrial research and development activities which allows the final users to actively collaborate with the designers and technicians in the development and test of new products and services aimed to them. The Living Labs stimulate social innovation by transferring research results from the closed industrial laboratory towards real life contexts where citizens and users become co-developers.

Experience and Radical Democracy

The economic crisis within the European Union also involves a crisis of democracy. On the one side the austerity-politics of the Troika limits the influence of democratic procedures. On the other side new forms of social protests rise in which social actors struggle for an extension of the democratic public： the resistance against evictions the self-organization of medical care, the occupation of public places etc. realized new forms of social cooperation, discussion and decision-making processes. On this background a reference to John Deweys theory of the democratic public seems to be helpful to reconstruct and to orient these conflicts and the claims raised in them. According to Dewey the normative criteria which we use if we evaluate actions or common institutions are a part of the social process and insofar a process themselves. These criteria have to be reflected and reformulated in new situations in which new social problems and conflicts occur. The democratic public is in this conception the realm in which a common elucidation of problematic social consequences of the existing institutions takes place and in which proposals for the overcoming of these consequences are formulated. Therefore it reconstructs the central norms embedded within the social institutions, it shows how collective actions guided by these norms leads to problematic social consequences. This is then the background for a critical reflection on, and a reformulation of the guiding norms of these institutions. To realize such a form of collective self-determination the democratic public can not be reduced to a separate political sphere, rather it has to be extended to all forms of social cooperation especially the economy.

Personal Communication Freedom as a Problem and a Research Project

This paper considers the integrated concept of personal communication freedom which did not appear earlier in the scientific literature as independent object of research. The author puts forward some hypotheses concerning the maintenance and the humanistic importance of communication freedom. The special attention is given to a category of the person which unites in it so-called writers, readers and all other people who have been not included in process of a mass communication. As a result of the theoretical analysis, he offers the program of complex research of this phenomenon and construction of model of mass communications which should be based on an ideal of personal freedom and should reflect national-cultural features of the social environment. In particular, it is a question of national-cultural model of media in Russia.

Research on the path of medical service combination from the perspective of departmental cooperation

As an innovative mode of social endowment, combining medical care with modern medical care technology and old-age service is an important direction of a series of social problems caused by the deepening of aging and the intensification of aging process in China. It is the inevitable choice for the development of Chinese characteristics for the aged. At present, with the continuous development of the combination of medical care and rehabilitation, the process of combination of medical care and breeding is slow, and the problems of inter departmental cooperation, high cost of resource integration and low service efficiency have emerged. The paper puts forward that multi head management of different responsibility management body is a bottleneck problem that hinders the integration of medical care. From the objective and subjective two points of view, the administrative system level barrier and the inter departmental interest game are the important reasons that obstruct the medical support and break through the estrangement of the Department and realize the cooperation. Then, according to the theory of large part system reform, the author boldly proposes the idea of establishing a new comprehensive functional department that specializes in the management of pension related affairs.

The Positive Effects of Preschool Education in the Socialization and Learning of Children

The purpose of this study is to highlight the positive effects that the attendance of preschool education has on the soclanzauon and on the learning level of children. They are related with the kind of preschool education that the child attends, with the area where the child lives, with the education level of the parents, with the way how the learning process is realized in the kindergarten. Five hundred （500） first graders of the city of Durres are chosen. Parents and teachers will be part of the study only after taking the consent from RIE （Regional Institute of Education）. The completed surveys from the parents will create us an idea of the situation how they experience this and what their expectations regarding their children are. Surveillance will be another important method that will be used to give the conclusion of this study. Children will be watched during spontaneous and one-hour made situations. Statistical data from the two groups of children and parents tests will help us prove how visible the positive effects of attending the preschool education on the performance children show during first grade are. At the end of the study, it will be asked to prove that the attendance of preschool education in specialized institutions has positive effects on the development children show in the first grade in the two targets which we have chosen to study.

Postcolonialism and the Feminine in Paulina Chiziane＇s O alegre canto da perdiz

In this study we present the novel O alegre canto da perdiz （2008）, by Paulina Chiziane, focusing on the path of the characters Delfina and Maria das Dores, pointing to the construction of a female speech denouncing the state to which the Mozambican woman was subjected, especially during colonization, a trauma still present in Africa. By telling the saga of these two women （mother and daughter）, the novel also makes a reinterpretation of the origin and history of the peoples of Africa. Beyond the issues that mark the secular submission of women to the world of man in certain African societies, Paulina Chiziane also leads us to confront the issue of reductionism practiced by those who look from outside Africa and seeks to present its history and its literature as if the African continent were a single country, as reported by the Nigerian novelist Chimamanda Adichie in her speech against ＂the danger of listening and repeating a single story, the winners＇ story＂ （Adichie, 2009）. We aim to identify aspects of the unique feminine of Paulina Chiziane by rescuing legends of matriarchy in the course of the characters. We will also do a reading of colonialism and post-colonialism objectifying the female of writing Paulina Chiziane. The critical placement of the text allows us to analyze it with the contribution of Spivak （2010）, Said （1978）, Bonnici （2000）, among others.

Transparency in Meat Production： Consumer Perceptions at the Point of Sale

As a result of a large number of food scandals, societal interest in transparency in the food sector has grown considerably. Hence, the creation of transparency in the production process has been the focus of recent legislation. In addition to tracking and tracing, one finds in the public discussion an increasing number of demands for further information on such issues as food safety, animal and environmental protection and the sustainability of food production processes. However, it has not yet been sufficiently clarified which information about the production process--and thus which level of transparency--is actually desired or can actually be processed by consumers at the point of sale. In order to analyze this topic from the viewpoint of consumers, a large-scale empirical study has been conducted. This research uses an adaptive conjoint analysis to determine what transparency expectations consumers have with regards to information on packaged pork. Initial results show a very heterogeneous demand for information. Furthermore, consumers＇ demand for more information sometimes does not match their actual benefit profiles. The results provide insight into consumers＇ information needs and their willingness to pay for greater transparency; they also have interesting implications for meat processors＇ product development strategies.

The Thesaurus Conception of Russian Youth

There are deep-rooted traditions of researches on the youth problems in Russia, By their trends and purposes they partly concur with the traditions of the humanities in Europe and America. In Russia in different timesmit was the same way in the West-diverse youth concepts had been conveying and continue to express the society＇s expectations for new generations. This is in a sense a theoretical mirror of the natural process of generation change. Under modern conditions these concepts can be reduced to three directions： youth-＂no man＇s land＂, youth-social danger, youth-hope of society. At the same time youth theories have the mark of the socio-cultural contexts and contexts of the development of the humanities in Russia. In this article these similarities and distinctions will be examined.

Assessment of the Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects of Solid Waste Management in Selected Open Dumpsites in Kenya

The most prevalent way of disposing solid waste in most of the developing countries is open dumping which is the easiest and considered to be the cheapest method of removing waste from the immediate environment. The increasing awareness on public health and environment quality concerns are expected to provide the impetus that is needed to develop and implement a sustainable approach to manage solids. An inventory of these locations, the types of waste handled and management processes for waste products will aid in the assessment of the polluting capability of such sites. This paper discusses research experiences gathered during a study that was undertaken in three Kenya dumpsites to explore the potential for utilising the waste for energy generation in a low-income economy and at the same time, address worsening disposal challenges.

The Globalisation of Firms as Social Systems

Existing theories of the globalisation of firms fall short of integrating evolutionary, self-reproductive mechanisms. This conceptual paper serves to provide an overview on existing literature in systems theory and to develop a basic framework for the study of evolutionary processes in the globalisation of firms. Ontological, epistemological, and methodological consequences of an evolutionary social systems approach to globalisation will be discussed.