中国影响与朝鲜古代民族文学批评话语的建构——以18—19世纪朝鲜“神境”论为中心

在民族文学批评意识不断强化的背景下,随着对于民族文学特征认识的不断深化,以及中国文学批评理论不能完全适应朝鲜文学批评的实际,朝鲜古代文人在18—19世纪推出了具有鲜明民族特色的文学批评概念“神境”。“神境”论多指一种玄妙的文学状态,但有时也指文学创作所达到的审美境界,它在强调民族山水对于民族文学及其内在精神生成作用的基础上,重视“神”与“境”之间的相互关系,展现了朝鲜古代民族文学批评话语建构的努力。然而,“神境”论是在中国传统文学理论传统基础上生发起来的,具有明清文学理论影响的明显痕迹,并依然处于中国明清文学批评话语的范畴之内,甚至可以说是明清时期相关文学理论的域外变异。

小说创作的“三境界说”——论金圣叹的小说创作理论

金圣叹在对《水浒传》的评点中总结出众多新的小说理论。其中,小说创作中的“三境界说,”即“圣境”、“神境”和“化境,”又为小说理论的发展开辟了新的道路。金圣叹认为小说创作必须根植于生活,并在此基础上有所感想,善于抓住瞬间的灵感,从而达到言有尽而意无穷的最高境界——“化境”。

Pathogenesis of Parkinson＇s disease： oxidative stress, environmental impact factors and inflammatory processes

Current hypothesis of neuronal degeneration in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） have been proposed, including formation of free radicals and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, trophic factor deficiency, inflammatory processes, genetic factors, environmental impact factors, toxic action of nitric oxide, apoptosis, and so on. This review mainly discussed oxidative stress, environmental impact factors, and inflammatory processes in PD.

Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease: oxidative stress, environmental impact factors and inflammatory processes

Current hypothesis of neuronal degeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been proposed, including formation of free radicals and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, trophic factor deficiency, inflam- matory processes, genetic factors, environmental impact factors, toxic action of nitric oxide, apoptosis, and so on. This review mainly discussed oxidative stress, environmental impact factors, and inflammatory processes in PD.

A Comparison of the Bacterial Microflora between Coastal Sites in Qingdao, P.R. China and Loch Fyne, Scotland

Aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria, recovered from two sites located on the west coast of Scotland, were compared to cultures obtained in a similar way from industrial, aquacultural and clean sites in the vicinity of Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China. Gram-negative bacterial cultures were examined by BIOLOG-GN, and the data analysed by the simple matching (S SM) and Jaccard coefficients (S J) and unweighted average linkage clustering using NTSys. The output revealed that 20% of the bacteria, namely, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Aquaspirillum dispar, Pseudomonas spp. (two groups), Sphingobacterium sp., Vibrio sp., V. campbellii, V. mimicus and V. hollisae, were common between the two geographical locations. However, the study revealed shortcomings with the BIOLOG-GN system for the study of coastal Gram-negative bacteria.

Environmental noise alters gastric myoelectrical activity:Effect of age

AIM: To evaluate the effect of age and acoustic stress on gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) and autonomic nervous system function. METHODS: Twenty-one male subjects (age range 22-71 years, mean 44 years) were recruited and exposed, in random order, to three auditory stimuli (Hospital noise, conversation babble and traffic noise) after a 20-min baseline. All periods lasted 20 min and were interspersed with a 10 min of recovery. GMA was obtained using a Synectics Microdigitrapper. Autonomic nerve function was assessed by monitoring blood pressure and heart rate using an automatic recording device. RESULTS: Dominant power tended to decrease with increase of age (P < 0.05). The overall percentage of three cycle per minute (CPM) activity decreased during exposure to hospital noise (12.0%, P < 0.05), traffic noise (13.9%, P < 0.05), and conversation babble (7.1%). The subjects in the younger group (< 50 years) showed a consistent reduction in the percentage of 3 CPM activity during hospital noise (22.9%, P < 0.05), traffic noise (19.0%, P < 0.05), and conversation babble (15.5%). These observations were accompanied by a significant increase in bradygastria: hospital noise (P < 0.05) and traffic noise (P < 0.05). In contrast, the subjects over 50 years of age did not exhibit a significant decrease in 3 CPM activity. Regardless of age, noise did not alter blood pressure or heart rate. CONCLUSION: GMA changes with age. Loud noise can alter GMA, especially in younger individuals. Our data indicate that even short-term exposure to noise may alter the contractility of the stomach.

Heterotrophic Bacterial Flora in Aquaculture Area around Xuejiadao

From Oct., 1999 to Oct., 2000, the heterotrophic bacterial flora in the aquaculture area around Xuejiadao was investigated. The result shows that the populations of the heterotrophic bacteria are heavier in summer and autumn than those in winter and spring. The average populations in seawater, sediment, the surface of seaweed and the surface of fish are 1.4×10 4 cfu mL -1, 5.4×10 6 cfu g -1, 1.5×10 6 cfu g -1 and 1.8×10 3 cfu cm -2, respectively. A total of 301 strains were isolated, among them 259 were Gram-negative. All the Gram-negative bacteria belong to 13 genera and some genera of Enterobacteriaceae. The communities of bacteria are slightly different among the samples. In the body surface of fish, Genus vibrio is dominant. In the remaining samples, dominant genus is Aeromonas.

Intrinsic Value of the Natural Environment： An Ethical Roadmap to Protect the Environment

The environment in the sense of all the ecosystems on Earth, has been polluted, harmed, and put at risk of degradation to some extent. Nevertheless, the mainstream ethical philosophies have found it difficult to assign an intrinsic value to the environment itself, and most environmental ethics is based on an ＂enlightened＂ anthropocentrism which values environmental protection for the sake of other humans including the future generations. Philosophically speaking, the concept of moral obligations towards generations, who have not been born yet, can be challenged. This vicious circle is a fundamental issue for ＂environmental ethics.＂ The current paper is an attempt to help correct this broken cycle of arguments using three lines of argument： （1） The harmful impact of human activity on the environment does not benefit all humans; the question is not over the selfishness and short-sightedness of humankind regarding the environment as much as it is regarding ＂environmental＂ justice among humans. The pursuit of self-interest and wealth by some humans, but not all, should not lead philosophers to ignore the insufficiencies of our economic and capitalist systems in the delineation of morally correct human-environment interaction. The right to a livable environment is a universal human right and morality has to support it. （2） The moral obligation of humankind toward the environment is similar to any situation where a party, such as a child, does not have the ability to protect itself or defend its rights; this is the principle of ＂due care.＂ Humans have the knowledge to understand the complexity of ecosystem interrelationships and the harm which industrial activity has caused. Therefore they have a moral obligation to exercise due care to prevent it from being harmed irreversibly. （3） The third argument is concerned with human morality and the spirituality of the environment. It can be argued that the natural instinct of the love of the environment, biophilia, is not a cause but a symptom of the grand spiritual value in the environment, even though this spiritual value may not be confined to humans, but be accrued to all life forms that have and/or show a genuine interest in the environment.

On the Development of Wushu Among Youth In the Context of National Spirit

as one of our country’s quintessence forms, Wushu is an important cultural inherit with rich connotation of national spirits. In recent years, there are more and more attentions people pay to the importance of spreading national spirit, and it is also the vital part of Chinese dreams, the easy approach to Chinese dreams. Youth, an irreplaceable position and function in the country building, will be the important power to facilitate our country. Therefore, our country pays great attention to the physical constitution, and open up Wushu activity could be the important approach to improved physical constitution. This article will analyze the relationship between national spirits and Wushu spirits, and state the meanings and functions of launching Wushu activity among youth. In the end of the article, the article will come up with the approach about developing youth Wushu activity in the context of national spirits.

Lord Jim： Jim＇s moral dilemmas and his tragic choices

The colonist culture of the imperialism nourished Jim＇s heroic dreams in which the protagonist sees himself as an apotheosis of morality and heroic deeds, but it also isolated him from the reality of the world. As a result, he often finds himself caught in moral dilemmas and ends up making tragic choices. His tragedy indicated that the alluring and illusive myth of the imperialism was bound to fall apart.

What Is Going on in the Minds of Translators？ A Review of Studies on Translation Process

Border areas have provided significant new research questions as well as fruitful insights and hypotheses. The cognitive and neuropsychologic study of translation process is a good example of this kind. This paper has surveyed various researches on translation process. Studies related to ＂the black box of translation＂ are divided into two categories, i.e., studies adopting think-aloud protocols, and studies from the physiology and neuroscientific perspectives. It has been noted that those studies on translation process have made some progress in the past years Firstly, the participants have undergone a change from language learners to professional translators or interpreters Secondly, the purposes of the studies have a tendency of gradually becoming specific. Thirdly, more rigorous methodologies have been developed, with more and more new technological approaches being applied

The Case Against Delusional Parasitosis

The body of knowledge on delusional parasitosis incriminates ＂delusional patients＂ as having imaginary external and/or internal symptoms that feel like parasite movements, dismisses them as psychiatric cases, and confuses cause with effect. The author is critical of these arguments and believes that the symptoms of crawling and pin-pricking are genuine; just misinterpreted as parasite movements. Based on the author＇s research on over 1000 ＂delusional＂ patients since 1996 at the Parasitology Center, Inc. （PCI）, the author has established that the symptoms of crawling and pin-pricking are caused by toxicity from exposure to incompatible dental materials, implants, environmental toxins among others that alter the propagation of normal nerve impulses. The author has also observed that external parasites/organisms including springtails （Collembola）, other arthropods, bacteria, and fungi represent only opportunistic infections of skin sites compromised by the toxicity disorder involving the elimination of toxins through the skin. The author has described a new pathological disorder, Neuro-cutaneous Syndrome （NCS） primarily associated with dental toxicity to which ＂delusional parasitosis＂ and Morgellons disease cases could be assigned. The author has developed a protocol for the resolution of the symptoms of NCS cases. When followed to the letter, all symptoms of NCS, conventionally called delusional parasitosis, are invariably and irreversibly resolved; each individual＇s unique circumstances taken into account. The author is also presenting a detailed case history of an NCS patient that has recovered from her experiential personal perspective.

Some Potential Solutions to Global Environment Problems ＆ Energy Crisis： Based on Design

Nowadays human society enters the 21st century, with the rapid economic and technological development, people＇s material and spiritual requirements has got great satisfaction. However, natural environmental damage brought by us is also accelerating. Natural disasters happen frequently, including ecological degradation and deterioration, energy resources crisis, greenhouse effect, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes etc. The global crisis has once again waken-up call to mankind. How to properly solve these crises had become a common and urgent responsibility of mankind. This paper will mainly discuss and seek some new potential methods in solving energy crisis and environmental problems from the perspective of automotive and architecture design. As an architect, how to avoid light pollution and reduce heat absorption of roof, increasing heat reflectance of roof are becoming their main and urgent responsibilities. On the other hand, reducing greenhouse effect, researching and developing new low-carbon, low-emission fuel sources are also becoming automotive designers＇ obligations. Living in harmony with nature ＆ earth is becoming the common human themes of the 21 st century.

An Empirical Study of the Senior Corporate Managers＇ Ability to Innovate

Senior corporate managers＇ innovation ability and spirit are very important in the growth process of corporate business development. This paper focuses on the innovation capacities of the senior corporate managers of listed companies in China and the complex relationship between firm performance and the operating environment to study and analyze the management and development of Chinese enterprises. Through relevant theoretical analysis and development of research hypotheses using the A-shares in Shanghai and Shenzhen listed companies announced in 2007 and 2008, the authors design an empirical model. The study found that in Chinese listed companies, the higher the innovation spirit of senior corporate managers, the better their business performances; the stronger the dynamic and complexity of the operating environment, the more the corporate managers＇ innovation ability will be developed.

Capital and Aesthetics＂ How Could People＇s Freedom be Possible under Modem Conditions？

In the age where capital becomes the most dominant, the most manipulating power, the current aesthetics has to face and solve the problems such as ＂capital versus aesthetics＂, ＂matter nature versus mind nature＂, ＂society versus culture＂ and has to answer the follow-up question--＂How could people＇s freedom be possible in modem conditions？＂ The reflections and criticism on ＂capital modernity＂ by Marx, Weber and Simmel all directly pointed to the issues of people＇s value and the settlement of their spirit in the Age of Capital. Meanwhile, the salvation of the ＂aesthetic modernity＂ makes up the proper meaning of the solution in many thinkers＇ mind to the predicament of the age. In this sense, the reflections on the Zeitgeist in the Age of Capital is certainly included in the pursuit of aesthetic freedom in this age.

＂Rule and Subdue＂ in the Context of Gen 1：26-28

The society has become aware of the rate at which our environment is being destroyed. Different schools thought to aim at savaging the environmental problems which have emerged. While some blame this environmental mess on Social Darwinism, others blame it on Biblical Creationists. On the other side of the ecological debate is the New Age Movement （pantheism）, which to some extent are evolutionist and opposed to the Creator God, though they worship and serve nature （Rom 1：25）. The New-Agers believe that it was as a result of the ＂dominion mandate＂ God gave to humanity that has led to human destruction of the ecology. Some Christians have been indifferent towards nature; because they oppose the New-Agers, they do not want to have anything to do with their views about controlling the environmental problem. Christians are being called upon either to compromise with Darwinian evolution or pantheism （New-Age）. The main concern of this study is to find the meanings of kabash and radah as used in Gen 1：26-28. It also aims at ascertaining the kind of dominion God gave to humanity. Did God grant to man a totalitarian despotic dominion over nature？ Or was the dominion given to man in the form of stewardship？ These are the concerns of this paper.

Application of a Neural Network Technique for Prediction of the Water Quality Index in the Dong Nai River, Vietnam

Recent trends in environmental management of water resource have enlarged the demand for predicting techniques that can provide reliable, efficient and accurate water quality. In this case study, the authors applied the Artificial Neural Networks （ANN） to estimate the water quality index on the Dong Nai River flowing through Dong Nai and Binh Duong provinces. The information and data including 10 water quality parameters of the Dong Nai River at 23 monitoring stations were collected during the recorded time period from 2010 to 2014 to build water quality prediction models. The results of the study demonstrated that the Water Quality Index （WQI） forecasted with GRNN was very significant and had high correlation coefficient （R2 = 0.974 and p = 0.0） compared to the real values of the WQI. Moreover, the ANN models provided better predicted values than the multiple regression models did.

Detection of tris-(2, 3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate as a neuronal toxicant in environmental samples using neuronal toxicity-directed analysis

Neuronal toxic pollutants in environment possess hazards to human health. It is essential to determine the causative neuronal toxicants in environmental samples. In the present study, viability of primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), combined with sample extraction, chemical fractionation and identification, was applied for screening acid-resistant neuronal toxic substances in environmental samples. River sediments and agricultural soils along the river near a brominated flame retardant (BFR) manufacturing plant in South China were collected to screen the key neuronal toxicants. The results indicated that the manufacturing plant was a source of neuronal toxicity risks. In the sediment and soil near the plant, one of the causative toxicants was identified as tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) using HPLC-MS/MS. In addition, an unknown chemical possibly causing significant neuronal toxicity was isolated from all the soil samples in the region.

DNA methylation in schizophrenia: progress and challenges

Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder broadly accepted being caused by genetic and environmental factors. Although conventional genetic studies have identified some candidate genes for schizophrenia, low odds ratios and penetrance, and a lack of reproducibility have limited their explanatory power. Despite the major efforts made toward identifying environmental factors in schizophrenia, methodological limitations and inconsistent findings of epidemiological reports have obstructed attempts to identify exogenous causal factors. Epigenetic mechanisms, mediating between environment and genes, have recently been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. DNA methylation is the most stable and well-characterized epigenetic modification. In this paper, we briefly introduce DNA methylation mechanisms, genome-wide DNA methylation studies, and identify specific genomic methylation sites in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. The outline candidate genes such as Reelin and COMT, are also outlined before paying attention to the conundrum of recent researches.

Autism genetics: Methodological issues and experimental design

Autism is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder of developmental origin, where multiple genetic and environmental factors likely interact resulting in a clinical continuum between "affected" and "unaffected" individuals in the general population. During the last two decades, relevant progress has been made in identifying chromosomal regions and genes in linkage or association with autism, but no single gene has emerged as a major cause of disease in a large number of patients. The purpose of this paper is to discuss specific methodological issues and experimental strategies in autism genetic research, based on fourteen years of experience in patient recruitment and association studies of autism spectrum disorder in Italy.