对高中生物“神经调节”一节中3个图的商榷

中学生物学教材经过长期锤炼和多次修订，已臻完善，但少数插图仍欠佳，或多或少地存在一些问题或错误。笔者在使用人教版高中《生物·必修》第一册(2003年6月第1版)过程中发现“神经调节”一节中，有3个插图在人类大脑皮层中枢定位上欠准确，对学生会有一定的误导。笔者经过查阅相关的人体解剖学书，对这3个图的具体定位进行了如下的分析：

Regulation of axonal regeneration following the central nervous system injury in adult mammalian

It has been well established that the recovery ability of central nervous system （CNS） is very poor in adult mammals. As a result, CNS trauma generally leads to severe and persistent functional deficits. Thus, the investigation in this field becomes a ＂hot spot＂. Up to date, accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the failure of CNS neurons to regenerate is not due to their intrinsic inability to grow new axons, but due to their growth state and due to lack of a permissive growth environment. Therefore, any successful approaches to facilitate the regeneration of injured CNS axons will likely include multiple steps： keeping neurons alive in a certain growth-state, preventing the formation of a glial scar, overcoming inhibitory molecules present in the myelin debris, and giving direction to the growing axons. This brief review focused on the recent progress in the neuron regeneration of CNS in adult mammals.

Roles of TRESK,a novel two-pore domain K+channel,in pain pathway and general anesthesia

TRESK is the most recently reported two-pore domain K^＋ channel, and different from other two-pore domain channels in gene, molecular structure, electrophysiological and pharmacological properties. Although the current knowledge of this potassium channel is inadequate, researches have demonstrated that TRESK is remarkablely linked to acute and chronic pain by activation of calcineurin. The fact that TRESK is sensitive to volatile anesthetics and localization in central nerve system implies that TRESK may play a very important role in the mechanism mediating general anesthesia. The further research of TRESK may contribute to explore the underlying mechanism of some pathological conditions and yield novel treatments for some diseases.

The pH control optimization in the crop fertigation system using ANN

pH regulation is a complicated and comprehensive technique in the crop fertigation system. In this paper, a method is put forward to improve the quality of pH regulation, using artificial neural network to map a nonlinear relationship between pH interfering factor and the switching frequency of pH control valve, which achieves the dynamic feedforward compensation to the main control system.

Research on Gear-box Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Adjusting-learning-rate PSO Neural Network

Based on the research of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) learning rate, two learning rates are changed linearly with velocity-formula evolving in order to adjust the proportion of social part and cognitional part; then the methods are applied to BP neural network training, the convergence rate is heavily accelerated and locally optional solution is avoided. According to actual data of two levels compound-box in vibration lab, signals are analyzed and their characteristic values are abstracted. By applying the trained BP neural networks to compound-box fault diagnosis, it is indicated that the methods are sound effective.

Role of nuclear receptor NR4A2 in gastrointestinal inflammation and cancers

NR4A2 is a transcription factor belonging to the steroid orphan nuclear receptor superfamily.It was originally considered to be essential in the generation and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons,and associated with neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.Recently,NR4A2 has been found to play a critical role in some inflammatory diseases and cancer.NR4A2 can be efficiently trans-activated by some proinflammatory cytokines,such as tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-1β,and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).The nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway serves as a principal regulator of inducible NR4A expression in immune cells.NR4A2 can trans-activate Foxp3,a hallmark specifically expressed in regulatory T(Treg) cells,and plays a critical role in the differentiation,maintenance,and function of Treg cells.NR4A2 in T lymphocytes is pivotal for Treg cell induction and suppression of aberrant induction of Th1 under physiological and pathological conditions.High density of Foxp3 + Treg cells is significantly associated with gastrointestinal inflammation,tumor immune escape,and disease progression.NR4A2 is produced at high levels in CD133 + colorectal carcinoma(CRC) cells and significantly upregulated by cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E 2 in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/protein kinase A(PKA)-dependent manner in CRC cells.The cAMP/PKA signaling pathway is the common pathway of NR4A2-related inflammation and cancer.NR4A2 trans-activates osteopontin,a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway associated with CRC invasion,metastasis,and poor prognosis.Knockdown of endogenous NR4A2 expression attenuates VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation,migration and in vivo angiogenesis.Taken together,NR4A2 emerges as an important nuclear factor linking gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer,especially CRC,and should serve as a candidate therapeutic target for inflammation-related gastrointestinal cancer.

Neural adaptive PSD decoupling controller and its application in three-phase electrode adjusting system of submerged arc furnace

Taking three-phase electrode adjusting system of submerged arc furnace as study object which has nonlinear, time-variant, multivariable and strong coupling features, a neural adaptive PSD(proportion, sum and differential) dispersive decoupling controller was developed by combining neural adaptive PSD algorithm with dispersive decoupling network. In this work, the production technology process and control difficulties of submerged arc furnace were simply introduced, the necessity of establishing a neural adaptive PSD dispersive decoupling controller was discussed, the design method and the implementation steps of the controller are expounded in detail, and the block diagram of the controlled system is presented. By comparison with experimental results of the conventional PID controller and the adaptive PSD controller, the decoupling ability, adaptive ability, self-learning ability and robustness of the neural adaptive PSD dispersive decoupling controller have been testified effectively. The controller is applicable to the three-phase electrode adjusting system of submerged arc furnace, and it will play an important role for achieving the power balance of three-phrase electrodes, saving energy and reducing consumption in the process of smelting.

Using Adaptive Gain Scheduling LQR Method Control of Arm Driven Inverted Pendulum System Based on PIC18F4431

The arm driven inverted pendulum system is a highly nonlinear model, muhivariable and absolutely unstable dynamic system so it is very difficult to obtain exact mathematical model and balance the inverted pendulum with variable position of the ann. To solve this problem, this paper presents a mathematical model for arm driven inverted pendulum in mid-position configuration and an adaptive gain scheduling linear quadratic regulator control method for the stabilizing the inverted pendulum. The proposed controllers for arm driven inverted pendulum are simulated using MATLAB-SIMULINK and implemented on an experiment system using PIC 18F4431 mieroeontroller. The result of experiment system shows the control performance to be very good in a wide range stabilization of the arm position.

Neural Mechanism in Emotion Regulation by Simultaneous Recording of EEG and fMRI

The combination of electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) is a very attractive aim in neuroscience in order to achieve both high temporal and spatial resolution for the non-invasive study of cognitive brain function. In this paper, we record simultaneous EEG-fMRI of the same subject in emotional processing experiment in order to explore the characteristics of different emotional picture processing, and try to find the difference of the subjects' brain hemisphere while viewing different valence emotional pictures. The late positive potential(LPP) is a reliable electrophysiological index of emotional perception in humans. According to the analysis results, the slow-wave LPP and visual cortical blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals are both modulated by the rated intensity of picture arousal. The amplitude of the LPP correlate significantly with BOLD intensity in visual cortex, amygdala, temporal area, prefrontal and central areas across picture contents.

Mechanism of Integrative Body-Mind Training

Integrative Body-Mind Training（IBMT） originates from ancient Eastern tradition.The method stresses no effort to control thoughts,but instead a state of restful alertness that allows a high degree of awareness of the body,breathing,and external instructions.A series of studies indicates that IBMT improves attention and self-regulation through interaction between the central（brain） and the autonomic（body） nervous systems.The present review mainly summarizes the recent results of IBMT studies and proposes how it changes the state of brain and body to lead to positive outcomes.Future directions in this field are also discussed.

Experimentally investigating the effect of buccal acupuncture on analgesic time-effect characteristics and monoamine neurotransmitters

Objective： To investigate the analgesic time-effect characteristics and changes in concentrations of rabbit＇s hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） and noradrenaline （NE） caused by buccal acupuncture in the rheumatoid arthritis （RA） rabbits, and to reveal the analgesic central mechanism of buccal acupuncture, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the treatment of pain by buccal acupuncture. Methods： Forty rabbits were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a body acupuncture group, and a buccal acupuncture group, with 10 rabbits in each group. No model was established in the normal group, while equal dose of normal saline was injected at the matched site and time point; rabbits in other groups were subjected to the establishment of RA models using egg protein. From the 27th day of the experiment, rabbits in each group received the designated intervention. Rabbits in the normal group and the model group were fixed for 30 min every day using the same method as those in the other groups. In the acupuncture group, Dubi （ST 35） and Zusanli （ST 36） on bilateral hind limbs were selected. Perpendicular needling （using the needles with 0.25 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length） was performed with twirling manipulation for 15 s at intervals of 5 min. The needles were retained for 30 min and acupuncture was performed once a day. In the buccal acupuncture group, the knee point in the buccal acupuncture and needles with a diameter of 0.25 mm and a length of 15 mm were selected. Oblique needling was performed with twirling manipulation for 15 s at intervals of 5 min. The needles were retained for 30 min and acupuncture was performed once a day. The thermal pain thresholds at the O, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 rain after the 1st and 10th acupuncture therapy were measured with a PL-200 thermal-inducing pain meter. After the 10th acupuncture therapy, rabbit＇s hypothalamus was removed, and the 5-HT and NE concentrations in the hypothalamus at the peak point of the acupuncture pain threshold curve were determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Results： The analgesic effect was obvious at 5 min after buccal acupuncture started, peaked at 30 min, and decreased to the lowest value at 240 rain. Rabbits in the body acupuncture group began to show significant analgesic effect at 15 min, which was peaked at 30 min, and began to decline at 60 min. The pain threshold at 240 min was still higher than that at 0 mino Compared with the model group, the concentrations of hypothalamic 5-HT in the buccal acupuncture group and the body acupuncture group was significantly increased, and the between-group differences were statistically significant （both P〈0.05）. The NE/5-HT ratios in hypothalamus in the buccal acupuncture group and the body acupuncture group were significantly lower than the ratio in the model group, and the differences were statistically significant （both P〈0.05）; difference in the decrease was statistically significant between the buccal acupuncture group and the body acupuncture group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The analgesic effect of buccal acupuncture shows an obvious time-dependent curve. It is characterized by rapid onset of pain relief, rapid increase and decline in pain threshold. 5-HT and NE levels in rabbit＇s hypothalamus can be affected by buccal acupuncture, with increased 5-HT concentration and reduced NE/5-HT rati0.

Neuromodulation for tinnitus treatment:an overview of invasive and non-invasive techniques

Tinnitus is defined as a perception of sound without any external sound source.Chronic tinnitus is a frequent condition that can affect the quality of life.So far,no causal cure for tinnitus has been documented,and most pharmacologic and psychosomatic treatment modalities aim to diminish tinnitus’impact on the quality of life.Neuromodulation,a novel therapeutic modality,which aims at alternating nerve activity through a targeted delivery of a stimulus,has emerged as a potential option in tinnitus treatment.This review provides a brief overview of the current neuromodulation techniques as tinnitus treatment options.The main intention is to provide updated knowledge especially for medical professionals counselling tinnitus patients in this emerging field of medicine.Non-invasive methods such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial electrical stimulation,neurofeedback,and transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation were included,as well as invasive methods such as implanted vagus nerve stimulation and invasive brain stimulation.Some of these neuromodulation techniques revealed promising results;nevertheless,further research is needed,especially regarding the pathophysiological principle as to how these neuromodulation techniques work and what neuronal change they induce.Various studies suggest that individually different brain states and networks are involved in the generation and perception of tinnitus.Therefore,in the future,individually tailored neuromodulation strategies could be a promising approach in tinnitus treatment for achieving a more substantial and longer lasting improvement of complaints.

Recent advances in the neural regulation of feeding behavior in adult Drosophila

The ability to maintain metabolic homeostasis is a key capability critical for the survival and well-being of animals living in constantly changing environments.Metabolic homeostasis depends on neuromodulators,such as biogenic amines,neuropeptides,and hormones,to signal changes in animals’ internal metabolic status and to orchestrate their behaviors accordingly.An important example is the regulation of feeding behavior by conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms across the animal kingdom.Its relatively simple brain coupled with well-characterized genetics and behavioral paradigms makes the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster an excellent model for investigating the neuromodulatory regulation of feeding behavior.In this review we discuss the neuromodulators and neural circuits that integrate the internal physiological status with external sensory cues and modulate feeding behavior in adult fruit flies.Studies show that various specific aspects of feeding behavior are subjected to unique neuromodulatory regulation,which permits fruit flies to maintain metabolic homeostasis effectively.

Clinical Study on Anti-aging Action of Herbal Cake-partition Moxibustion

Objective： To investigate the clinical efficacy and immunological mechanism of herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion for aging process. Method： The herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion was adopted for 223 cases to observe the aging scores before and after the treatment. Apart from that, the T-lymphocyte subsets and changes of IL-2 and β-EP were also detected. Results： After treatment, the aging scores of 223 cases were all substantially reduced, along with an improvement of clinical symptoms, a strengthened cellular immune function, and an increase of total T-lymphocyte count. In addition, the CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio was restored normal, the synthesis or secretion of IL-2 was increased and the β-EP （as the neurotransmitter to modulate immune function） was substantially improved. Conclusion： The aging process is closely associated with the immune function. Moxibustion can modulate abnormal immune function and stabilize homeostasis and thus delay the aging process.

Effects of electroacupuncture on the behaviors and expressions of hippocampal neurotransmitters and Bax/Bcl-2 proteins in rat models of anxiety disorder

Objective:To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on the behaviors of rat with anxiety disorder,and the expressions of hippocampal neurotransmitters including 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),norepinephrine(NE)and dopamine(DA),and the expressions of hippocampal B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2 associated X(Bax).Methods:Forty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group(n=10);a model group(n=12),an EA group(n=12),and a drug group(n=12).Except the control group,the other three groups were established into rat models of anxiety disorder using uncertain empty bottle stimulation.Rats in the EA group and the drug group received corresponding interventions for 15 consecutive days[EA group was given EA at Baihui(GV 20)and Sanyinjiao(SP 6);the drug group was given aqueous solution of alprazolam via intragastric administration].After intervention,all four groups received open-field test(OFT)and elevated plus-maze(EPM)for behavioral evaluations.The expressions of 5-HT,NE and DA in hippocampus were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy(FS)while the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in hippocampus were determined by Western blot(WB).Results:The OFT horizontal scores in the control group,EA group and drug group were significantly higher than that in the model group(all P<0.05),and the difference between the EA group and the drug group was statistically insignificant(P>0.05);the OFT vertical scores in the model group,EA group and drug group were significantly lower than the score in the control group(all P<0.05).The EPM percent of open-arm entries(OE%)in the control group,EA group and drug group was higher than that in the model group(P<0.05),and the differences among these three groups were statistically insignificant(P>0.05);though the percent of open-arm total time(OT%)in the EA group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05);the difference was statistically insignificant when compared with the drug group(P>0.05),and it was significantly higher than that in the model group(P<0.05).The expression of 5-HT in the EA group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05);the expression of 5-HT in the EA group was significantly lower than that in the model group(P<0.05);the difference between the EA group and the drug group was statistically insignificantly(P>0.05).The expression of NE in the model group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups(P<0.0S),and there was no significant difference among these three groups(P>0.05).The expression of DA in the EA group was significantly higher than that in the control group and the drug group(both P<0.05),while the difference between the EA group and the model group was statistically insignificant(P>0.05).The expression of Bax in the model group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups(all P<0.05),whereas the expression of Bcl-2 in the model group was significantly lower than that in the other three groups(all P<0.05),and the differences in both Bax and Bcl-2 among the other three groups were statistically insignificant(all P>0.05).Bax/Bcl-2 in the EA group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05)and lower than that in the model group(P<0.05),and the difference was statistically insignificant when compared with the drug group(P>0.05).Conclusion:EA shows promising effects in attenuating rats'anxiety disorder,which may be achieved by the down-regulation of the expressions of 5-HT and NE in the hippocampus and/or inhibition of hippocampal neuronal apoptosis.The efficacy is comparable to that of intervention with alprazolam.

Neuroendocrine regulation of somatic growth in fishes

Growth is a polygenic trait that is under the influence of multiple physiological pathways regulating energy metabolism and muscle growth.Among the possible growth-regulating pathways in vertebrates,components of the somatotropic axis are thought to have the greatest influence.There is growing body of literature focusing on the somatotropic axis and its role regulating growth in fish.This includes research into growth hormone,upstream hypothalamic hormones,insulin-like growth factors,and downstream signaling molecules.Many of these signals have both somatic effects stimulating the growth of tissues and metabolic effects that play a role in nutrient metabolism.Signals of other endocrine axes exhibit profound effects on the function of the somatotropic axis in vivo.In this review we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the teleost fish endocrine somatotropic axis,including emerging research using genetic modified models.These studies have revealed new aspects and challenges associated with regulation of the important steps of somatic growth.

Depressive Neurosis Treated by Acupuncture for Regulating the Liver―A Report of 176 Cases

Objective: To observe therapeutic effect of acupuncture for regulating the liver on depressive neurosis. Methods: In a multi-center randomized controlled trial, 440 patients were divided into 3 groups: Acupuncture group for regulating the liver (Acup., 176 cases) was treated by acupuncture at Siguan Points, i.e. bilateral Hegu (LI 4) and Taichong (LR 3), Baihui (GV 20) and Yintang (EX-HN3) plus ear-acupuncture, Prozac group (P., 176 cases) by oral administration of Prozac, and Non-acupoint needling group (NAN, 88 cases) by acupuncture at non-acupoints as acupuncture placebo. Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) was examined before treatment, and one month, two and three months after treatment respectively to evaluate therapeutic effect, and Rating Scale for Side Effects (SERS) was used to evaluate the safety. Results: After one month of treatment, SDS scores in Acup. Group were significantly lower than that in P. Group (P<0.05) and than that in NAN Group (P<0.01), and SDS scores in P. Group were lower than that in NAN Group (P<0.05), showing the SDS scores in Acup. Group <P. Group <NAN Group. After 2 months of treatment, SDS scores in Acup. Group were also significantly lower than that in P. Group (P<0.01) and than that in NAN Group (P<0.01), and SDS scores in P. Group were also lower than that in NAN Group (P<0.05), showing the SDS scores in Acup. Group <P. Group <NAN Group. After 3 months of treatment, SDS scores in Acup. Group were also significantly lower than that in P. Group (P<0.01) and than that in NAN Group (P<0.01), and SDS scores in P. Group were also lower than that in NAN Group (P<0.01), showing the SDS score in Acup. Group <P. Group <NAN Group. After treatment, SERS scores were 0.16±0.95, 6.51±5.09 and 0.23±1.36 in Acup. Group, P. Group and NAN Group respectively. A significant difference existed between Acup. Group and P. Group (P<0.05), but no significant difference between Acup. Group and NAN Group (P>0.05), showing the SERS scores in Acup. Group <NAN Group <P. Group. No side effect was found in Acup. and NAN groups. Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of acupuncture on depressive neurosis is better than or similar to that of Prozac but with less side effect.

Effects of neuro-immuno-modulation on healing of wound combined with local radiation injury in rats

Purpose： To investigate effects of neuro-immuno-modulation on wound healing by observing changes of cytokines and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis hormones in acute stress reaction in rats with wound and combined local radiation injury. Methods： Sixty female Wistar rats （weighting 200 ± 20 g） were randomly divided into normal control group, wound group and combined wound-local radiation （CWR） group （25 Gy local radiation post wound）, 20 rats in each group. Contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ and IL-4 in serum were measured and changes of adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） and glucocorticoid （GC） in serum were analyzed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunologic assay, respectively at different time points post wound and radiation. Results： （1） The level of IFN-γ, one of the Thl cell cytokines increased significantly at 14 d post CWIL which was markedly higher than that in control group and wound group. However, the level of IL-4, IL-1β and IL-6, one of the Th2 cell cytokines, did not show obvious change. （2） Ratio of Thl/Th2 （IFN-γ/IL-4） in wound group and CWR group increased significantly at 7 d after wound and radiation, which suggested that Thl/Th2 balance drifted to Thl immune response. The ratio of Thl/Th2 in wound group returned to the normal level up to 14 d after the wound and radiation, while the Thl/Th2 ratio in CWR group increased persistently and was much higher than that in control and wound groups. （3） Level of serous ACTH and CC in CWR group increased at 3 d post wound and radiation, and among them, level of CC showed statistically significant increase, which was much higher than that in control and wound groups. Conclusion： Level of serous neurohormone CC in rats increased significantly immediately after wound and radiation; while the level of IFN-γ showed significant increase only up to 14 d after wound and radiation, and the Th1/Th2 imbalance sustained till 28 d post wound and radiation. In order to reduce acute damage caused by CWR, organic immune system and nerve system showed up a marked regulate effects simultaneously and mutually. Nonetheless, the excessive stress induced by CWR causes distur- bance of immunoregulation, which is one of the key reasons for delayed wound healing in CWR.