The developmental process of oil cells in the shoot of Litsea pungens Hemsl. has been studied with transmission electron microscopy. According to the development of the three layers of cell wall, the developmental pro...The developmental process of oil cells in the shoot of Litsea pungens Hemsl. has been studied with transmission electron microscopy. According to the development of the three layers of cell wall, the developmental process could be divided into 4 stages. In stage 1, the cell wall consisted only of a primary (the outmost) cellulose layer, which might further be divided into two substages, the oil cell initial, and the vacuolizing oil cell. During this stage, there were some small electron translucent vesicles and dark osmiophilic droplets of variant sizes in the different-shaped plastids. It was observed that some dark and gray osmiophilic materials coalesced to vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In stage 2, a lamellated suberin layer accumulated inside the primary cellulose layer. In stage 3, a thicker and looser inner cellulose wall layer was formed gradually inside the suberin layer. Some dark osmiophilic droplets have been observed in this loose inner cellulose wall layer. The plasmodesmata were blocked up and became a special structure. Then, the big vacuole, which is the oil sac, was full of osmiophilic oil. In stage 4, the oil cell became matured and the cytoplasm disintegrated. The oil sac enveloped from plasmalemma was attached to the cupule, which was formed by the protuberance of the inner cellulose wall layer into the lumen. After the maturity of oil cell, the ground cytoplasm began to disintegrate and became electron opaque or exhibited in a disordered state, and the osmiophilic oil appeared light gray.展开更多
Airship shape is crucial to the design of stratosphere airships. In this paper, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) technology is introduced into the design of airship shape. We devise a composite objective fu...Airship shape is crucial to the design of stratosphere airships. In this paper, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) technology is introduced into the design of airship shape. We devise a composite objective function, based on this technology, which takes account of various factors which influence airship performance, including aerodynamics, structures, energy and weight to determine the optimal airship shape. A shape generation algorithm is proposed and appropriate mathematical models are constructed. Simulation results show that the optimized shape gives an improvement in the value of the composite objective function compared with a reference shape.展开更多
Based on the detailed planktonic foraminifera faunal count and Globigerinoides ruber Mg/Ca ratio analysis of Core MD05-2901,we reconstructed the longest Mg/Ca sea surface temperature(SST) sequence of the upwelling are...Based on the detailed planktonic foraminifera faunal count and Globigerinoides ruber Mg/Ca ratio analysis of Core MD05-2901,we reconstructed the longest Mg/Ca sea surface temperature(SST) sequence of the upwelling area off Vietnam in the western South China Sea(SCS).Ocean environment,especially the SST variation,over the last 450 ka is discussed in this study.SST variation has typical glacial/interglacial alternations from 23.03°C to 29.93°C with a glacial/interglacial difference of 4.8°C on average.SST during the interglacial periods fluctuates significantly,up to 5.6°C,which is larger than the average glacial/interglacial difference.SST variation during the glacial periods is much smaller.Spectrum analysis shows that SST change dominates on the typical Milankovitch cycles,such as 112,40.7 and 23.6 ka.Evident leading of SST variation against the δ 18 O can be observed during the Terminations 1,4,and 5,which is confirmed by their cross-spectrum analysis on these cycles.MD05-2901 is the first core in the South China Sea that has multi-SST records,such as SST Mg/Ca,k' 37 U-SST and planktonic foraminiferal fauna-based SST.SSTs from different methods can be correlated with each other in glacial/interglacial time scale,whereas SST Mg/Ca records abrupt climate change events more clearly.SST Mg/Ca at MD05-2901 since MIS 5 is 0.6°C lower than that of the southern SCS on average,but equivalent to or even 2°C lower than that of the northern SCS during some interglacial period.The SST character of MD05-2901 reflects less influence of latitude,but an important role of the regional upwelling driven by the eastern Asian summer monsoon,and suggests a stronger upwelling during the interglacial periods in the western SCS.展开更多
文摘The developmental process of oil cells in the shoot of Litsea pungens Hemsl. has been studied with transmission electron microscopy. According to the development of the three layers of cell wall, the developmental process could be divided into 4 stages. In stage 1, the cell wall consisted only of a primary (the outmost) cellulose layer, which might further be divided into two substages, the oil cell initial, and the vacuolizing oil cell. During this stage, there were some small electron translucent vesicles and dark osmiophilic droplets of variant sizes in the different-shaped plastids. It was observed that some dark and gray osmiophilic materials coalesced to vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In stage 2, a lamellated suberin layer accumulated inside the primary cellulose layer. In stage 3, a thicker and looser inner cellulose wall layer was formed gradually inside the suberin layer. Some dark osmiophilic droplets have been observed in this loose inner cellulose wall layer. The plasmodesmata were blocked up and became a special structure. Then, the big vacuole, which is the oil sac, was full of osmiophilic oil. In stage 4, the oil cell became matured and the cytoplasm disintegrated. The oil sac enveloped from plasmalemma was attached to the cupule, which was formed by the protuberance of the inner cellulose wall layer into the lumen. After the maturity of oil cell, the ground cytoplasm began to disintegrate and became electron opaque or exhibited in a disordered state, and the osmiophilic oil appeared light gray.
基金Project (No. 2007AA705003) supported by the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China
文摘Airship shape is crucial to the design of stratosphere airships. In this paper, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) technology is introduced into the design of airship shape. We devise a composite objective function, based on this technology, which takes account of various factors which influence airship performance, including aerodynamics, structures, energy and weight to determine the optimal airship shape. A shape generation algorithm is proposed and appropriate mathematical models are constructed. Simulation results show that the optimized shape gives an improvement in the value of the composite objective function compared with a reference shape.
基金supported by the CAS Knowledge Innovation Projects (Grant No.KZCX-YW-155-2)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40879020 and 41106035)+1 种基金National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB815902)State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology,Tongji University (Grant No. G0901)
文摘Based on the detailed planktonic foraminifera faunal count and Globigerinoides ruber Mg/Ca ratio analysis of Core MD05-2901,we reconstructed the longest Mg/Ca sea surface temperature(SST) sequence of the upwelling area off Vietnam in the western South China Sea(SCS).Ocean environment,especially the SST variation,over the last 450 ka is discussed in this study.SST variation has typical glacial/interglacial alternations from 23.03°C to 29.93°C with a glacial/interglacial difference of 4.8°C on average.SST during the interglacial periods fluctuates significantly,up to 5.6°C,which is larger than the average glacial/interglacial difference.SST variation during the glacial periods is much smaller.Spectrum analysis shows that SST change dominates on the typical Milankovitch cycles,such as 112,40.7 and 23.6 ka.Evident leading of SST variation against the δ 18 O can be observed during the Terminations 1,4,and 5,which is confirmed by their cross-spectrum analysis on these cycles.MD05-2901 is the first core in the South China Sea that has multi-SST records,such as SST Mg/Ca,k' 37 U-SST and planktonic foraminiferal fauna-based SST.SSTs from different methods can be correlated with each other in glacial/interglacial time scale,whereas SST Mg/Ca records abrupt climate change events more clearly.SST Mg/Ca at MD05-2901 since MIS 5 is 0.6°C lower than that of the southern SCS on average,but equivalent to or even 2°C lower than that of the northern SCS during some interglacial period.The SST character of MD05-2901 reflects less influence of latitude,but an important role of the regional upwelling driven by the eastern Asian summer monsoon,and suggests a stronger upwelling during the interglacial periods in the western SCS.
