作为一种科学沟通的“科普”及其培训方案--丹尼尔·哈伊西瓦赫教授访谈

本文以对话交流的形式,介绍哈伊西瓦赫教授对"科学沟通"这一研究性视角与实践方案的思考。哈伊西瓦赫教授认为,科学沟通作为一种社会性活动,是一种对话、分享和价值、情感的认同;其表现形式和内容也根据受众的不同而发生变化。为此,我们不能对这类活动进行简单化的"评估",而有必要将之看作为一种过程,并致力于培养具备适应差异性情景、有沟通能力的科学阐释者——科普人员。

在职业技术教育中培养创造力——访中国科普研究所科普作品与智力开发研究室主任翟立原

八月的北京天气闷热异常,记者走进中国科协大楼一间堆满资料的办公室,正在伏案写作的翟立原主任热情地接待了我.

运城“科普信息栏”得到总理赞赏

阳春三月，东风送暖。3月17日至18日，国务院总理温家宝在山西省委书记、省人大常委会主任张宝顺和省委副书记、省长于幼军等陪同下深入山西省运城市农村考察贯彻全国“两会”精神和春耕备耕情况，听取农民对“三农”工作的意见和建议。

中国图书馆学会科普与阅读指导委员会在东莞成立

4月23日又是一个“世界读书日”，经过北京大学信息管理系主任王余光教授等有关专家的奔走呼吁和组委会的精心筹备，当天上午，中国图书馆学会科普与阅读指导委员会在东莞图书馆成功举办成立大会。会议由中共东莞市委宣传部副部长麦淦华主持。来自中国大陆和澳门、台湾的51名委员代表和同行出席。

智慧和情感密切相联——上海举办“科普与艺术”研讨会

李政道博士曾经说过:'科学与艺术的关系是同智慧和情感的二元性密切相联的','事实上如同一个硬币的两面'。那么科学与艺术的共同目标是什么?科普元素又怎样融入到艺术中去?日前,来自上海有关高等院校、上海大学、上海市科普创作协会联合举办的'科普与艺术'研讨会,大家就'推动科学与艺术相结合的必要性'、'科学与艺术的共同基础和目标'、'体现科学与艺术结合的表现形式'等话题,各抒己见,展开了热烈的讨论。科学美与艺术美同行科普与艺术结合,科学美与艺术美同行,让公众在欣赏美的过程中得益,是普及科学知识、弘扬科学精神、倡导科学思想和科学方法行之有效的途径。市科协副主席陈积芳指出,科学反映的是遵循自然规律和原理,它立足严密的逻辑推导、扎实的实验论证;艺术表达的是人类情感和心灵活动,它跃动着自由的想象、澎湃着生命的激情。

Effects of UV-B radiation on fitness related behaviors of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Ozone depletion induced by anthropogenic gases has been increasing the transmission of solar ultraviolet-B radiation(UV-B, 280–315 nm) through the atmosphere, which may impact the fitness of marine invertebrates in intertidal and shallow waters. To our knowledge, however, the responses of fitness related behaviors to UV-B radiation at different intensities have been rarely studied in marine invertebrates. For the first time, the present study investigated the eff ects of exposure of one hour to UV-B radiation at different intensities on foraging behavior, Aristotle's lantern reflex and righting behavior of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Exposure of one hour to UV-B radiation at 10 μW/cm^2 significantly reduced foraging behavior. An intensity dependent eff ect of exposure to UV-B radiation was found in the duration of the Aristotle's lantern reflex. Exposure to UV-B radiation at 20 μW/cm^2 for one hour significantly reduced the duration of the Aristotle's lantern reflex, but 10 μW/cm^2 did not. There was no significant diff erence of righting response time among sea urchins exposed to 0, 10 and 20 μW/cm^2 for one hour. To test potential carryover ef fects, the behavioral traits were re-measured three days later. We found significant carryover eff ects of UV-B radiation on foraging time and righting response time, but not on the duration of the Aristotle's lantern reflex. The present study indicates that a brief exposure of one hour to UV-B radiation can significantly aff ect the duration of Aristotle's lantern reflex, righting response time and foraging behavior of a sea urchin, although the immediate impacts and carryover eff ects were highly trait dependent. This study provides new information into the behavioral responses of marine invertebrates to exposure to UV-B radiation. Future studies should be carried out to investigate long-term carryover eff ects of UV-B radiation on behavioral and physiological fitness related traits.

Methane seepages in the northern South China Sea: evidence from in situ measurements

Continental margins in world oceans contain large amounts of marine gas hydrates. Changes in the temperature and pressure of sediment may destabilize the methane hydrate, leading to its release and seepage into the sea. This process would increase the dissolved methane in the ambient seawater. In this study, a methane sensor was used to detect methane anomalies in the water column in southwestern Dongsha and Shenhu, northern slope of the South China Sea. Methane plumes were detected at stations SCS001 and T001 in the southwestern Dongsha area, and station SCS002 in the Shenhu area, respectively. The maximum methane concentrations were 8.8 nmol/L in southwestern Dongsha and 10.1 nmol/L in Shenhu, which are about 4–5 times higher than the background methane concentration. This indicates that there are active methane seepages present in both the southwestern Dongsha and Shenhu areas, which are likely related to a methane hydrate reservoir beneath the seafloor. A methane sensor with a low detection limit is a practical instrument with which to detect methane plumes in oceanic environments and to monitor methane leakage from the seafloor.

Degradation of lipids in seasonal hypoxic seawater under different oxygen saturation

The hypoxic phenomena of seawater have been found in the Changjiang esturay and its adjacent area for several decades. To study organic matter degradation in seasonal hypoxic seawater, series of stimulated incubation experiments with S keletonema costatum in seawater under different oxygen saturations were conducted. By tracking variations of lipids originated from the alga, time-dependent concentrations of neutral lipids(hexadecanol, otctadecanol, cholesterol, brassicasterol and phytol) and fatty acids(12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1(9), 20:5 and 22:6) were obtained during three month of incubation. The results indicate that residence time, oxygen saturation, bacterial community and the structure of lipids were key factors controlling preservation and degradation of lipids in seawater. The degradation rate constants calculated from multi-G model showed that under same oxygen saturation, algal fatty acid degraded faster than neutral lipids, and unsaturated fatty acids degraded faster than saturated fatty acids. Our new discovery showed that degradation rate constant had linear positive correlation with oxygen saturation of seawater, indicating the critical role of oxygen on degradation of algal lipids in hypoxic seawater. The results of this study will be helpful to understand organic carbon cycling in seawater and marine environment more deeply. Future field experiments and investigation should be conducted tracking control factors, especially the role of oxygen saturation on organic matter degradation in natural environment.

Synchronous incidental gastrointestinal stromal and epithelial malignant tumors

AIM:To investigate the incidence of incidental gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and its etiopathogenesis.METHODS: From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2007, 13 804 cases of gastrointestinal epithelial malignant tumor (EMT) and 521 cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) were successfully treated with surgery at the Department of General Surgery and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China. The clinical and pathologic data of 311 cases of primary GIST, including 257 cases with clinical GIST and 54 cases of incidental GIST were analyzed.RESULTS: Of the 311 patients, 54 had incidental GIST, accounting for 17.4%. Of these tumors, 27 were found in 1.13% patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), 22 in 0.53% patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), 2 in 0.38% patients with PAC, 2 in 0.03% patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, and 1 in one patient with GAC accompanying ESCC, respectively. Patients with incidental GIST presented symptoms indistinguishable from those with EMT. All incidental GIST lesions were small in size, and the majority had a low mitotic activity while only 1.9% (5/257) of clinical GIST lesions had a high risk.CONCLUSION: Incidental GIST may occur synchronously with other tumors and has a high prevalence in males. Surgery is its best treatment modality.

牛街街道实行科技拥军

近日，宣武区科委科协和牛街街道共同举行了“科普进军营”活动。

Multimedia Production and Multi（media） Literacy in Gymnasiums

The article displays the possibilities for introducing multimedia production based on computer science to gymnasiums （general secondary school programs）, where students who usually continue their education at college are educated. The purpose of the research was to prepare an assessment of the situation and recommendations to gymnasiums on how to improve the situation in this field and what options and opportunities appear for schools and the media environment in which they are active. Special attention was paid to the situation of activities （extracurricular activities and optional subjects） related to multimedia production and uses of ICT （information-communication technology）.

The Nature of Normal Science： Arthur Compton＇s Research Programme as an Exemplar

Thomas S. Kuhn＇s theory of normal science （NS）, aside from being a provocative philosophical reconstruction of the relatively conservative phase of scientific research, contains useful ideas for systematic analysis of specific episodes in the history of science. Therefore, although the theory has been looked at from different angles since the first edition of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （TSSR） was published in 1962, its detailed exploration of the cumulative phase of research in mature science is of abiding relevance in the philosophy of science. This is because NS provides a compelling account of how and why members of scientific communities succeed, largely, to produce reliable knowledge about an incompletely known phenomenal world. Again, the theory elucidates special features of scientific research that differentiate it from other creative enterprises. In that regard, this paper reconstructs Arthur Compton＇s research into x-ray scattering as a good instantiation of NS. Discussion of Compton＇s convincing demonstration of the particulate properties of electromagnetic radiation within the framework of NS showcases the elucidatory power of Kuhn＇s theory with respect to selected episodes in science, and corroborates the notion that the bulk of scientific work is a conservative puzzle-solving activity with the potential for precipitating scientific revolutions. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first time that Compton＇s groundbreaking work on x-ray scattering has been analysed within the framework of Kuhn＇s philosophy of science.

Beyond Logic of Discovery and Paradigmatic Consensus： A Reanalysis of the Popper-Kuhn Debate in the Philosophy of Science

There is no patina of doubt that the central philosophical theories of Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn concerning the nature, substance and method for acquiring scientific knowledge constitute milestones in 20th century philosophy of science. Just as Popper＇s fundamental work on the subject, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, marked a decisive break with inductivist epistemologies, Kuhn＇s magnum opus, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （1962, enlarged ed. 1970）, inaugurated the coming of age of the historical turn in the philosophy of science. Some scholars seem to consider the main doctrines of both philosophers as irreconcilables or contradictories. This explains why, for example Popper and Popperians such as Imre Lakatos and John Watkins describe themselves as ＂critical rationalists＂, whereas they refer to Kuhn as an ＂irrationalist＂ or ＂relativist＂-appellations that the latter has consistently rejected. The debate between Popper and Kuhn, especially as contained in an important work, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge （1970）, highlights some of the knotty problems connected with philosophical appraisals of science. It also demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of logistic approaches in the philosophy of science, on the one hand, and of historically informed socio-psychological analysis of science, on the other. In this paper, we reexamine the Popper-Kuhn controversy from an experimentalist perspective. In other words, we argue that the ideas of testing and normal science can be systematically accommodated by fine-structure dissection of empirical research through which scientists learn about the world, based on the assumption that the progress of science is the growth of experimental knowledge-a fact often neglected in theory-dominated philosophies of science. Taking discovery of the cosmic background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson as example, the paper argues that important scientific discoveries have been accomplished even in the absence of theory in any obvious sense, a situation that conflicts with the theory-dominated models of Popper and Kuhn. Thus, it offers an account of how practicing scientists learn from research to control errors and avoid blind alleys. The paper affirms, in conclusion, that going beyond the theories of Popper and Kuhn requires that philosophers of science should take what scientists learn from experiments seriously when theorising about science, by taking into account normal testing or error detection and control strategies through which scientific knowledge is acquired and extended