后置列举词“等”“等等”的习得偏误研究

HSK动态作文语料库、全球汉语中介语语料库的检索结果显示,相较于其他后置列举词,第二语言学习者对“等”和“等等”的使用频率最高,二者与前后项、标点符号的搭配情况多样。第二语言学习者使用“等”“等等”时的偏误率较高,在抽取出的2000条语料中,存在456条错误的语料,占比22.8%。其中,搭配问题比较突出,二者混淆使用的情况也较为多见。从示范的角度看,词典等工具书对二者释义和使用方法阐述的简单化,对外汉语教材收录和展示的不均衡性、英文释义的不对等性,以及以汉语为母语者使用的随意性等,是导致第二语言学习者使用“等”“等等”时产生偏误的重要原因。因而,在教材编写层面,可以提高“等”“等等”的收录比例、完善二者的英文释义,明确二者的区别;在教学实施层面,教师可以加强梳理和选择具有共识性的释义与搭配标准,提升对二者本身及其区别讲解的重视程度和力度。

顿号分隔的并列成分与煞尾的“等/等等”之间能否用逗号?

《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834—2011)附录B规定,顿号分隔的并列成分与“等/等等”之间不能使用点号,并举出相应的示例。但是在实际语料中,如果“等/等等”出现在句末,则此类用法甚多。从实际停顿、使用习惯和接受程度、辅助消歧三个方面,通过分析语料、问卷调查、变换分析的方法,说明该用法的合理性。同时,也阐明其辅助消歧作用的局限性。通过这一个案研究,一方面,可以为正在修订的《标点符号用法》提供具体方案;另一方面,也建议图书质检人员和国际中文教师等对现行规范中的相关内容从宽执行。

列举义“等等”的形成

量词重叠式是列举义"等等"的源头。从清代到民国时期来看,"等等"表示相似类别众多,不能一一列举。前半部的意义比较实在(词汇义),后半部的意义比较虚泛(功能义)。失去充当主语、定语的语法功能后,"等等"的用法主要体现在"列举未尽"的功能义上,可以认为已经虚化为助词。但量词重叠式的句中位置、表示类别众多的语用环境,还能对助词"等等"的用法产生影响,如"等等"前后可以停顿,适合列举未尽项数量较多的语境。

Hydrogen desorption kinetics mechanism of Mg-Ni hydride under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions

The Mg-Ni hydride was prepared by hydriding combustion synthesis under a high magnetic field. The dehydriding kinetics of the hydrides was measured under the isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. A model was applied to analyzing the kinetics behavior of Mg-Ni hydride. The calculation results show that the theoretical value and the experimental data can reach a good agreement, especially in the case of non-isothermal dehydriding. The rate-controlling step is the diffusion of hydrogen atoms in the solid solution. The sample prepared under magnetic field of 6 T under the isothermal condition can reach the best performance. The similar tendency was observed under the non-isothermal condition and the reason was discussed.

Microstructural evolution of AZ61 magnesium alloy predeformed by ECAE during semisolid isothermal treatment

The microstructural evolution of AZ61 magnesium alloy predeformed by equal channel angular extrusion（ECAE） during semisolid isothermal treatment（SSIT） was investigated by means of optical metalloscopy and image analysis equipment.The process involved application of ECAE to as-cast alloy at 310 ℃ to induce strain prior to heating in the semisolid region for different time lengths.The results show that extrusion pass,isothermal temperature and processing route have an influence on microstructural evolution of predeformed AZ61 magnesium alloy during SSIT.With the increase of extrusion pass,the solid particle size is reduced gradually.When isothermal temperature increases from 530 ℃ to 560 ℃,the average particle size increases from 22 μm to 35 μm.When isothermal temperature is 575 ℃,the average particle size decreases.The particle size of microstructure of AZ61 magnesium alloy predeformed by ECAE at BC during SSIT is the finest.

Comparative analysis of isothermal and non-isothermal solidification of binary alloys using phase-field model

Based on the entropy function, a two-dimensional phase field model of binary alloys was established. Meanwhile, an explicit difference method with uniform grid was adopted to solve the phase field and solute field controlled equations. And the alternating direction implicit(ADI) algorithm for solving temperature field controlled equation was also employed to avoid the restriction of time step. Some characteristics of the Ni-Cu alloy were captured in the process of non-isothermal solidification, and the comparative analysis of the isothermal and the non-isothermal solidification was investigated. The simulation results indicate that the non-isothermal model is favorable to simulate the real solidification process of binary alloys, and when the thermal diffusivity decreases, the non-isothermal phase-field model is gradually consistent with the isothermal phase-field model.

构式“X等”和“X等等”之关系及演化路径

表示“举例未尽或煞尾”的“X等”和“X等等”是汉语历史上先后出现的两个具有近似语法功能的构式,但二者的来源、演化路径及方式等迥异。“X等”的形成是汉语“等”词义引申进而虚化为句法功能词的结果,其方式主要为语境吸收;“X等等”则源于东晋时期佛经翻译时的佛教术语“无等等”,其演变方式则为结构的重新分析。“X等”和“X等等”在近代汉语阶段已并存使用,但因其本初意义及演化路径不同,且受制于汉语语音结构演化规律,二者在具体使用中历经功能分化,呈现出一定程度的互补关系。

On Several New Inequalities

In this paper, we find some new inequalities by Redheffer inequality, Jordan inequality and Jensen inequality. As application, we generalize one result which was given in [1].

On the Equal-height Elements of the Fuzzy Subgroups

The properties of the equal height elements of the fuzzy subroups and the classification of groups by its fuzzy subgroups are discussed.

New Majorized Results on Hilbert's Integral Inequality

In this paper, some new majorized results on Hilbert’s integral inequality are showed.

Development of transition condition for region with variable-thickness in isothermal local loading process

Using simple unequal-thickness billet combining isothermal local loading can control the metal flow and improve the cavity fill in manufacturing process of large-scale rib-web titanium alloy component with low cost and short cycle. The beveling transition pattern is well used for variable-thickness region of billet （VTRB） due to its simple and ample range of transition condition. The transition condition development in the local loading process has a significant influence on dynamic boundary of unrestricted portion of VTRB. With the help of reasonable assumptions, a mathematical model of transition condition development was established by theoretical analysis. The predicted results for local loading process of rib-web component using the established model were compared with the numerical and experimental ones, and the results indicated that the model of transition condition development is reasonable. Using the established model could deal with the dynamic boundary of unrestricted portion of VTRB well, and the model is suitable for the analysis of metal flow and cavity fill in local loading process of multi-ribs component.

Generalizations of Several Identities Related to Mercier's

The purpose of this paper is to establish sev eral identities containing Gaussian binomial coefficient. These results generali ze several Mercier's results. Key words:Gaussian binomial coefficient; identity; the functio n A(T,T 2,...,T n)culating eige nvalues of auto-correlation matrix of the physical control force of actuators. T he optimization algorithm calculating the optimal actuator placement is then put forward via the minimization of an energy criterion, which is chosen as the con trol index. Numerical examples show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Representations of the Drazin inverse involving idempotents in a ring

An element a of a ring R is called Drazin invertible if there exists b∈R such that ab =ba,bab =b,and a -a2 b is nilpotent.The element b above is unique if it exists and is denoted as aD .The equivalent conditions of the Drazin inverse involving idempotents in R are established.As applications, some formulae for the Drazin inverse of the difference and the product of idempotents in a ring are given.Hence,a number of results of bounded linear operators in Banach spaces are extended to the ring case.

Precipitation kinetics of NZ30K-Mg alloys based on electrical resistivity measurement

The electrical resistivity of NZ30K-Mg alloy was measured at different heating rates during continuous heating to stud the precipitation kinetics.Two kinds of metastable phases,β＂ and β＇,formed during the heating.Kissinger method and differentia isoconversional method were employed to assess the precipitation kinetic parameters of NZ30K-Mg alloy,activation energy Eα an pre-exponential factor A＇α.The fraction of transformation（α） and the precipitation sequence in NZ30K-Mg alloy were determinec Continuous heating transformation（CHT） and isothermal heating transformation（IHT） diagrams were further obtained for guidin the aging of NZ30K-Mg alloy.The analysis shows that the precipitation kinetic parameters of NZ30K-Mg alloy can be obtaine accurately using isoconversional method.

Shales in the Qiongzhusi and Wufeng–Longmaxi Formations:a rock-physics model and analysis of the effective pore aspect ratio

The shales of the Qiongzhusi Formation and Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations at Sichuan Basin and surrounding areas are presently the most important stratigraphic horizons for shale gas exploration and development in China. However, the regional characteristics of the seismic elastic properties need to be better determined. The ultrasonic velocities of shale samples were measured under dry conditions and the relations between elastic properties and petrology were systemically analyzed. The results suggest that 1） the effective porosity is positively correlated with clay content but negatively correlated with brittle minerals, 2） the dry shale matrix consists of clays, quartz, feldspars, and carbonates, and 3） organic matter and pyrite are in the pore spaces, weakly coupled with the shale matrix. Thus, by assuming that all connected pores are only present in the clay minerals and using the Gassmann substitution method to calculate the elastic effect of organic matter and pyrite in the pores, a relatively simple rock-physics model was constructed by combining the self-consistent approximation （SCA）, the differential effective medium （DEM）, and Gassmann＇s equation. In addition, the effective pore aspect ratio was adopted from the sample averages or estimated from the carbonate content. The proposed model was used to predict the P-wave velocities and generally matched the ultrasonic measurements very well.

Application of fuzzy equivalence theory in data cleaning

This paper presented a rule merging and simplifying method and an improved analysis deviation algorithm. The fuzzy equivalence theory avoids the rigid way (either this or that) of traditional equivalence theory. During a data cleaning process task, some rules exist such as included/being included relations with each other. The equivalence degree of the being-included rule is smaller than that of the including rule, so a rule merging and simplifying method is introduced to reduce the total computing time. And this kind of relation will affect the deviation of fuzzy equivalence degree. An improved analysis deviation algorithm that omits the influence of the included rules' equivalence degree was also presented. Normally the duplicate records are logged in a file, and users have to check and verify them one by one. It's time-cost. The proposed algorithm can save users' labor during duplicate records checking. Finally, an experiment was presented which demonstrates the possibility of the rule.

Layout design for disc cutters based on analysis of TBM cutter-head structure

Studies to date have failed to consider gage disc cutters’variable cutting depth and the constraints of cutter-head welds,and have ignored the coupling mechanism between the profile of the full-face rock tunnel-boring machine(TBM)cutter-head and the assembled radius layout of the disc cutters.To solve these problems,an adaptive design method for studying cutter layout was proposed.Taking the bearing stress of the outermost gage disc cutter as an index,the profile of the cutter-head was determined.Using a genetic algorithm and based on the principles of equal life and equal wear,the assembled radii of the cutters were optimally designed.Boundary conditions of non-interference between the cutters,manholes,muck buckets and welding lines were given when a star layout pattern was used on cutters.The cutter-head comprehensive evaluation model was established by adopting relative optimization improvement degree of evaluation indices to achieve dimensional consistency.Exemplifying the MB264-311-8030 mm tape TBM cutter-head,the calculations show that compared with the original layout scheme,among the 51 disc cutters,the largest gap of the cutters’assembled radiuses is only 25.8 mm,which is 0.64%of the cutter-head’s radius and is negligible.The cutter-head’s unbalanced radial force decreases by 62.41%,the overturning moment decreases by 33.22%,and the cutter group’s centroid shift increases by only 18.48%.Each index is better than or approximately equal to the original cutter-head layout scheme,and the equivalent stress and deformation are both smaller;these results fully verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.

Grading Standards of the Coefficient of Variation in the Electronic Raw Silk Size Testing

In order to shorten the difference between the raw silk size grading standards of the world and that of China, to quicken the step of the electronic raw silk testing process, the distribution of the coefficient of variation (CV50m%) of the raw silk size in the electronic testing and the development of the new standards are studied according to the sampling and grading theory. By the theoretical deduction and the simulating experiments, the distribution of the coefficient of variation of the raw silk size is given, and the grading scheme whose quality index is the coefficient of variation(CV50m%)of the raw silk size and the grading precisions of all grades are proposed. Moreover, the rightness and the feasibility of the grading scheme are testified by the sampling and grading simulation.

THEORETIC RESEARCH ON ROBUSTIFIED LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATOR BASED ON EQUIVALENT VARIANCE-COVARIANCE

Depending on analyzing the abuse of equivalent weights,a set of self-contained theory system on robust estimation based on equivalent variance-covariance is established,which includes ρ function, φ function,equivalent variance-covariance function,influence function and breakdown point.And an example is given to verify that the robust models proposed in this paper are reliable and correct.

An Inequality for Two Simplices

In this paper, we establish a geometric inequality with a parameter and involving two n dimensional simplexes and an interior point, some applications.