“专制”标签:治中国古代政治史宜慎用

在中国古代政治史研究中,谈到国家的政治体制时,带“专制”标签的词汇特别多。这一近代西学狂飙突进叠加清末亡国灭种背景下“达成”的“共识”影响深远,使得相关研究主动或被动地戴上了“专制”的有色眼镜。虽然古代中国语境中的“专制”并非就政体而言,但其所包含的对国家治权的专断独行却与近代作为政体的“专制”具有某种内在的关联性。以肇始于先秦对“专制”的警惕观之,中国后世政治家、思想家对“专制”的排斥态度是可以想见的。直到18世纪中期之前,中国一直是西方学习的模范。中国政治体制“专制”与否的判断转折发生在西方崛起和清王朝统治日趋没落的关键节点上。资本主义势力在全球的大肆扩张,使中国成为其掠夺、打压甚至瓜分灭亡的目标。维新派、留日学生及中国知识分子在“中国专制”标签形成中扮演了瓦解堡垒的内生动力。重议专制话题的目的,不是简单为中国专制平反,而是全面梳理中国古代政治发生发展的规律,总结提炼出中国传统政体性质的准确认知。

An integrated classification method for thematic mapper imagery of plain and highland terrains

The classification of thematic mapper imagery in areas with strong topographic variations has proven problematic in the past using a single classifier, due to the changing sun illumination geometry. This often results in the phenomena of identical object with dissimilar spectrum and different objects with similar spectrum. In this paper, an integrated classification method that combines a decision tree with slope data, tasseled cap transformation indices and maximum likelihood classifier is introduced, to find an optimal classification method for thematic mapper imagery of plain and highland terrains. A Landsat 7 ETM+ image acquired over Hangzhou Bay, in eastern China was used to test the method. The results indicate that the performance of the inte- grated classifier is acceptably good in comparison with that of the existing most widely used maximum likelihood classifier. The integrated classifier depends on hypsography (variation in topography) and the characteristics of ground truth objects (plant and soil). It can greatly reduce the influence of the homogeneous spectrum caused by topographic variation. This integrated classifier might potentially be one of the most accurate classifiers and valuable tool for land cover and land use mapping of plain and highland terrains.