墨家的“类推”思想

墨家学派的创始人——墨子及其学派,在丰富的类推实践基础上,通过对事物间的类同和类异的考察,概括出了推类的称谓,明确了类推重“类比”的逻辑性质,以他们自己的方式和语言全面地阐述了有关推类的思想,并形成了一种完整的理论形态,从而使类推成为中国逻辑传统中居于主导地位的推理类型。但由于墨家的类推是在中国古代特定的社会历史、文化背景下产生的,是在先秦时期“百家争鸣”的政治思想交锋,即“辩”中形成和发展的。因此,它又凸显出服务于政治伦理的价值取向和人文性、语用性的色彩。虽然推类也具有由“所然”进到“未然”的认知形式,但这是它的“弱势”,它的“强势”是描述、论辩、说服。所以,它所探讨的推理形式与思维内容相结合,所阐发的逻辑思想与政治伦理观点相结合,它是带有中国思想、文化、语言特色的中国古代逻辑,亦是墨家推类思想的主要特征。

“类推”与刑法之“禁止类推”原则——一个方法论上的阐释

将法律解释概念作狭义理解 ,具有方法论上的重要意义 ;如此 ,则法律解释方法中并不存在“类推解释”。从“法无明文规定不处罚”的基本要求和“法律解释必须在文义所及的范围内为之”这一命题出发 ,可以认为罪刑法定原则其实不排斥任何一种解释方法。事实上 ,“类推”在刑法领域是被作为法律续造的方法加以禁止的 ,而并非是被作为一种法律解释方法加以禁止。从维护法律确定性和司法统一性的要求出发 ,一切形式的类推在刑事司法中都应当被禁止 ;但是 ,这种主张显然源自于形式意义的罪刑法定和刑法技术主义的绝对观念。在实质意义的罪刑法定原则之下 ,有利于被告的类推应当被允许 ,这是克服刑法形式侧面的缺陷、实现刑法正义的需要。

从《史记》的材料看汉语“数+量+名”格式的来源

关于汉语"数+量+名"格式的来源主要有三种观点:"移位"说、"添加量词"说和"类推"说。《史记》中"数词+个体量词+名词""数词+名词+个体量词""数词+名词""名词+数词"的用例情况,说明"添加量词"说还存在一定的问题;"类推"说是"数词+个体量词+名词"是由"数词+度量衡量词+之+名词"脱落"之"字类推而来,是由已有的"数词+容器量词+名词"格式带动而成。

APPLICATION OF FUZZY INFERENCE IN IDENTIFICATION OF HELICOPTER MODEL

Helicopter mathematical model mainly depends on design helicopter control system, flight simulator, and real time control simulation system. But it is difficult to establish a helicopter flight dynamics mathematical model that has features such as rapidness, reliability and precision, because there is no unique and precise expression to some sophisticated phenomenon of helicopter. In this paper a fuzzy helicopter flight model is constructed based on the flight experimental data. The fuzzy model, which is identified by fuzzy inference, has characteristics of computed rapidness and high precision. In order to guarantee the precision of the identified fuzzy model, a new method is adopted to handle the conflict fuzzy rules. Additionally, using fuzzy clustering technology can effectively reduce the number of rules of fuzzy model, namely, the order of the fuzzy model. The simulation results indicate that the method of this paper is effective and feasible.

Land Cover Classification with Multi-source Data Using Evidential Reasoning Approach

Land cover classification is the core of converting satellite imagery to available geographic data.However,spectral signatures do not always provide enough information in classification decisions.Thus,the application of multi-source data becomes necessary.This paper presents an evidential reasoning (ER) approach to incorporate Landsat TM imagery,altitude and slope data.Results show that multi-source data contribute to the classification accuracy achieved by the ER method,whereas play a negative role to that derived by maximum likelihood classifier (MLC).In comparison to the results derived based on TM imagery alone,the overall accuracy rate of the ER method increases by 7.66% and that of the MLC method decreases by 8.35% when all data sources (TM plus altitude and slope) are accessible.The ER method is regarded as a better approach for multi-source image classification.In addition,the method produces not only an accurate classification result,but also the uncertainty which presents the inherent difficulty in classification decisions.The uncertainty associated to the ER classification image is evaluated and proved to be useful for improved classification accuracy.

Emotional inference by means of Choquet integral and λ-fuzzy measurement in consideration of ambiguity of human mentality

Research on human emotions has started to address psychological aspects of human nature and has advanced to the point of designing various models that represent them quantitatively and systematically. Based on the findings, a method is suggested for emotional space formation and emotional inference that enhance the quality and maximize the reality of emotion-based personalized services. In consideration of the subjective tendencies of individuals, AHP was adopted for the quantitative evaluation of human emotions, based on which an emotional space remodeling method is suggested in reference to the emotional model of Thayer and Plutchik, which takes into account personal emotions. In addition, Sugeno fuzzy inference, fuzzy measures, and Choquet integral were adopted for emotional inference in the remodeled personalized emotional space model. Its performance was evaluated through an experiment. Fourteen cases were analyzed with 4.0 and higher evaluation value of emotions inferred, for the evaluation of emotional similarity, through the case studies of 17 kinds of emotional inference methods. Matching results per inference method in ten cases accounting for 71% are confirmed. It is also found that the remaining two cases are inferred as adjoining emotion in the same section. In this manner, the similarity of inference results is verified.

Automated soil resources mapping based on decision tree and Bayesian predictive modeling

This article presents two approaches for automated building of knowledge bases of soil resources mapping. These methods used decision tree and Bayesian predictive modeling, respectively to generate knowledge from training data. With these methods, building a knowledge base for automated soil mapping is easier than using the conventional knowledge acquisition approach. The knowledge bases built by these two methods were used by the knowledge classifier for soil type classification of the Longyou area, Zhejiang Province, China using TM bi-temporal imageries and GIS data. To evaluate the performance of the resultant knowledge bases, the classification results were compared to existing soil map based on field survey. The accuracy assessment and analysis of the resultant soil maps suggested that the knowledge bases built by these two methods were of good quality for mapping distribution model of soil classes over the study area.

A NON-PARAMETER BAYESIAN CLASSIFIER FOR FACE RECOGNITION

A non-parameter Bayesian classifier based on Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)is presented for face recognition, which can be regarded as a weighted Nearest Neighbor (NN)classifier in formation. The class conditional density is estimated by KDE and the bandwidthof the kernel function is estimated by Expectation Maximum (EM) algorithm. Two subspaceanalysis methods-linear Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Kernel-based PCA (KPCA)are respectively used to extract features, and the proposed method is compared with ProbabilisticReasoning Models (PRM), Nearest Center (NC) and NN classifiers which are widely used in facerecognition systems. The experiments are performed on two benchmarks and the experimentalresults show that the KDE outperforms PRM, NC and NN classifiers.

Applying memetic algorithm-based clustering to recommender system with high sparsity problem

A new recommendation method was presented based on memetic algorithm-based clustering. The proposed method was tested on four highly sparse real-world datasets. Its recommendation performance is evaluated and compared with that of the frequency-based, user-based, item-based, k-means clustering-based, and genetic algorithm-based methods in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score. The results show that the proposed method yields better performance under the new user cold-start problem when each of new active users selects only one or two items into the basket. The average F1 scores on all four datasets are improved by 225.0%, 61.6%, 54.6%, 49.3%, 28.8%, and 6.3% over the frequency-based, user-based, item-based, k-means clustering-based, and two genetic algorithm-based methods, respectively.

Intelligent handoff decision in radio heterogeneous network

Abstract： In order to improve the accuracy of vertical handoff decision for radio heterogeneous network, this paper proposes an intelligent adaptive multi-criteria vertical handoff （AMVHO） decision algorithm. This algo- rithm uses a fuzzy inference system （FIS） and a modified Elman neural network （MENN）. The FIS adopts the crucial criteria of vertical handoff as input variables and makes handoff decision based on the defined rule base. The MENN helps to predict the number of users of the after-handoff network, which is a pivotal variable of the FIS. Simulation results show that, compared with the conventional method, the AMVHO decision algorithm a- chieves better performance in guaranteeing the quality of service （QoS） of the after-handoff communication.

Intramuscular vs intradermal route for hepatitis B booster vaccine in celiac children

AIM： To compare intradermal （ID） and intramuscular （IM） booster doses, which have been used in healthy and high risk subjects, such as healthcare workers, haemodialysis patients, human immunodeficiency virus patients, and renal transplant recipients unresponsive to initial hepatitis B vaccination, in celiac individuals. METHODS： We conducted our study on 58 celiac pa- tients, vaccinated in the first year of life, whose blood analysis had showed the absence of protective hepati- tis B virus （HBV） antibodies. All patients had received the last vaccine injection at least one year before study enrolment and they had been on a gluten free diet for at least 1 year. In all patients we randomly performed an HBV vaccine booster dose by ID or IM route. Thirty celiac patients were revaccinated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine （Engerix B） 2 μg by the ID route, while 28 celiac patients were revaccinated with Engerix B 10 μg by the IM route. Four weeks after every boost- er dose, the anti-hepatitis B surface （HBs） antibody titer was measured by an enzyme-linked immune- adsorbent assay. We performed a maximum of three booster doses in patients with no anti-HBs antibodies after the first or the second vaccine dose. The cut off value for a negative anti-HBs antibody titer was 10 IU/L.Patients with values between 10 and 100 IU/L were considered ＂low responders＂ while patients with an antibody titer higher than 1000 IU/L were considered ＂high responders＂. RESULTS： No significant difference in age, gender, du- ration of illness, and years of gluten intake was found between the two groups. We found a high percent- age of ＂responders＂ after the first booster dose （ID = 76.7%, IM = 78.6%） and a greater increase after the third dose （ID = 90%, IM = 96.4%） of vaccine in both groups. Mloreover we found a significantly higher num- ber of high responders （with an anti-HBs antibody titer 〉 1000 IU/L） in the ID （40%） than in the IM （7.1%） group, and this difference was evident after the first booster dose of vaccination （P 〈 0.01）. No side effects were recorded in performing delivery of the vaccine by either the ID or IM route. CONCLUSION： Our study suggests that both ID and IM routes are effective and safe options to administer a booster dose of HBV vaccine in celiac patients. Howev- er the ID route seems to achieve a greater number of high responders and to have a better cost/benefit ratio.

Ask Me Any Type:Type Inference Plugin for Partial Code on the Web and in the Integrated Development Environment

Inferring the fully qualified names(FQNs)of undeclared receiving objects and non-fully-qualified type names(non-FQNs)in partial code is critical for effectively searching,understanding,and reusing partial code.Existing type inference tools,such as COSTER and SNR,rely on a symbolic knowledge base and adopt a dictionary-lookup strategy to map simple names of undeclared receiving objects and non-FQNs to FQNs.However,building a symbolic knowledge base requires parsing compilable code files,which limits the collection of APIs and code contexts,resulting in out-of-vocabulary(OOV)failures.To overcome the limitations of a symbolic knowledge base for FQN inference,we implemented Ask Me Any Type(AMAT),a type of inference plugin embedded in web browsers and integrated development environment(IDE).Unlike the dictionary-lookup strategy,AMAT uses a cloze-style fill-in-the-blank strategy for type inference.By treating code as text,AMAT leverages a fine-tuned large language model(LLM)as a neural knowledge base,thereby preventing the need for code compilation.Experimental results show that AMAT outperforms state-of-the-art tools such as COSTER and SNR.In practice,developers can directly reuse partial code by inferring the FQNs of unresolved type names in real time.

Study on the antipyretic effect of pushing Tianheshui in young rabbits: focus on the α-MSH-mediated cAMP/PKA/NF-κB signaling pathway

Objective:To explore the antipyretic effect and partial mechanism of the pushing Tianheshui manipulation on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced fever in young New Zealand rabbits.Methods:Thirty 50-day-old New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to five groups,including a normal group,a model group,a Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage)group,a Tuina control group,and a drug group,with 6 rabbits in each group.All groups except for the normal group received LPS injections through the marginal ear vein to induce fever.One hour post-modeling,the Tuina and Tuina control groups received pushing Tianheshui manipulation and pushing manipulation on the medial middle of the hind limbs,respectively,administered every hour for a total of 3 interventions.The drug group was given acetaminophen oral liquid via gavage.Anal temperature was recorded every 30 min for 4.0 h to monitor temperature changes among groups.At 4.0 h post-modeling,hypothalamus samples from each group were analyzed using Western blotting(WB)and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)to measure the relative expression levels ofα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone(α-MSH),melanocortin 4 receptor(MC4R),cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP),protein kinase A(PKA),nuclear factor-κB p65(NF-κB p65),and interleukin(IL)-1βproteins and their mRNAs.Results:Compared to the model group,the Tuina group showed a significant reduction in the anal temperature from 3.5 h to 4.0 h post-modeling(P<0.05).The Tuina control group did not show a significant temperature reduction from 0.5 h to 4.0 h post-modeling(P>0.05).The drug group exhibited a significant temperature reduction from 1.5 h to 4.0 h post-modeling(P<0.05).At 4.0 h post-modeling,compared to the model group,the Tuina group showed significantly increased relative expression ofα-MSH and MC4R proteins and mRNAs(P<0.05)and significantly decreased relative expression of cAMP,PKA,NF-κB p65,and IL-1βproteins and mRNAs in the hypothalamus tissue(P<0.05).No significant differences were observed in these parameters in the Tuina control group compared to the model group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Pushing Tianheshui manipulation demonstrated a significant antipyretic effect,potentially linked to point specificity.Its mechanism may involve theα-MSH-mediated cAMP/PKA/NF-κB pathway.

Discussion on the application principle of tuina manipulations for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in Chinese literatures in recent 30 years

Objective: To discuss the application principle in tuina manipulation for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LIDH) in Chinese literatures published in recent 30 years. Methods: The three major Chinese databases, Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database (Wanfang), Chongqing VIP Database (CQVIP) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), were searched to collect the studies of tuina man ipulati ons in treatment of LIDH published in rece nt 30 years. Clusteri ng an alysis was applied to an a lyze the top 20 tuina manipulati ons for LIDH. Results: The top 20 most frequently used manipulations for LIDH were Gun-rolling, Rou-kneading, Dian-digital pressing, oblique Ban-pulli ng, An-pressi ng, Tan bo-plucki ng,*Bashe rvpulli ng and exte nding, horiz on tai Tui-pushi ng, Na-graspi ng, Anrou-pressing and kneading, Dou-shaking, Yao-rocking, Ca-scrubbing, Pai-patting, post-extension Ban-pulling, Mo-rubbing, Zhen-vibrating, Nie-pinching, fist-back Ji-tapping, and dorsal Shen-extending methods. The involved manipulations can be divided into two categories by the treated body areas. One category is applied to the soft tissues, including Gun-rolling, Rou-k neading, Dian-digital pressi ng, An-pressi ng, Tan bo-plucking, horiz ontal Tui-pushi ng, Na-graspi ng, An rou-pressi ng and kneading, Ca-scrubbing, Pai-patting, Mo-rubbing, Zhervvibrating, Nie-pinching, and fist-back Ji-tapping methods. The other category is applied to bones and joints, including oblique Ban-pulling, Bashen-pulling and extending, Dou-shaking, Yao-rocking, post-extension Ban-pulling, and dorsal Shen-extending methods. Conclusion: Based on the treated body area, the tuina manipulations applied to treat LIDH are predominated by the ones performed on soft tissues, assisted by those on bones and joints. From the way of force exertion, the involved manipulations are majorly the swinging methods, followed by squeezing and pressing ones. The manipulations applied to bones and joints are predominated by the Ban-pulling ones, followed by the Bashepulling and extending ones.

On Connes' trace formula for the Hankel transformation of order-1/2

A local Hankel transformation of order 1/2 is defined for every finite place of the field of rational numbers.Its inversion formula and the Plancherel type theorem are obtained.A Connes type trace formula is given for each local Hankel transformation of order 1/2.An S-local Connes type trace formula is derived for the S-local Hankel transformation of order 1/2.These formulas are generalizations of Connes' corresponding trace formulas in 1999.

Therapeutic massage for knee osteoarthritis:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic massage(tuina)for treating knee osteoarthritis(KOA).Methods:Six English and Chinese databases,including Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database(Wanfang),Chongqing VIP Database(CQV1P),China Biology Medicine Disc(CBM),Cochrane Library and PubMed databases,were independently searched to identify appropriate randomized controlled trials(RCTs)studying therapeutic massage for KOA compared to oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAlDs)alone.The main outcome measures were total effectiveness and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index(WOMAC)score.Results:A total of 8 RCTs were included and they were of average quality.The results showed that therapeutic massage was more effective than NSAlDs comparing total effectiveness[risk ratio(RR)=1.14,95%confidence interval(CI)(1.07,1.21),P<0.0001];compared with NSAlDs,therapeutic massage produced more significant improvements in pain[mean difference(MD)=-2.06,95%CI(-2.75,-1.36),P<0.00001],stiffness intensity[MD=-0.90,95%CI(-1.05,-0.75),P<0.00001]and joint function[MD=-12.48/95%CI(-13.91,-11.05),P<0.00001].Con elusion:Therapeutic massage was more effective than oral NSAlDs in treati ng KOA.In relieving pain and stiffness and improving the function of knee joint,therapeutic massage was superior to NSAIDs.