“双创”背景下“精准农业”教学改革分析

农业是我国社会经济现代化发展的基础,在新时代的教学改革发展中,许多高校教师已经开始将“传统农业”教学转变为“精准农业”教学模式,帮助学生从现实的角度看问题。就目前的教学形势来看,教师需要以“双创”作为基础背景,探究“精准农业”教学改革的现实依据,采取科学、合理的教学方法,给予学生适当的引导,使其能够在学习实践中不断提高自身的综合能力,减少现代化教学中产生的问题。

基于GIS的精准农业信息流分析方法研究

"精准农业"是基于农田内空间差异性信息和现代科学技术的作物生产管理系统。地理信息系统(GIS)是"精准农业"技术实践中的关键技术之一,它通过与GPS的结合,获取农田内空间差异性信息,建立农田环境要素信息数据库,运用GIS的各项功能对环境要素数据进行转换、处理和分析,最后形成各种指导农业生产的处方图形。该文以上海精准农业示范区为例,分析农田环境要素信息在GIS中的流动过程,信息流动主要环节的技术实现;空间插值方法是精准农业技术实现的重要方法,该文对常用于农田环境要素的空间插值方法做了初步研究。

发达国家兴起“精准农业”

目前,国外一些发达国家正在将电脑、全球定位系统和遥感遥测等高新技术应用于农业生产,建立起一种新的农业模式——精准农业。精准农业的主要特点是精确施肥、精确估产。

The Model of Poverty Alleviation and Income Growth by Developing Plateau-characterized Agriculture and Its Achievements Analysis in Yunnan Province——a Case Study in Midu County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture

The policy of taking the targeted poverty alleviation measures has been the mission of the age in propelling the 13th Five-year Plan and building moderately prosperous society. A good poverty alleviation model is of significance for the goal. The research introduced a poverty-stricken county-Midu County, Dali Bai Au- tonomous Prefecture, analyzed the basic approaches and the main achievements of ＂the model of poverty alleviation and income growth by developing plateau-charac- terized agriculture＂, and proposed some suggestions to promoting and applying this model. The research provides references for plateau-characterized agricultural devel- opment and targeted poverty alleviation strategy.

Design of Wireless Multi-media Sensor Network for Precision Agriculture

To satisfy the needs of modem pre-cision agriculture, a Precision Agriculture Sensing System （PASS） is designed, which is based on wireless multimedia sensor network. Both hardware and software of PASS are tai-lored for sensing in wide farmland without human supervision. A dedicated single-chip sensor node platform is designed specially for wireless multi-media sensor network. To guarantee the bulky data transmission, a bit-map index reliable data transmission mecha-nism is proposed. And a battery-array switch-ing system is design to power the sensor node to elongate the lifetime. The effectiveness and performance of PASS have been evaluated through comprehensive experiments and large-scale real-life deployment.

GIS-Supported Precision Agricultural Fertilization Management at Small Scale

Precision agricultural fertilization technique at small scale is the key for regional cultivated land protection and management. Taking Dingzhuang Town (located in Guangrao County, Shandong Province) as a case study, this article explores the precision agricultural fertilization technique at small scale. First, three main cropping systems are identified via field investigation, namely "wheat–maize–soybean", "garlic–maize" and "cotton". Then, application amount of fertilizer N, P and K under the three cropping systems is calculated on the parameters acquired through field experiment, using nutrient balance approach on the support of geographic information system technique. The results indicate that, precision agricultural fertilization technique at small scale take on different characteristics compared with that at larger scale. The spatial distribution of soil nutrients in Dingzhuang Town is out of equilibrium, and huge amount fertilizer is needed to satisfy local agricultural production. There is huge distinction of fertilizer ap- plication amount under different cropping systems. The demand of fertilizer amount under "wheat–maize–soybean" system is larger than that under "garlic–maize" and "cotton" systems. This study can provide theories and principles for regional precision agricul- tural fertilization management.

The Issue of Precision Agriculture in International Trade： An Analysis in Terms of Subsidies

At the present time, world agriculture is influenced by a set of new technologies grouped under the generic name of precision agriculture （PA）. Based on a study of the cotton sector, this article examines the effects of adopting PA with regard to international trade. We examine whether PA can contribute to the further destabilization of the terms of trade between countries in Central and West Africa （CWA） and Northern countries. We show that PA can be used by Northern countries at the expense of CWA, since it is used to implement strategic commercial policies based on subsidies. These policies are made more credible by the fact that international authorities cannot easily condemn them.

Probability and Statistical Error of Soil Sampling on Patches Assimilated during Delineation of Precision Farming Management Zones

When precision fanning management zones （MZs） are delineated in an agricultural field for precision nutrient management, unsupervised classification and cluster analysis procedures using remote sensing image analysis software are performed. These unsupervised classification and cluster analysis procedures are performed on the basis of the assumption that grouping of data points into naturally occurring clusters reduces within zone variability. The problem is that, there are small patches of different soil types within each management zone that are regarded as insignificant by the farmer, and are assimilated within larger MZs. These will consequently make soils within a management zone to be inhomogeneous. The objective of this study was to determine the probability of soil sampling occurrences on patches assimilated during delineation of MZs after a cluster analysis was performed. The study was conducted on a 5.0 ha （25°05′34.46″ S and 28°18′30.01″ E） and a 24.4 ha （23°59′04.61″ S and 28°52′29.43″ E） fields in the Waterberg District of the Limpopo Province in South Africa. A bare-soil high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery of a conventionally tilled agricultural field was used to develop MZs in the field. Soils were sampled using systematic unaligned sampling on a 35.0 m and 30.0 m grids for the 24.4 ha and 5.0 ha fields, respectively. Probabilities were calculated based on percentage area assimilated during the cluster analysis procedure that was performed using remote sensing image analysis software. The results indicated that in the 24.4 ha field there were 2.5 ha patches of high and medium zones that were assimilated within the low zone, and thus making low zones non-homogeneous. After cluster analysis and assimilation of patches, the low zone in the 24.4 ha field increased by 45.5% （2.5 ha） while the high zone was 16.4% （2.4 ha） smaller in size. In the smaller field of 5.0 ha, the high zone, which was originally 3.20 ha, lost 0.37 ha （11.6%）, which was assimilated in either low or medium zone. The study indicates that unequal probability proportional to size sampling could be used to minimize error when sampling across precision farming MZs because typically the low, medium and high MZs are not of equal size and do not contribute equally towards the mean values of soil samples.

Land Leveling with Modern Machinery for the Implementation of Agricultural Activities in Greece

Incorporating modem and advanced technology （various electronic devices） to excavational machinery led to become more efficient, better quality and cost effective. The continuous development of equipment is also very important in the earth moving procedures which require significant time and expense to achieve the so-called ＂precision agriculture＂ or rather ＂precise management of agricultural inputs＂. One of the ＂precision agricultural＂ works is the land leveling. In recent years, land leveling is done with the use of a scraper （blade） mounted on the agricultural tractor. An electronic system controls the height of the blade automatically, without any operator intervention. In this paper, the field efficiency of the tractor MF6290, of 135 Hp horsepower, is calculated with a leveling blade of 4 m width, in the land leveling of rice cultivation, and in the rotation of different crops in different land preparation conditions （initial and final slope） in the area of Thessaloniki, northern Greece. The raw data revealed that the performance of the tractor ranged from 0.402 to 0.82 lha/h, on a slope 0%, while for surfaces with different initial and final slope, it ranged from 0.107 to 0.118 ha/h.

Ergonomic Aspects of Operation of IT Systems in Precision Agriculture

The operation of IT systems is a sine qua non condition in precision agriculture. In the traditional approach, professional competencies of a farmer comprise the ability to operate machines and technical equipment in production technologies for biological raw materials. Precision agriculture increases this range of professional competencies with the ability to use computer IT systems that are complex and, by their very nature, much differing in their content and scope from typical farming knowledge. The ergonomic problem can be brought down to determination whether the operation of IT systems in precision agriculture is adjusted to the predispositions, needs and skills of the farmers. Generally, in the IT system of precision agriculture, three phases can be differentiated： data collection, processing and application. To what extent should they be operated by the farmer, and to what extent by the IT specialist, is the problem that determines effective functioning of precision farming. The ergonomic assessment of some software for equipment operation, generation of harvesting maps and applications points to： （1） the need for standardisation in construction and operation of IT systems; （2） the division of the function-farmer and IT specialist （e.g. from an agriculture consulting institution） in the precision agriculture system.

Application of computer technology in fruit science

This paper summarized the application of computer technology in fruit science, including crop modelling, expert system, decision support system (DSS), computer vision (CV), the Internet, 3 “S”technology, etc. The existing problems and prospects are also discussed in the paper.