“织物组织学”课程虚拟仿真实验教学建设与实践

为提高纺织工程专业学生的设计思维及解决复杂工程技术问题的能力,进一步适应专业实践教学发展的需要,“织物组织学”课程在实验教学环节进行了虚拟仿真实验技术的创新。从课程实验体系、实验教学内容、实验教学方法、实验考核评价等方面进行改革,课程实践环节将虚拟仿真实验项目与实物实验项目相结合,通过虚拟仿真技术促进学生的实践学习。课程改革取得了一定成效,学生的创新思维能力及工程实践能力得到显著提升。

COX-2 expression in gastric cancer and its relationship with angiogenesis using tissue microarray

AIM: To explore the expression and clinicopathological significance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microvessel density (MVD) in gastric carcinogenesis, and to investigate their roles in the invasion and the relationship between biological behaviors and prognosis of gastric cancer. METHODS: Using Envision immunohistochemistry, COX-2 and CD34 expressions in gastric cancer tissue array were examined. MVD was counted and the relationship between the biological behaviors and prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS: The expression of COX-2 in gastric cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa (χ2 = 12.191, P < 0.05). The over-expression of COX-2 in gastric cancer was obviously related to metastasis and depth of invasion (χ2 = 6.315, P < 0.05), but not related to the histological type and Borrmann type (χ2 = 5.391 and χ2 = 2.228, respectively). Moreover, MVD in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in the normal mucosa (65.49 ± 20.64 vs 36.21 ± 18.47, t/F = 7.53, P < 0. 05). MVD was related to the histologic type and metastasis (t/F = 3.68 and t/F = 4.214, respectively, P < 0. 05), but not related to the depth of invasion and Borrmann type (t/F = 0.583 and t/F = 0.459, respectively). MVD in COX-2-positive tissues was markedly higher compared to COX-2-negative tissues, indicating a positive correlation between COX-2 expression and MVD (t = 13.12, P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: Tissue microarray (TMA) is a powerful tool for rapid identifi cation of the molecular alterations in gastric cancer. COX-2 expression, via inducingangiogenesis, may play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. It could be served as a determinant factor for clinical prognosis and curative effect.

DEC1 nuclear expression:A marker of differentiation grade in hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the expression patterns of human differentiated embryo chondrocyte 1 (DEC1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and corresponding adjacent non-tumor and the normal liver tissues, the association between DEC1 expression and histopathological variables and the role of DEC1 in hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS: The expression of DEC1 was detected immunohistochemically in 176 paraffin-embedded sections from 63 patients with HCC and 50 subjects with normal liver tissues. RESULTS: DEC1 protein was persistently expressed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in normal liver and HCC tissues. Compared with adjacent non-tumor liver tissues, HCC tissues showed high nuclear expression of DEC1 protein. However, high DEC1 nuclear expression was more frequently detected in well-differentiated (83.3%) than in moderately (27.3%) and poorly differentiated HCC (16.7%). Low DEC1 expression was associated with poor histological differentiation and malignancy progression. A correlation was found between the nuclear expression of DEC1 protein and histological differentiation (r = 0.376, P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: DEC1 is expressed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and because nuclear DEC1 expression is decreased with decreasing differentiation status of HCC, nuclear DEC1 might be a marker of HCC differentiation.

Expression transformation of claudin-1 in the process of gastric adenocarcinoma invasion

AIM: To investigate the relation of expression transfor-mation of claudin-1 with invasiveness and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. METHODS: By using immunohistochemistry, expres-sion of claudin-1 in mucosa and invasive front of 136 gastric adenocarcinoma cases and proliferative index (Ki-67) were detected and analyzed. RESULTS: In mucosa, the claudin-1 over-expression rate of mucinous adenocarcinomas (including signet-ring cell carcinomas) was the highest. It was nega-tively related with the differentiation but positively related with the invasiveness and metastasis of gastric cancer. In invasive front, the claudin-1 over-expression rate was positively related with the differentiation, in-vasiveness and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. The expression transformation of claudin-1 was found in gastric carcinoma. The expression of claudin-1 in inva-sive front was transformed in 28/136 gastric carcinoma cases. The transformation rate in highly differentiated tubular adenocarcinomas was the highest (51.5%, 17/33). The deeper was the invasiveness, the higher was the transformation rate. The claudin-1 expression transformation rate in serosa and omenta was signifi -cantly higher (92.9%) than in tunica muscularis of in-vasive gastric cancer cases, as well as in patients withlymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: Up-regulation of claudin-1 expres-sion and its transformation in invasive and metastatic gastric carcinoma suggest that claudin-1 participates in the transformation of biological behaviors in neo-plasms. Further study is needed to elucidate the pre-cise mechanism and the relation of claudin-1 expres-sion with the neoplasm progress.

Immunohistochemical analysis of p53,cyclinD1,RB1,c-fos and N-ras gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma in Iran

AIM： TO study the effect of some genes especially those involved in cell cycle regulation on hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS： Paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 25 patients （18 males and 7 females） with hepatocellular carcinoma were collected from 22 pathology centers in Tehran during 2000-2001, and stained using immunohistochemistry method （avidin-biotin-peroxidase） for detection of p53, cyclinD1, RB1, c-los and N-ras proteins. RESULTS： Six （24%）, 5 （20%）, 12 （48%） and 2 samples （8%） were positive for p53, cyclinDl, C-los and N-ras expression, respectively. Twenty-two （88%） samples had alterations in the （31 cell-cycle checkpoint protein expression （RBI or cyclinD1）. P53 positive samples showed a higher （9 times） risk of being positive for RBI protein than p53 negative samples. Loss of expression of RBI in association with p53 over-expression was observed in 4 （66.7%） of 6 samples. Loss of expression of RBI was seen in all cyclinD1 positive, 20 （90.9%） N-ras negative, and ii （50%） C-fos positive samples, respectively. CyclinD1 positive samples showed a higher （2.85 and 4.75 times） risk of being positive for c-los and N-ras expression than cyclinD1 negative samples. CONCLUSION： The expression of p53, RB1 and c-los genes appears to have a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Iran. Simultaneous overexpression of these genes is significantly associated with their loss of expression during development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy for diagnosis of pancreatic masses

AIM： To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of histological evaluation of pancreatic tissue samples obtained by a modified method for recovering and processing the endoscopic ultrasound （EUS）-guided fine needle aspiration （FNA） material in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic solid masses. METHODS： Sixty-two consecutive patients with pancreatic masses were prospectively studied. EUS was performed by the linear scanning Pentax FG-38UX echoendoscope. Three FNAs （22G needle） were carried out during each procedure. The materials obtained with first and second punctures were processed for cytological study. Haterials of the third puncture were recovered into 10% formol solution by careful injection of saline solution through the needle, and processed for histological study. RESULTS： Length of the core specimen obtained for histological analysis was 6.5±5.3 mm （range 1-22 mm）. Cytological and histological samples were considered as adequate in 51 （82.3%） and 52 cases （83.9%）, respectively. Overall sensitivity of both pancreatic cytology and histology for diagnosis of malignancy was 68.4%. Conbary to cytology, histology was able to diagnose tumours other than adenocarcinomas, and all cases of inflammatory masses. Combination of cytology and histology allowed obtaining an adequate sample in 56 cases （90.3%）, with a global sensitivity of 84.21%, specificity of 100% and an overall accuracy of 90.32%. The complication rate was 1.6%.CONCLUSION： Adequate pancreatic core specimens for histological examination can be obtained by EUS-guided FNA. This technique is mainly useful for the diagnosis of different types of pancreatic tumours and evaluation of benign diseases.

Liver histology in ICU patients dying from sepsis:A clinico-pathological study

AIM:To determine end-stage pathologic changes in the liver of septic patients dying in the intensive care unit. METHODS: Needle liver biopsies obtained immediately after death from 15 consecutive patients with sepsis and no underlying liver disease were subjected to routine histological examination. Liver function tests and clinical monitoring measurements were also recorded. RESULTS: Liver biochemistries were increased in the majority of patients before death. Histology of liver bi- opsy specimens showed portal inflammation in 73.3%, centrilobular necrosis in 80%, lobular inflammation in 66.7%, hepatocellular apoptosis in 66.6% and cholan- gitis/cholangiolitis in 20% of patients. Mixed hepatitic/ cholestatic type of liver injury was observed in 6/15 (40%) patients and hepatitc in 9/15 (60%). Steatosis was ob- served in 11/15 (73.3%) patients affecting 5%-80% of liver parenchyma. Among the histological features, the presence of portal inflammation in liver biopsy was as- sociated with increased hospitalization in the ICU prior death (P = 0.026). CONCLUSION: Features of hepatitis and steatosis arethe main histological findings in the liver in the majority of patients dying from sepsis.

Granular cell tumor of the cecum with extensive hyalinization and calcification:A case report

A granular cell tumor (GCT) is a benign neoplasm of unclear histogenesis that is generally believed to be of nerve sheath origin.GCT is not common and most often affects the tongue,skin and soft tissue,although it may occur anywhere in the body.We experienced a case of GCT that arose in the cecum of a 55-yearold man.The GCT was removed by laparoscopic resection.In addition to the tumor,endoscopic examination revealed the presence of a 5-mm-polyp in the descending colon and multiple tiny polyps in the sigmoid colon and rectum.Histological examination demonstrated a cecal tumor 1.5 cm × 1.0 cm × 0.7 cm with a hard consistency;in cut sections,mixed cells with yellowish and whitish portions were seen.The tumor was located between the mucosa and subserosa,and was composed of plump histiocyte-like tumor cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm,which were immunoreactive for S-100 protein,vimentin,neuron-specific enolase,inhibin-α and calretinin.The tumor showed extensive hyalinization and focal dystrophic calcification.Immunohistochemical profiles did not confirm any particular cell type for the histogenetic origin of the GCT,including a nerve sheath origin.Extensive hyalinization and calcifi cation showing involution of tumor cells suggest benign clinical behavior of GCT.

Littoral-cell angioma of the spleen:a case report

Littoral-cell angioma(LCA), a primary angioma which clinically belongs to splenic hemangioma, can be mostly found in normal spleen red sinus shore cells of reticuloendothelial cell system. The cells of LCA strongly express endothelial and tissue cell associated antigens that indicate a dual differentiation characteristic; whereas only endothelial cell markers are positive in normal spleen red sinus shore cells. Diagnosis of LCA relies on histopathology. Regular follow-up is needed to monitor recurrence and metastasis.

Survey of molecular profiling during human colon cancer development and progression by immunohistochemical staining on tissue microarray

AIM： To explore the molecular events taking place during human colon cancer development and progression through high-throughput tissue microarray analysis. METHODS： We constructed two separate tissue microarrays containing 1.0 mm or 1.5 mm cylindrical samples acquired from 112 formalin-fixed and paraffinembedded blocks, including carcinomas （n = 85）, adenomatous polyps （n = 18）, as well as normal paracancerous colon tissues （n = 9）. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to the analysis of the consecutive tissue microarray sections with antibodies for 11 different proteins, including p53, p21, bcl-2, bax, cyclin D1, PTEN, p-Aktl, β-catenin, c-myc, nm23-h1 and Cox-2. RESULTS： The protein expressions of p53, bcl-2, bax, cyclin D1, β-catenin, c-myc, Cox-2 and nm23-h1 varied significantly among tissues from cancer, adenomatous polyps and normal colon mucosa （P = 0.003, P = 0.001, P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.034, P = 0.003, P = 0.002, and P = 0.007, respectively）. Chi-square analysis showed that the statistically significant variables were p53, p21, bax, β-catenin, c-myc, PTEN, p-Aktl, Cox-2 and nm23-h1 for histological grade （P = 0.005, P = 0.013, P = 0.044, P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.029, P = 0.000, P = 0.008, and P = 0.000, respectively）, β-catenin, comyc and p-Akt1 for lymph node metastasis （P = 0.011, P =0.005, and P = 0.032, respectively）, β-catenin, c-myc, Cox-2 and nm23-h1 for distance metastasis （P = 0.020, P = 0.000, P = 0.026, and P = 0.008, respectively）, and cyclin D1, β-catenin, c-myc, Cox-2 and nm23h1 for clinical stages （P = 0.038, P = 0.008, P = 0.000, P = 0.016, and P = 0.014, respectively）. CONCLUSION： Tissue microarray immunohistochemical staining enables high-throughput analysis of genetic alterations contributing to human colon cancer development and progression. Our results implicate the potential roles of p53, cyclin D1, bcl-2, bax, Cox-2, β-catenin and c-myc in development of human colon cancer and that of bcl-2, nm23-h1, PTEN and p-Akt1 in progression of human colon cancer.

Association of overexpression of TIF1γ with colorectal carcinogenesis and advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma

AIM:To determine the expression and clinical significance of transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma (TIF1γ),Smad4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβR) across a spectrum representing colorectal cancer (CRC) development.METHODS:Tissue microarrays were prepared from archival paraffin embedded tissue,including 51 colorectal carcinomas,25 tubular adenomas (TA) and 26 HPs,each with matched normal colonic epithelium.Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against TIF1γ,Smad4 and TGFβ RⅡ.The levels of expression were scored semi-quantitatively (score 0-3 or loss and retention for Smad4).RESULTS:Overexpression of TIF1γ was detected in 5/26 (19%) HP;however,it was seen in a significantly higher proportion of neoplasms,15/25 (60%) TAs and 24/51 (47%) CRCs (P<0.05).Normal colonic mucosa,HP,and TAs showed strong Smad4 expression,while its expression was absent in 22/51 (43%) CRCs.Over-expression of TGFβ RⅡ was more commonly seen in neoplasms,13/25 (52%) TAs and 29/51 (57%) CRCs compared to 9/26 (35%) HP (P<0.05).Furthermore,there was a correlation between TIF1γ overexpression and Smad4 loss in CRC (Kendall tau rank correlation value=0.35,P<0.05).The levels of TIF1γ overexpression were significantly higher in stage Ⅲ than in stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ CRC (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The findings suggest that over-expression of TIF1γ occurs in early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis,is inversely related with Smad4 loss,and may be a prognostic indicator for poor outcome.

Clinicopathologic significance of HER-2/neu protein expression and gene amplification in gastric carcinoma

AIM:To study the HER-2/neu protein expression and gene amplification in gastric carcinoma and their relation.METHODS:One hundred and forty-five formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples from Chinese gastric carcinoma patients were studied with immunohistochemistry(IHC)and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)methods.Clinicopathologic data about all patients were collected.RESULTS:The levels of HER-2 3+,HER-2 2+and HER21+were measurable in 6.9%,8.3%and 17.2%of the samples,respectively.No HER-2 was stained in 67.6% of the samples.FISH showed that HER-2 gene was amplified in 18 samples,10 HER-2 3+samples,5 HER-2 2+samples,and 3 HER-2 1+samples with IHC staining.HER-2 status was not correlated with the sex and age of patients,and tumor size,location or differentiation,but with the depth of invasion,TNM stage,lymph node and distant metastasis as well as histopathological classification of gastric cancer(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:All samples with IHC as HER-2 expression should be analyzed with FISH.Detection of HER-2 gene amplification can assess the malignant biological behaviors and prognosis of gastric cancer.

Expression of COX-2, PCNA, Ki-67 and p53 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and its relationship with histopathological parameters

AIM: To investigate the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67 and p53 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and its relationship with histopathological parameters. METHODS: Twenty-five GISTs were examined by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. c-kit, CD34, SMA, S-100 protein, COX-2, PCNA, Ki-67 and p53 were detected immunohistochemically and the relationship was evaluated among histopathologic parameters such as mitotic index (MI), tumor grade, tumor size, COX-2, PCNA, Ki-67 and p53. RESULTS: COX-2 protein expression was found in 19 of 25 (76%) of the tumors, and expression was noted in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. p53 was significantly related to MI and tumor grade but no relationship was found between COX-2, proliferation markers and MI, tumor grade and tumor size. CONCLUSION: COX-2 is expressed in most GISTs and it may play an important role in the proliferation and progression of these tumors or a useful marker to identify GIST. Although immunohistochemical assessment of p53 can be used for distinguishing the risk groups of GISTs, tumor size and mitotic rate should be considered at the same time.

Distribution of Bacteria Injected in Body of Giant Black Shrimp, Penaeus Monodon

Distribution of injected Vibrio anguillarum in body of Penaeus monodon was studied with immunohistochemical method. Bacteria could be detected throughout the experiment in some individuals; however in lymphoid tissue, gill, heart and haemolymph of all vibrio injected shrimp, the bacteria could be observed only 5 min after injection. The bacteria density in haemolymph, haemolymph of the hepatopancreas and gills decreased with time. In the lymphoid organ and heart, the bacteria density was the highest 48 h after injection, then decreased. Nodules could be formed in the heart, lymphoid organ and injection site.

Tumor budding as a potential histopathological biomarker in colorectal cancer:Hype or hope?

Colorectal cancer （CRC）, the third most commonly di- agnosed type of cancer in men and women worldwide is recognized as a complex multi-pathway disease, an observation sustained by the fact that histologically identical tumors may have different outcome, including various response to therapy. Therefore, particularly in early and intermediate stage （stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respec- tively） CRC, there is a compelling need for biomarkers helpful of selecting patients with aggressive disease that might benefit from adjuvant and targeted therapy. Histopathological examination shows that likely other solid tumors the development and progression of hu- man CRC is not only determined by genetically abnor- mal cells, but also by intricate interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding microenvironment. This has led to reconsider the features of tumor mi- croenvironment as potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers. Among the histopathological biomarkers, tumor budding （i.e., the presence of individual cells and small clusters of tumor cells at the tumor invasive front）has received much recent attention, particularly in the setting of CRC. Although its acceptance as a reportable factor has been held back by a lack of uniformity with respect to qualitative and quantitative aspects, tumor budding is now considered as an independent adverse prognostic factor in CRC that may allow for stratifica- tion of patients into risk categories more meaningful than those defined by tumor-node-metastasis staging alone, and also potentially guide treatment decisions, especially in T2-T3 NO （stage Ⅱ） CRCs.

The Gastric Shield and the Underlying Epithelium of Chlamys Farreri:Morphological, Histological and Histochemical Characterizations

The gastric shield and underlying stomach epithelium of Chlymas farreri were examined at the light and ultrastructural levels. The results showed that the gastric shield consisted of two different size lobes joined together by a narrow middle piece, the thicker lobe was shaped like a funnel, but unclosed at the lateral side; the other lobe was irregularly triangular-shaped. The transverse section of the thicker lobe was obviously laminated and gradually decreased in thickness from the peak to the margins of the shield. The underlying epithelium bore numerous about 3μm diameter spherical processes formed by the apical plasmalemma of the epithelial cells becoming blunt pseudopodia. Microvilli and some interspersed cilia were present in the areas among the spherical processes regions where only microvilli existed. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, different-sized electron-dense secretory granules and electron-lucent vacuoles as well as abundant mitochondria were present in the underlying epithelial cells. Fused droplets of the secretion from the underlying epithelial cells formed the gastric shield.

Vasculogenic mimicry formation in hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective： To explore possibility of vasculogenic mimicry （VM） in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） by constructing tumor cell three-dimensional culture system and liver cancer tissues. Methods： Based on three-dimensional cell culture system developed by matrigel, liver cancer cell lines HepG2 were tested for evidence of VM. Fifteen HCC simples were collected. Potential formation of tumor channels and their characterization of network were observed by immunohistochemical and histological double staining of CD31 and PAS, or Ferritin and PAS. Results： Three-dimensional culture model of HCC cell line proved the liver cancer cells stretch out thin and long tubers at the second day, and the cells linked each other to form wreath and network structure at the seventh day. In fifteen HCC simples, endothelial cells were all stained by CD31, and tumor cells were all stained by Ferritin. The immunohistochemical and histological double staining also exhibited evidence of VM in seven simples of HCC, CD31-negative and Ferritin-positive tumor cells were observed to form tubal structure. Tumor cells were separated by PAS-positive matter like basement membrane from the tube. Red blood cells could be seen in the tube. In well-differentiated simples, VM was less than that in poorly differentiated ones, and several CD31-positive tumor cells could be observed in poorly differentiated simples. Conclusion： HepG2 cells have the capacity of self-metamorphose and vascularized trend. The tumor cells can obtain oxygen and nutrition through this structure.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 gene amplification in gastric cancer using tissue microarray technology

AIM:To assess human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-status in gastric cancer and matched lymph node metastases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH).METHODS:120 cases of primary gastric carcinomas and 45 matched lymph node metastases from patients with full clinicopathological features were mounted onto multiple-punch and single-punch tissue microarrays,respectively,and examined for HER2 overexpression and gene amplification by IHC and CISH.RESULTS:Twenty-four tumors (20%) expressed HER2 immunohistochemically.An IHC score of ≥ 2+ was observed in 20 tumors (16.6%).HER2 amplification was detected by CISH in 19 tumors (15.8%) and in their matched lymph node metastases.A high concordancerate was found between HER2 positivity (as detected by IHC) and HER2 gene amplification (as detected by CISH),since 19 of the 20 IHC positive cases were amplified (95%).All amplified cases had 2+ or 3+ IHC results.Amplification was associated with intestinal phenotype (P < 0.05).No association with grading,staging or survival was found.CONCLUSION:In gastric cancer,HER2 amplification is the main mechanism for HER2 protein overexpression and is preserved in lymph node metastases.

HER2 gene status and the relationship with p21 protein expression in gastric cancer

Objective： We aimed to analysis the HER2 gene status and its relationship with p21 protein expression in gastric carcinoma. Methods： Fluorescence in situ hybridisation （FISH） and immunohistochemistry （IHC） techniques were used to detect HER2 gene status and p53 protein in 59 cases of gastric cancer. Results： FISH detection of HER2 gene amplification rate was 16.9% （10/59）, HER2 gene amplification in 49 cases without copy number gain and gene amplification were a total of 49.2% （29/59）. HER2 protein expression was 42.4% （25/59）, HER2 gene amplification rates in patients with ＋＋＋, ＋＋ HER2 protein expression were 3/3 and 5/8, while in patients with ＋ HER2 protein expression, it was 2/14, there was significant difference （P 0.05）. p21 protein expression rate was 49.2% （29/59）, HER2 gene amplification rates and p21 protein expression had significant difference in tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis （P 0.05）; had no statistical significance in histological type, age, gender differences （P 0.05）. Conclusion： HER2 gene amplification rate and gene copy number had positively correlation with p21 protein expression, HER2 gene status and expression of p21 protein combined detection can provide a reference value in gastric cancer metastasis, patient’s condition development and prognosis, it also can guide clinical development of individual treatment.

Mechanical and metallurgical characterization of AA6061 friction stir welded joints using microhardness map

The relationships between microhardness and microstructure, macrostructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints AA6061-T913 were studied. Three equations were suggested to predict the grain size, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength from the hardness throughout the weld. Two-dimensional contour of grain size and three-dimensional maps of ultimate tensile and yield strengths were plotted according to the proposed equations. Also, the location of macroscopic zones was estimated based on hardness distribution. The modeling results were compared with the results obtained from microscopy and tensile tests. The modeling results show good agreement with the experimental findings, and the average differences between them for the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength were about 8% and 3%, respectively.