Around two thirds of the Swedish rural areas experienced positive net migration during the period 2003-2005. This paper examines the development in the Swedish rural areas from the perspective of the ＂new rurality＂ ...Around two thirds of the Swedish rural areas experienced positive net migration during the period 2003-2005. This paper examines the development in the Swedish rural areas from the perspective of the ＂new rurality＂ or the new rural economic order with regard to migratory movements. The paper analyzes determinants of net migration to rural areas in general and to different types of regions, and the impacts of in-migration on rural labor markets, self-employment and other socio-economic conditions. The determinants of the migration pattern were mainly the size of adjacent local and regional centers, income and education levels that all had positive impacts, while commuting distance and unemployment rate had contrary effects. In comparison with the original inhabitants, the newcomers had lower incomes, a lower employment ratio and a lower degree of entrepreneurial activities, but higher education levels. These differences might be explained by the age differences between stayers （older） and in-migrants （younger）. This indicates that the two groups were in different stages of their life cycles. One central conclusion drawn from the paper is that the effect of in-migration on the composition of the rural population is about the same in rural areas all over Sweden.展开更多
Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars ...Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars of social classes. But no concept can describe sharp contrast in economics better than the two opponent concepts in economics： ＂orthodox＂ and ＂heterodox＂ economics. In this article, the reason why neo-classic economics, also called as orthodox economics, has a serious place in economic literature while the opponent＇s economic movements, named heterodox economics, do not defend only one ＂truth＂ and are not as important as orthodox economics will be examined. While doing this examination, Louis Althusser＇s ＂ideology＂ and Antonio Gramsci＇s ＂hegemony＂ will help us as these two concepts are quite instructive in understanding the irreplaceable significance of orthodox economics. As a result, by discussing alternative point of views about economics, positive emphasis of multivocality in economics literature will be revealed. On the other hand, every heterodox economics cannot criticize orthodox economics in the same way. In this study, institutional economics, which is accepted to be part of heterodox economics, will be discussed thoroughly. Institutional economics had a serious attitude against orthodox economics. In this study, generally the points in orthodox economics that institutional economics opposes will be emphasized, and although both economics approaches＇ ideological attitude will be attempted to be discussed generally, it will become easy to discuss the reason why heterodox economics developed an opposing ideology against the ideology of orthodox economics.展开更多
The rhythm and lifestyle of the twenty-first century are closely connected to information and communication technology （ICT） which is essential for further development of the economy and society. In the world of glo...The rhythm and lifestyle of the twenty-first century are closely connected to information and communication technology （ICT） which is essential for further development of the economy and society. In the world of globalization and rapid changes, the application of ICT in schools has become a significant factor of social development. Classic methods of teaching as well as managing a school interweave with the modern ones. Lifelong learning has become a necessity. The extent of ICT application is demonstrated in this paper.展开更多
文摘Around two thirds of the Swedish rural areas experienced positive net migration during the period 2003-2005. This paper examines the development in the Swedish rural areas from the perspective of the ＂new rurality＂ or the new rural economic order with regard to migratory movements. The paper analyzes determinants of net migration to rural areas in general and to different types of regions, and the impacts of in-migration on rural labor markets, self-employment and other socio-economic conditions. The determinants of the migration pattern were mainly the size of adjacent local and regional centers, income and education levels that all had positive impacts, while commuting distance and unemployment rate had contrary effects. In comparison with the original inhabitants, the newcomers had lower incomes, a lower employment ratio and a lower degree of entrepreneurial activities, but higher education levels. These differences might be explained by the age differences between stayers （older） and in-migrants （younger）. This indicates that the two groups were in different stages of their life cycles. One central conclusion drawn from the paper is that the effect of in-migration on the composition of the rural population is about the same in rural areas all over Sweden.
文摘Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars of social classes. But no concept can describe sharp contrast in economics better than the two opponent concepts in economics： ＂orthodox＂ and ＂heterodox＂ economics. In this article, the reason why neo-classic economics, also called as orthodox economics, has a serious place in economic literature while the opponent＇s economic movements, named heterodox economics, do not defend only one ＂truth＂ and are not as important as orthodox economics will be examined. While doing this examination, Louis Althusser＇s ＂ideology＂ and Antonio Gramsci＇s ＂hegemony＂ will help us as these two concepts are quite instructive in understanding the irreplaceable significance of orthodox economics. As a result, by discussing alternative point of views about economics, positive emphasis of multivocality in economics literature will be revealed. On the other hand, every heterodox economics cannot criticize orthodox economics in the same way. In this study, institutional economics, which is accepted to be part of heterodox economics, will be discussed thoroughly. Institutional economics had a serious attitude against orthodox economics. In this study, generally the points in orthodox economics that institutional economics opposes will be emphasized, and although both economics approaches＇ ideological attitude will be attempted to be discussed generally, it will become easy to discuss the reason why heterodox economics developed an opposing ideology against the ideology of orthodox economics.
文摘The rhythm and lifestyle of the twenty-first century are closely connected to information and communication technology （ICT） which is essential for further development of the economy and society. In the world of globalization and rapid changes, the application of ICT in schools has become a significant factor of social development. Classic methods of teaching as well as managing a school interweave with the modern ones. Lifelong learning has become a necessity. The extent of ICT application is demonstrated in this paper.
