“行政人”人性设定:“经济人”还是“公共人”

在行政管理或公共行政管理的理论和实践中,常涉及"行政人"人性设定的"经济人"或"公共人"两类路径走向。"行政人"人性设定是认识、解决其他行政管理或公共管理问题的基础或逻辑起点。对此如何做出选择应关注五个方面:一是"经济人"与"经济人化"有无区别;二是"经济人"的"普遍性"与"有限性";三是"公共人"的"行政人"设计如何定性;四是"经济人"与"公共人"孰优孰劣;五是"行政人"的"确定性"与"不确定性"。

CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS: CHINA'S URBAN GOVERNANCE

China′s urban reforms have brought social progress and development, but a comprehensive national system of social welfare (for example, unemployment insurance, pensions, medical care and public housing) for new migrants from rural areas is lacking. One of the most remarkable changes in Chinese cities in the last decade was a change in social "equality", with the rise of new poverty both in individual communities and some social groups in urban society. However, there is little social assistance and public infrastructure for the migrants. Governments or communities or individual should pay attention to the control of new urban poverty and new slums. This paper consider that it is necessary to launch a successful policy, which include mainly: 1) accommodating urban growth through low cost investment projects; 2) urban economy depends heavily on successful macroeconomic policy; 3) to broaden the three channels linking adjustment to the incidence of urban poverty; 4) to restructure urban economic based on the high or new technology; 5) to coordinate relationship between urban economic growth and environment management for sustainable development of Beijing′s metropolitan fringe.

Economy

RMB InternationalizationAccording to the RMB Internationalization Report 2016 published by the People’s Bank of China last August,the Chinese currency is increasingly accepted in cross-border transactions.

The Impact of Handicrafts on the Promotion of Cultural and Economic Development for Students of Art Education in Higher Education

This paper studies the impact of handicrafts on the promotion of cultural and economic development for students of art education in higher education through handicrafts based on local customs and traditions. Descriptive, analytical, and experimental methods are used in this research. The results of the study are expected to benefit from the results of this study to provide planners handicrafts in the Ministry of Education. An effective strategy can affect the teaching and learning of handicrafts, the protection of its features and its presence and identity. The study sample consists of 45 students of the third level, batch 2012-2013, from the faculty of Education at the University of Khartoum, Republic of the Sudan. The researchers to prepare topics for handicrafts depend on the use of local materials and units which are derived from the environment and represent the Artistic heritage that is shown through handicrafts （pottery, ceramics, calligraphy, decoration, carpet weaving and textile, sewing, embroidery, sculpture and engraving on wood, metal works, and printing works）. The researchers focuse that the students learn the value of handicrafts in terms of economic and method of production and take advantage of it to increase the income of the individual product. The results confLrms the existence of a difference in the quality and value of handicrafts for students in both groups： the experimental and control group, which confirms that the handcrafts lead to the promotion of cultural and economic development for students of art education in higher education. The researchers are recommended to consider of this topic as a main component which enables an area for further studies to develop different strategies in the field of handicrafts, for students to recognize the importance of the handicrafts value in terms of economic and method of production and take advantage of it to increase the income of the individual product.

Research on spirit and culture of the elderly life under the multiple responsibility

With the transformation of population age structure and the extension of life expectancy, China has entered a rapid aging period. With development of social economy and the social security systcn~ the elderly spiritual and cultural needs is becoming more and more importantly. To the government, enterprise, society community, family and themselves, enriching the spirit and culture of the elderly life is a higher level of challenge.

The Origin of the Different Waves of Iranian Migration in France

From the knowledge exile of the 19th century, the profile changed towards the political refugee in 1908. French was then recognized as the official language in administration. Iranian migration later took on another dimension after the 1953 Coup, a politicization that reached a peak with the arrival in Paris of Khomeini on August 2, 1978. In spite of this migratory tradition, about 4,000 persons before the revolution, the majority being from the political and financial elite, these migratory flows amplified in the middle of the 1980s, in such a way that at the end of December 2014, there were 31,000 Iranians in France. This new phase which included four waves, from a sociological point of view, can be called the diasporaisation of Iranian migration. The socio-economic profile goes from the urban elite： lawyers, officials, journalists, teachers, doctors, nurses, magistrates, military officials, company directors, political exiles, etc., to artisans such as shopkeepers, garage owners, building contractors.., and finally from the skilled labourer, on through to unskilled workers in building, restauration or removals,

The Sustainable Development＇s Added Value to Humanity： An Improvement or Degradation Compared to the Past？

Sustainable development is the latest concept in a long series of conceptual innovations aimed to bring a space of dream to our harsh reality due to economic growth. This inflation of adjectives added to the development, like sustainable, viable, etc., is an attempt to blur our eyes about its negative effects; it is like a magic conjuration. When we look at all its implications, we are so far. There are reasons to be pessimistic： The paths that this concept will lead us to are not clear. In the sustainable development concept, we find only a new packing to our harsh reality： a matter of marketing. Sustainable development was presented as a ＂solution＂ to our innumerable recent problems; on the contrary, it may be a problem to solve. Shouldn＇t this concept be seriously questioned and maybe condemned？ Assuming no drastic measure taken to control earth problems, by the year 2032, 70% of the planet will be destroyed. Sustainable development is a rhetorical ploy which seeks to reconcile what is irreconcilable： the environment and the development. A policy which is not carefully enough thought will carry along various perverse and adverse effects for the ecology as much as for the economy.

The Impact of Private Lending to SME Financing Based on SWOT Analysis

For a long time, private lending is the main channel for SME financing, and play an important role in solving the problem of SME financing.In addition,private lending also promotes the operation of private capital,which is conducive to the development of the national economy.This paper expound the development status of private lending, based on analysis of the SWOT, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of private lending and private lending opportunities and challenges in the process of legalization.In the end of this paper, the author proposes appropriate coping strategies to solve threats and weaknesses that may exist for the development of private lending.

Cultural and Socio-economical Dimensions a- Human Reproduction and Sex Education in the Biology Textbooks of Eight Countries

This study was carried out within the European research project ＂Biology, Health and Environmental Education for Better Citizenship＂. It is a comparative analysis of textbooks from eight Mediterranean countries which differ by their cultures, their socio-economical levels, and their religions. This work is focused on the sensitive educational topic ＂Human Reproduction and Sex Education＂. And 43 biology textbooks are analyzed among eight countries： four are in Europe and four in Africa and Middle East. Grids were built to identify implicit values in the texts and images. It is a more precisely explicit or implicit presence of cultural, socio-economical, and ethical dimensions. The investigation concerns whether the authors of textbooks present differently this theme depending on the socio-cultural, ethical, and religious contexts. The content of the textbooks was analyzed as reflecting the conceptions of their authors and publishers. The outcomes of the analyses show that several textbooks present images of human beings restricted to only one ethnic type, usually white-skinned and with fair hair. The social, cultural, economical, and ethical dimensions were generally absent, except for some interest for them in few European textbooks.

The Cause Analysis of College Student Human Capital Depreciation in China

Human capital depreciation can be divided into stock depreciation and utility depreciation, which will cause the waste of human capital investment, and let human capital value fail to fully embody, affecting social development. In the critical time of China facing population aging and economic transformation, as the new human capital of the labor market, college students play an important role to social and economic development. Therefore, preventing and mitigating their human capital depreciation is necessary. This article focus on human capital investment and configuration stage, analyze the influence of unreasonable human capital investment system and separate labor market segmentation system to college student human capital depreciation, and put forword the corresponding countermeasures.

Macedonia Demographic Aging

In this paper, it explained the process of demographic aging in Republic of Macedonia. There is relevant information for the gradually process of aging. At the end of the text, there are few charts. Macedonia gained independence in 1991, in the course of transition from planned to market economy, many socio-economic parameters changed： Demography become evident that fertility rate dropped significantly. In the previous 20 years, number of infants born decreased somewhat 5-6 times compared to 1980. Number of divorce grew rapidly. Also, in the Republic of Macedonia, there followed a parallel process of immigration to western countries, especially western Europe, USA and Australia as well as other countries from the developed world. This migration happened as a result of mainly economic reasons, i.e., countries in which Macedonians migrate have much higher real incomes when compared with Macedonia, and comparatively much higher living standard. One also can find reason for migration in political reasons also, and family reunification. Low fertility is associated with low income and unemployment. People in Macedonia had suffered greatly in transition times with high unemployment, low wages, and corruption, which largely derogated their chances of better future and career and contributed to the demographic aging and low fertility rates.

Research on the Difficulty of Rural Pension Based on ISM

China＇s population aging trend is gradually exacerbated, the family size was miniaturized development, the number of rural elderly is large, and the rural economy is poor, a large number of young people working abroad, empty nest large number of elderly, and rural old-age concept is more backward, most of the elderly Would like to choose the body pension, resulting in pension problems. This paper analyzes the problem of rural pension by analyzing the structure model oflSM, and concludes that the rural pension is mainly backward from the concept of old-age pension, the urban-rural economic gap is large, the old legal system of old-age security is imperfect and the miniaturization of the family is the fundamental problem. And to improve the old-age security laws, improve the security system; to strengthen the mutual assistance to reduce the family miniaturization of the small and medium-sized rural areas to strengthen the rural economy, to reduce the urban and rural economic gap; to guide the rural elderly to change the concept of old age, to encourage them to accept other pension methods; Endowed with unfavorable advice. To meet the rural population aging requirements, and gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, to speed up the integration of urban and rural development process, promote social equity and social stability.

Journalism Teacher Assessment of Education Inhibitors

Combining,, cultural-historical theory＇ of human development with research pinpointing education inhibitors, a survey was developed to investigate how journalism teachers evaluated the effects of five education inhibitors on their students＇ learning. The list of inhibitors included electronic gadgets, lack of nutrition, parental education levels, family support levels, and racial subcultures. Results showed that use of electronic gadgets and lack of parental edxlcation were perceived as having the most negative influence on learning, while students＂ subcultures were perceived as having the smallest effect. Respondents also knew the least about their students＇ nutritional intake. Further, school size and student socio-economic status seem to play some role in teacher awareness of education inhibitors, and this is an important finding. It shows that while increasing teacher awareness of various education inhibitors, demographic factors also must be considered when targeting specific inhibitors.

Research on Risk Control of Medical Insurance Fund

Social health insurance is an important part of the social security system. It is the ＂stabilizer＂ of social and economic development and the ＂buffer＂ of reform. It is of great significance and function to the construction of economic development, social progrcss and harmonious society. However, due to many factors, the operation of the social health insurance fund is facing greater risk. Although the balance is rich, but the general talk about the ＂balance＂, inevitably fall into the ＂too optimistic, ignore the risk＂ of the errors, the current basic medical insurance system, compared with working employees, retirement elderly people do not pay, personal accounts into more, The overall proportion of individual funds to pay lower policy concessions. Although there is a large amount of surplus in the annual health insurance fund, a large part of the balance is due to the relatively young age structure of the insured population and the low consumption of health insurance funds. With the increasing level of the aging of the insured population, the ratio of on-the-job and the backward is gradually reduced, the effect of these preferential policies will continue to enlarge, making the total fund expenditure increased significantly. Therefore, it is an important task to reform the basic medical insurance system in China to strengthen the research on risk control in the medical insurance fund of urban workers, to prevent and control the risks faced by the fund and to ensure the safety of the fund.

Analysis of Modem Art Design Context innovation and aesthetics

The design is a cultural activity. The design always influences all aspects of our daily lives, as large as the country＇s politics, economical reform and development, as small as the necessities of daily life. All the designs mentioned here consist of both sensual activities of art and the rational activities of science. ＂Design is also a culture＂. Design is a culture-based, which means to absorb nutrients from the culture. Whether in ancient or modem, East or West, design is always to have a certain culture. Design and culture interrelate with, influence and promote each other. We humans live in a designed cultural environment and atmosphere which is constantly being designed. The design has become a way for human survival and development. Works of our designers are no longer just a product, a brand, a package, a poster or a building, but design of a new lifestyle, a new culture, which are a reflection, expansion and continuation of the culture. The design itself is creating culture.

Problems and Prospects Faced by Chinese Higher Education Management in the Era of Globalization

The present and future international competitions, in the final analysis, are the talent competition. China is the world＇ s most populous nation, and it is the world＇ s most resource-rich countries of labor. Full development of human resources enhance the people＇ s level of education in general, which is today＇ s global trend of development of human resources in order to enhance the comprehensive national strength, but also the inevitable choice based on China＇ s basic national conditions of building a moderately prosperous society. It is faced with competition for talent era of knowledge economy, and it is in the face of economic globalization and integration trends in the face of China＇ s human resources situation. How to make heavy population burden into a country rich in human resources and how to play this advantage, how to create hundreds of millions of high-quality workers and technical personnel, innovative talents, education, especially higher education in China will play an increasingly important role.

Research on Higher Vocational English Education

Vocational students generally English foundation is weak, not strong interest in learning how to guide students to learn to think independently, to stimulate students＇ curiosity, is a series of problems faced by English teachers in vocational college. In this paper, the issues currently facing vocational English education was of, and the corresponding countermeasures. With the development of economic and trade globalization, increasingly strengthened international exchanges. Society is not only high-level personnel to graduate raised higher and higher English proficiency requirements, the ability to develop applications based English Education in Higher Colleges also put forward higher requirements. Vocalional Training Colleges for professional and technical personnel is an important part of our personnel training requirements for rapid economic development of professional and technical personnel in addition to high technical expertise, but also need to understand the professional literature information inquiry, learning and further education. Therefore, we must from the height of the times and the needs of international competition to recognize new opportunities and challenges of English teaching in higher vocational colleges are facing a variety of approaches and strive to improve our English teaching level.

An Analytic Study on Internal Linkages Between Human Development and Globalization

Globalization is often understood as increasing global economic integration, global forms of governance, and globally inter-linked social and environmental developments. The target of this paper~ is to demonstrate the connection among human development, globalization, and institutional quality. The second part provides the methodology of measuring the overall globalization with an emphasis on the 2011 Konjunkturforschungsstelle （KOF） Globalization Index. The KOF Globalization Index includes economic, social, and political contexts. The third part shortly introduces one of the parameters of institutional quality--Human Development Index （HDI） （or rather Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index （IHDI） as the real indicator of the level of human development） and its methodology and results. For the analysis, two out of three dimensions of IHDI were used （long and healthy life and access to education） and two dimensions of Globalization Index were employed （social and political globalization）. The third part compares indices and scores together, analyzes them, and assesses the relationships between the HDI and the Globalization Index. It is possible to conclude from the results achieved in the study that the social globalization has stronger linkages with human development than with the political globalization, yet, spurring growth rates and reduced poverty in countries with poor institutions cannot be achieved simply by globalizing their economies.

Widowhood Practice in Eastern Nigeria： A Comparative Study of Imo and Anambra States

Marriage is one of the valued institutions in the traditional African society. Incidentally, it has its own challenges. When a young man or woman gets to a certain age and he/she is not married, society frowns at it. Thus, many couples enter into marriage relationships with a lot of excitements and expectations. However, losing one＇s spouse to death robs one of all these excitements and expectations and exposes the bereaved spouse to some dehumanizing challenges. These challenges are mostly experienced by women in the Eastern Region of Nigeria. These women are subjected to dehumanizing practices which are socially accepted in the region. This paper attempts a comparative study of some of the practices imposed on widows in Eastern Nigeria. A sample of 200 participants was purposively selected from two states in the Eastern Region of Nigeria. The study adopted the qualitative research method. Thus, the analysis was made using descriptive method. The study showed that these inhuman traditional practices in Eastern Nigeria are initiated and perpetrated by the kinsmen （Umunna and Umuada）. It also showed that the widowhood treatment is meted out on all widows, but the severity or less severity of these treatments are dependent on the socio-economic and other attributes of the widow. Finally, recommendations were made, which include the need to protect the fundamental rights of widows and their children.

The number of new Chinese population and the future evolution of population policy planning analysis

China as the world＇ s most populous country, the number of demographic change is an essential element of social development plan under consideration. This article combined with the background, based on the birth rate, mortality indicators as well as the corresponding changes in the age structure, demographic trends predict the future based on the current form of the economy analysis the population of 60 years since the founding of New China .China＇ s population control based on the complexity of the future still need to take tight family planning policy, change the mechanism of population control, optimize population structure, improve population quality.