The diffusion coefficients of l-lysine hydrochloride and I-arginine hydrochloride in their aqueous solutions at 25℃ were determined by the metallic diaphragm cell method which is characterized by accuracy, promptness...The diffusion coefficients of l-lysine hydrochloride and I-arginine hydrochloride in their aqueous solutions at 25℃ were determined by the metallic diaphragm cell method which is characterized by accuracy, promptness and convenience. Meanwhile, the densities and viscosities of the solutions were also determined. Based on all these data a semi-empirical model for correlating the diffusion coefficients of solid organic salts in their aqueous solutions at 25℃ was proposed. The fitting result of this model is comparatively satisfactory. Compared to a former model, Gordon Model, this model can avoid a number of difficulties and arduous work.展开更多
In psychology, the concept of interpretation has been namely associated to the subjectivist paradigm underpinning qualitative approaches, rather than the objectivist paradigm charactefising quantitative research. In t...In psychology, the concept of interpretation has been namely associated to the subjectivist paradigm underpinning qualitative approaches, rather than the objectivist paradigm charactefising quantitative research. In this article, we challenge this belief by showing how interpretation concerns psychology as a whole. To do this, the authors will first consider some dominant tendencies characterising the psychological field in general, such as the ＂empiricist illusion＂ and the ＂trap of scientism＂ （Vygotsky 1999）. Moreover, they will introduce the cultural perspective in psychology, pertinent to deconstruct several assumptions regarding research within the discipline. Stemming from this approach, ＂indirect methods＂ will be presented with regard to their potential to analyse psychological phenomena both qualitatively and scientifically. They will conclude by describing a set of principles that can be implemented when doing qualitative research as to ensure the quality and the adequacy of interpretation.展开更多
There are two popular aesthetic trends in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries. The first one is continental rationalism which holds that people＇ s knowledge comes from inborn rationality. The other one is Briti...There are two popular aesthetic trends in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries. The first one is continental rationalism which holds that people＇ s knowledge comes from inborn rationality. The other one is British empiricism.展开更多
In stratified survey sampling, sometimes we have complete auxiliary information. One of the fundamental questions is how to effectively use the complete auxiliary information at the estimation stage. In this paper, we...In stratified survey sampling, sometimes we have complete auxiliary information. One of the fundamental questions is how to effectively use the complete auxiliary information at the estimation stage. In this paper, we extend the model-calibration method to obtain estimators of the finite population mean by using complete auxiliary information from stratified sampling survey data. We show that the resulting estimators effectively use auxiliary information at the estimation stage and possess a number of attractive features such as asymptotically design-unbiased irrespective of the working model and approximately model-unbiased under the model. When a linear working-model is used, the resulting estimators reduce to the usual calibration estimator（or GREG）.展开更多
I argue in this paper that moral philosophers need to incorporate into their teaching and writing a number of empirical findings on ethical practices. Principal among these is clearer guidelines on speaking out agains...I argue in this paper that moral philosophers need to incorporate into their teaching and writing a number of empirical findings on ethical practices. Principal among these is clearer guidelines on speaking out against wrongdoing, as well as the development of codes of ethics that have been proven to work. The adoption of the critical thinking and the analytical methodology of other disciplines is also suggested. Several benefits will result. The most noticeable will be a strengthening of ethical practices and behavior in the institutions and organizations with which we live and work. A second benefit will be the education and employment of a body of people--graduates in moral philosophy--with the skills and knowledge to bring about, and further strengthen, this enhanced ethical environment. A third benefit will be the matching of the claims of philosophical thought with actual reality.展开更多
A revival of empiricist theories in cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and philosophy has been led by figures such as Antonio Damasio （1994）, Lawrence Barsalou （1999）, George Lakoff （1987）, and Jesse Prinz ...A revival of empiricist theories in cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and philosophy has been led by figures such as Antonio Damasio （1994）, Lawrence Barsalou （1999）, George Lakoff （1987）, and Jesse Prinz （2002; 2004）. Their work has served to connect familiar empiricist approaches to thought and reason with contemporary cognitive psychology and neuroscience. The work of Prinz is of special philosophical significance since it aims to bring together the work of neo-empirically minded theorists in the cognitive and neuro-sciences with main themes found in contemporary philosophical theories of intentionality and reference. In this paper, I examine Prinz＇s efforts to synthesize a neo-empiricist theory of concepts with contemporary semantic theories of reference and intentionality. In part one, I analyze Prinz＇s approach in some depth. In part two, I raise a question concerning the origins of intentionality. Specifically, I am interested in examining the minimum cognitive prerequisites for intentionality within Prinz＇s theory of perception-based representation. In part three, I raise a problem case for Prinz＇s account of the requirements for intentionality, and propose an adjustment in Prinz＇s account to meet the challenge of the objection.展开更多
The balkanization of reality by Aristotelian Philosophy has been a thought provoking exercise in the history of Western Philosophy. Aristotle＇s idea as conceptualized by Asouzu as Philosophy of Essence has been the c...The balkanization of reality by Aristotelian Philosophy has been a thought provoking exercise in the history of Western Philosophy. Aristotle＇s idea as conceptualized by Asouzu as Philosophy of Essence has been the central instrument for bifurcation and polarization of all entities into classes, such as： Essence and Accident, Matter and Form, Cause and Effect, Rationalism and Empiricism etc. This dualistic ontology be believes has eaten deeply into the mind of Western scholars to perceive science dualistically. In view of the above, the disagreement with Aristotle＇s compartmentalization of reality from Ibuanyidanda Philosophy （Philosophy of Complementarity） by Asouzu is an attempt to restructure scientific dualistic ontology into one unified, non-polarized, non-absolutistic, harmonious framework capable of fascinating unity in science. Hence, the subject matter of Ibuanyidanda Philosophy is to restore the broken unity between theory and praxis that exists in science because everything that exists serves a missing link of reality. The aim of this paper is to critically examine from the philosophical eye, the various critique by Asouzu on this thought provoking polarization of reality in Aristotle＇s Philosophy of Essence. We are of the view that Aristotle had to balkanize reality to solve the various problems of his era. Thus, if applied to contemporary scientific issues, it will lead us to no unity and growth in science. Furthermore, from Ibuanyidanda＇s perspective, we are of the view that its nature of harmonious non-polarized ontology is a breakthrough to contemporary scientific issues especially the debate within macro physics, theory of relativity, and sub-atomic particles physics （Quantum Mechanics）.展开更多
This paper reviews and analyzes the achievements of Chinese empirical accounting research during more than ten years. The development of Chinese empirical accounting research can be divided into three phases. Each pha...This paper reviews and analyzes the achievements of Chinese empirical accounting research during more than ten years. The development of Chinese empirical accounting research can be divided into three phases. Each phase has its different characteristics. The fields of Chinese empirical accounting research include： the efficient market, the choice of accounting policies, financial crisis warning, stock dividend policy, earnings management, capital structure, auditing opinions, asset reorganization and merger, international accounting harmonization. This paper tries to analyze some basic essential factors of Chinese empirical accounting research such as hypothesis, sample and data, methods, conclusion and so on. We find that it is necessary to strengthen empirical accounting research in order to make up the shortcomings of traditional normative research. However, the current research has some limitations. （1） Some Chinese empirical accounting articles directly select samples and data to test without literature reviews, theory analysis and hypothesis; （2） The time of selected samples is shot; （3） Some articles utilize variables to represent certain concepts; （4） Most of the models are literary models; （5） Some researches focus on model and fix quantify, sometimes neglect some factors; （6） Most researches lack great findings, some conclusions are even opposite.展开更多
Most commentators use the term ＂modern philosophy＂ for the post-Descartes era--an era of unprecedented growth for the modern sciences and, especially the empirical sciences. Even assuming that the feud between the r...Most commentators use the term ＂modern philosophy＂ for the post-Descartes era--an era of unprecedented growth for the modern sciences and, especially the empirical sciences. Even assuming that the feud between the rationalists and the empiricists during this period yielded no other benefits, it was beneficial enough to turn ＂experience＂ into an important pillar of the acquisition of knowledge in the subsequent philosophy. It was this ＂experience-mindedness＂ that drove away the Aristotelian ＂essentialist＂ perspective and replaced it with ＂nominalism.＂ By describing the genesis and emergence of the ＂nominalist-empirical＂ perspective in analytic philosophy as one of the branches of the human sciences, this article strives to advance the claim that philosophical thinking continues to flourish in the absence of ＂realist thinking about universals＂ and that philosophizing does not fundamentally rest on universals.展开更多
Comparative Vision article from Social Security Intemational, discusses the need for international comparison focuses on the typical characteristics of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States established the de...Comparative Vision article from Social Security Intemational, discusses the need for international comparison focuses on the typical characteristics of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States established the developed capitalist countries and emerging East Asian countries social security model, and on this basis, summed up the country should learn fi＇om each experience, its essence, as I used to promote the construction of China＇s social security system towards healthy and sustainable direction.展开更多
The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. I...The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. In the classical economic stage featuring dual economy, income distribution was dominated by capital due to scarce capital and cheap labor, which led to widening income gaps. Entering the neoclassical economic stage, income distribution was dominated by the game between capital and labor due to diminishing marginal return to capital and relatively scarce labor, which led to the growing share of labor compensation and narrowing income gaps. Yet since the 1970s, the deepening of financialization of capital has once again magnified the effect of capital-dominated income distribution, which, together with working class polarization, led to another round of widening income gaps. An observation of the long-term evolution of world economic development and income distribution gives us a clearer view on the intrinsic rationale of change in income distribution: The mode of production determines the mode of distribution and functional distribution shares intrinsic consistency with quantitative distribution.展开更多
In the first part of this paper, different perspectives of time proposed in Aristotle＇s philosophy of nature, classic mechanics, thermodynamics, and the theory of relativity, will be presented. Later on, we explore t...In the first part of this paper, different perspectives of time proposed in Aristotle＇s philosophy of nature, classic mechanics, thermodynamics, and the theory of relativity, will be presented. Later on, we explore the phenomenological approach of duration by Henri Bergson and Mauro Dorato＇s naturalistic proposal, which defines the ＂present＂ moment based on neuroscientific experiments. In the second part of the paper, the topic of scientific creativity is introduced, paying particular attention to David Bohm＇s ideas. Finally, the previously analysed perspectives are used to answer the following question： How do physicists create time？展开更多
文摘The diffusion coefficients of l-lysine hydrochloride and I-arginine hydrochloride in their aqueous solutions at 25℃ were determined by the metallic diaphragm cell method which is characterized by accuracy, promptness and convenience. Meanwhile, the densities and viscosities of the solutions were also determined. Based on all these data a semi-empirical model for correlating the diffusion coefficients of solid organic salts in their aqueous solutions at 25℃ was proposed. The fitting result of this model is comparatively satisfactory. Compared to a former model, Gordon Model, this model can avoid a number of difficulties and arduous work.
文摘In psychology, the concept of interpretation has been namely associated to the subjectivist paradigm underpinning qualitative approaches, rather than the objectivist paradigm charactefising quantitative research. In this article, we challenge this belief by showing how interpretation concerns psychology as a whole. To do this, the authors will first consider some dominant tendencies characterising the psychological field in general, such as the ＂empiricist illusion＂ and the ＂trap of scientism＂ （Vygotsky 1999）. Moreover, they will introduce the cultural perspective in psychology, pertinent to deconstruct several assumptions regarding research within the discipline. Stemming from this approach, ＂indirect methods＂ will be presented with regard to their potential to analyse psychological phenomena both qualitatively and scientifically. They will conclude by describing a set of principles that can be implemented when doing qualitative research as to ensure the quality and the adequacy of interpretation.
文摘There are two popular aesthetic trends in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries. The first one is continental rationalism which holds that people＇ s knowledge comes from inborn rationality. The other one is British empiricism.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10571093)
文摘In stratified survey sampling, sometimes we have complete auxiliary information. One of the fundamental questions is how to effectively use the complete auxiliary information at the estimation stage. In this paper, we extend the model-calibration method to obtain estimators of the finite population mean by using complete auxiliary information from stratified sampling survey data. We show that the resulting estimators effectively use auxiliary information at the estimation stage and possess a number of attractive features such as asymptotically design-unbiased irrespective of the working model and approximately model-unbiased under the model. When a linear working-model is used, the resulting estimators reduce to the usual calibration estimator（or GREG）.
文摘I argue in this paper that moral philosophers need to incorporate into their teaching and writing a number of empirical findings on ethical practices. Principal among these is clearer guidelines on speaking out against wrongdoing, as well as the development of codes of ethics that have been proven to work. The adoption of the critical thinking and the analytical methodology of other disciplines is also suggested. Several benefits will result. The most noticeable will be a strengthening of ethical practices and behavior in the institutions and organizations with which we live and work. A second benefit will be the education and employment of a body of people--graduates in moral philosophy--with the skills and knowledge to bring about, and further strengthen, this enhanced ethical environment. A third benefit will be the matching of the claims of philosophical thought with actual reality.
文摘A revival of empiricist theories in cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and philosophy has been led by figures such as Antonio Damasio （1994）, Lawrence Barsalou （1999）, George Lakoff （1987）, and Jesse Prinz （2002; 2004）. Their work has served to connect familiar empiricist approaches to thought and reason with contemporary cognitive psychology and neuroscience. The work of Prinz is of special philosophical significance since it aims to bring together the work of neo-empirically minded theorists in the cognitive and neuro-sciences with main themes found in contemporary philosophical theories of intentionality and reference. In this paper, I examine Prinz＇s efforts to synthesize a neo-empiricist theory of concepts with contemporary semantic theories of reference and intentionality. In part one, I analyze Prinz＇s approach in some depth. In part two, I raise a question concerning the origins of intentionality. Specifically, I am interested in examining the minimum cognitive prerequisites for intentionality within Prinz＇s theory of perception-based representation. In part three, I raise a problem case for Prinz＇s account of the requirements for intentionality, and propose an adjustment in Prinz＇s account to meet the challenge of the objection.
文摘The balkanization of reality by Aristotelian Philosophy has been a thought provoking exercise in the history of Western Philosophy. Aristotle＇s idea as conceptualized by Asouzu as Philosophy of Essence has been the central instrument for bifurcation and polarization of all entities into classes, such as： Essence and Accident, Matter and Form, Cause and Effect, Rationalism and Empiricism etc. This dualistic ontology be believes has eaten deeply into the mind of Western scholars to perceive science dualistically. In view of the above, the disagreement with Aristotle＇s compartmentalization of reality from Ibuanyidanda Philosophy （Philosophy of Complementarity） by Asouzu is an attempt to restructure scientific dualistic ontology into one unified, non-polarized, non-absolutistic, harmonious framework capable of fascinating unity in science. Hence, the subject matter of Ibuanyidanda Philosophy is to restore the broken unity between theory and praxis that exists in science because everything that exists serves a missing link of reality. The aim of this paper is to critically examine from the philosophical eye, the various critique by Asouzu on this thought provoking polarization of reality in Aristotle＇s Philosophy of Essence. We are of the view that Aristotle had to balkanize reality to solve the various problems of his era. Thus, if applied to contemporary scientific issues, it will lead us to no unity and growth in science. Furthermore, from Ibuanyidanda＇s perspective, we are of the view that its nature of harmonious non-polarized ontology is a breakthrough to contemporary scientific issues especially the debate within macro physics, theory of relativity, and sub-atomic particles physics （Quantum Mechanics）.
文摘This paper reviews and analyzes the achievements of Chinese empirical accounting research during more than ten years. The development of Chinese empirical accounting research can be divided into three phases. Each phase has its different characteristics. The fields of Chinese empirical accounting research include： the efficient market, the choice of accounting policies, financial crisis warning, stock dividend policy, earnings management, capital structure, auditing opinions, asset reorganization and merger, international accounting harmonization. This paper tries to analyze some basic essential factors of Chinese empirical accounting research such as hypothesis, sample and data, methods, conclusion and so on. We find that it is necessary to strengthen empirical accounting research in order to make up the shortcomings of traditional normative research. However, the current research has some limitations. （1） Some Chinese empirical accounting articles directly select samples and data to test without literature reviews, theory analysis and hypothesis; （2） The time of selected samples is shot; （3） Some articles utilize variables to represent certain concepts; （4） Most of the models are literary models; （5） Some researches focus on model and fix quantify, sometimes neglect some factors; （6） Most researches lack great findings, some conclusions are even opposite.
文摘Most commentators use the term ＂modern philosophy＂ for the post-Descartes era--an era of unprecedented growth for the modern sciences and, especially the empirical sciences. Even assuming that the feud between the rationalists and the empiricists during this period yielded no other benefits, it was beneficial enough to turn ＂experience＂ into an important pillar of the acquisition of knowledge in the subsequent philosophy. It was this ＂experience-mindedness＂ that drove away the Aristotelian ＂essentialist＂ perspective and replaced it with ＂nominalism.＂ By describing the genesis and emergence of the ＂nominalist-empirical＂ perspective in analytic philosophy as one of the branches of the human sciences, this article strives to advance the claim that philosophical thinking continues to flourish in the absence of ＂realist thinking about universals＂ and that philosophizing does not fundamentally rest on universals.
文摘Comparative Vision article from Social Security Intemational, discusses the need for international comparison focuses on the typical characteristics of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States established the developed capitalist countries and emerging East Asian countries social security model, and on this basis, summed up the country should learn fi＇om each experience, its essence, as I used to promote the construction of China＇s social security system towards healthy and sustainable direction.
文摘The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. In the classical economic stage featuring dual economy, income distribution was dominated by capital due to scarce capital and cheap labor, which led to widening income gaps. Entering the neoclassical economic stage, income distribution was dominated by the game between capital and labor due to diminishing marginal return to capital and relatively scarce labor, which led to the growing share of labor compensation and narrowing income gaps. Yet since the 1970s, the deepening of financialization of capital has once again magnified the effect of capital-dominated income distribution, which, together with working class polarization, led to another round of widening income gaps. An observation of the long-term evolution of world economic development and income distribution gives us a clearer view on the intrinsic rationale of change in income distribution: The mode of production determines the mode of distribution and functional distribution shares intrinsic consistency with quantitative distribution.
文摘In the first part of this paper, different perspectives of time proposed in Aristotle＇s philosophy of nature, classic mechanics, thermodynamics, and the theory of relativity, will be presented. Later on, we explore the phenomenological approach of duration by Henri Bergson and Mauro Dorato＇s naturalistic proposal, which defines the ＂present＂ moment based on neuroscientific experiments. In the second part of the paper, the topic of scientific creativity is introduced, paying particular attention to David Bohm＇s ideas. Finally, the previously analysed perspectives are used to answer the following question： How do physicists create time？
