论叙事的闭合机制——叙事学中“结构主义意识形态”的客观基础

在叙事话语中包含着一种闭合机制,它由情节闭合和叙述形式的闭合两方面构成。情节的闭合在于,因果机制使事件不依赖于外部现实而在情节整体中获得意义;叙述的闭合在于,叙述行为的层级化使进入文本的话语形成内部的对话性,从而造成了"自身指涉"的封闭效果。叙事的闭合机制把叙事文本变成一个意义充实的封闭体,造成了一种自身完满的假象,这是叙事学理论中"结构主义意识形态"产生的客观基础。

马克思主义经济学视域中的资本主义国家本质研究

20世纪70年代以来,西方马克思主义者就资本主义国家本质问题围绕"工具主义"与"结构主义"展开了持续而激烈的论战,最终莫衷一是。其实,经典作家在构建政治经济学理论体系时,对资本主义国家本质的论述是采取了从抽象上升到具体的科学方法。"资产阶级社会在国家形式上的概括"、"现代的国家政权不过是管理整个资产阶级的共同事务的委员会罢了"与"理想的总资本家"是对资本主义国家本质分别在"一般"、"特殊"与"个别"意义上的概括。资本主义国家本质是"一般"、"特殊"与"个别"的统一。

浅析苏童新历史主义小说“性恶论”的历史叙事

苏童的新历史主义小说包含了三大系列,通过对他的农村及城市题材新历史主义小说的分析,可以看出他的历史叙事符合一个结构主义的历史观,这种历史观是他"性恶论"的历史叙事的依据,形成了苏童小说中历史叙事的一个根本结构。这种性恶论的历史叙事既给他带来了创作上的突破,同时也导致他的创作走向了困境。

不在场的“理论实践”--解析阿尔都塞1962-1963年“结构主义的起源”研讨课

结构主义作为一场法国二战后人文科学领域掀起的方法论革命,有着自身因复杂而无法被简单划定的界限。在标签式认定之外,认真考察阿尔都塞与结构主义之间的关系,就显得格外重要。本文从阿尔都塞遗稿中一组特殊的档案文献及其最新研究入手,集中讨论阿尔都塞1962—1963年在巴黎高师开设的"结构主义的起源"研讨课。在阿尔都塞对结构主义进行的独特哲学谱系学考察中,认识一个拥有独特问题边界及困境的"结构主义",重新了解阿尔都塞与结构主义之间的关系。阿尔都塞基于马克思主义对当时盛极一时的结构主义思潮进行的深度反思,也将为我们今天面对各种新思潮开展马克思主义理论工作提供重要启示。

Study on Markedness in Linguistics

Markedness Theory is one of the most important theories in structural linguistics. Its academic significance has long attracted more scholars and linguists. This paper intends to explore markedness from both formal and semantic perspectives： formal markedness, distributional markedness, and semantic markedness. These three types of markedness are accounted for in detail from their definitions to their characteristics. Then the relationship of these three types of markedness is explicated. The ultimate aim of this paper is to give an insight to markedness phenomenon not only from linguistic form or structure, but from its semantic distinctions and pragmatic use. The study also aims to help foster the greater application of Markedness Theory to other linguistic fields＇ study

Study on the linguistic schools in the west

This paper discusses the history of linguistics in the west, as well as the features, the spokesmen and the contributions of different schools in different times. The learners can understand the linguistic schools in the west by analyzing them and then improve their ability to analyze languages.

Application of TOPSIS Method in Support of Decisions Made in Staff Management Issues

Evaluation model was proposed which refers to fuzzy formalism of the personnel management issues taking account their specific characteristics. Application of TOPSIS （technique for order Performance by similarity to ideal solution） method for evaluation and regulation of alternatives based on hierarchically structured criteria of qualitative character by multiple experts to intellectually support decisions made in staff management issues is reviewed in the article. Candidate selection experiment based on criteria system formed using TOPSIS method for evaluation of candidates during solution of hiring problems reviewed and obtained results were compared with results obtained using Matlab program package.

George Orwell＇s Non-linear Narrative in The Road To Wigan Pier

Orwell＇s text The Road to Wigan Pier, henceforth referred to as RWP, is problematic due to the ambiguity of its status as a literary genre. The text is subversive on many levels, namely on the level of form. In order to show some aspects of the author＇s challenge of the conventional norms and methods of literary writing, a comparison between the writer＇s original diary of the journey to the industrial North of England, the main site of the coal mines, and the present book could be of great import. This reveals the author＇s genuine intellectual ability to manipulate and rearrange the events and scenes of the story on the discourse level. The author＇s manipulation and rearrangement of the story （the journey）, events and scenes, clearly reveals his potential literary creativity and imagination. Orwell has deployed many strategies to fulfil this purpose. Each strategy is actually a contribution to the author＇s overall argument and at the same time it constitutes a further aspect of subversion. The first aspect of subversion lies on the level of form itself. The form of the book is effectively very challenging. Contrary to the conventional view of the fictional novel, the study of Orwell＇s text based on Grrard Genette＇s model reveals his challenge of the basic novelistic parameters. The novelistic ingredients such as setting, characterisation, and plot development have been treated in a subverting way. Though not totally discarded, they have been manipulated for the purpose of the author＇s general argument, which is Socialism. For instance, characters in the novel are treated as types, that is, representatives of their class. Besides, the order of scenes and events has been rearranged for the purpose of foregrounding representative scenes like the description of the Brookers＇ lodging-house. The author＇s treatment of the material of the text is primarily based on his personal experience as an outside observer during his journey to the North. Therefore, the exploration of the novel from a structuralist perspective based on Genette＇s model does not merely aim at the pure application of some literary and critical approaches to Orwell＇s text. This may be misleading since the investigation may fall in superficiality and simplicity. But the strategy deployed is actually a further contribution to the author＇s general argument and a manifestation of the novel＇s status as a creative and subversive text.

Writing as Painting： Creative Scholarly Writing From H616ne Cixous＇ Post-structuralism and Maurice Merleau-Ponty＇s Body Phenomenology

This paper deals with scholarly writing and a testing and experimental review of its related conventions. The author applies to her review of the subject a theoretical stimulus that returns to the starting point of H616ne Cixous＇ （2008） post-structuralism and Maurice Merleau-Ponty＇s （2012） phenomenology of the body. The author becomes open to meditation on the topic as a bodily soothsayer redeeming permission for creative scholarly writing using the intuitively associative method and style of writing which she has developed. The author suggests that a theoretical starting point located in post-structuralism and the phenomenology of the body offers the possibility to equate creative scholarly writing with painting. The aim of this paper is to start from post-structuralism and the phenomenology of the body and to conceive a new method of understanding and adapting creative scholarly writing, while the author allows herself to perceive and write in her intuitively associative style.

The Development of Linguistics and Its Prospects

The text makes some researches about the definition of language. It discusses the development of linguistics from the diachronic point of view. Beginning with the definitions and schools of language, it comes to structuralism and linguistics, and the linguistics and literature criticism. The development of linguistics and its relation with other disciplines provide new views for other subjects, and create a new method study. The article mainly shows the panoramic view of linguistics--the definitions, the different schools, and mainly the structuralism. It emphasizes the influences of linguistics on criticism. At the end some outlooks are presented.

The Shroud and the Trope： Representations of Discourse and of the Feminine in Homer＇s Odyssey

Understanding that Homer＇s Odyssey （1998） has a feminine perspective, this paper intends to explore the Greek epic placing queen Penelope as the protagonist, observing, mainly, the narratological shifts in the story grammar, duration and character elaboration. This study also uses Paul Ricoeur＇s The Rule of Metaphor （2008） to analyze the episode of the shroud in Homer＇s Odyssey. Ricoeur sees metaphor in three distinct levels： the level of lexis where he bases himself in the works of Aristotle; the level of phrase in which he recurs to the structuralist linguistician l^mile Benveniste; and the metaphor in the level of discourse, when Ricoeur himself devises an elaborate study of the figure of speech. Penelope＇s weaving can be understood as a representation of discourse and of the feminine. Such analogy transcends the stereotype she is often given and defines a new role for the character in the epic.

Research on the Cultural Inheritance and Vision Interactive and the Applications on Contemporary Art Design

In this paper, we conduct research on the cultural inheritance and vision interactive and the applications on the contemporary art design. In the interaction design, establishment of metaphor interactive model is relates the key of user image model and designer image model is, through finding in two models product altogether has the characteristics, and reveals with the design language the characteristics, communicates with the user, thus enables the user to understand and grasp product the structure, function, usage-style and other information of rapidly. The inheritance rise of culture to some altitude, with the life or death strong and weak dependence department of the nationality and French structuralism anthropology believes that the behavior and standard of humanity are, the origins and development processes of various cultures by the deep structure of culture is decided has its similarity. Under this basis, this paper proposes the new combination model for later integration that will promote the development of the contemporary art design.

Xenia Hotels in Greece： A Holistic Approach to Modern Cultural Heritage

In the early 1950s, the Greek National Tourism Organization made a nation-wide attempt to develop tourism in Greece. For a period of two decades, it developed the hotel buildings＇ substructure, a project known as the ＂Xenia project＂. During this period, Greek architects, devoted to modernism, designed and supervised 53 hotel compounds, which spread throughout the country. Today, the Xenia Hotels are internationally recognized as part of Greece＇s modern cultural heritage, based on the simplicity, the definition of the form and the truth in materials use, besides the integration of the buildings in the natural environment, components which reveal themselves as a unique venture. This paper aims to reveal that, despite the efforts to retain the Xenia Hotels, these procedures remain incomplete. They rightly focus on architectural shells, morphological and functional standardization, proper utilization of the Greek environmental conditions, and the use of authentic local materials. However, the cultural evaluation of these settlements can only be completed by their holistic design, which also comprises their interior spaces, lightening and furniture design, all these detailed aspects that form an organic entirety and which are not included in these efforts.

Revolutionary Objects： Pure Forms and Disorder in Ivan Leonidov＇s Work

This paper analyzes compositional strategies of Russian avant-garde architecture from the 1920s and 1930s through the study of the work of Ivan Leonidov （1902-1959）, one of the leading and most prolific architects of this movement. In this study, Leonidov＇s work is located within its predominant architectural context, and his work is interpreted not only as a reaction against the domineering principles of classicism, but as an evolution and selective continuation of key concepts directly translated from architectural academism. The issues of the use of pure forms--a radical stance at odds with the commonly accepted morphologies of that era--associated with the principles of displaced symmetry, or disorder, are closely looked at and evaluated against both their architectural and political values within the context of post-revolutionary Russia. It is argued that the characteristic of weightlessness in his large-scale planning proposals is revelatory of a particular desire to invade space with political presence, thus demanding to reconsider the relation between space and architectural objects. Parallels are also drawn from French Revolutionary architecture, and from the work of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux in particular, whose search for purity and autonomy in architectural morphology preceded that of Soviet architecture. As Leonidov＇s legacy mainly consists of drawings of buildings that never got built, his influence can often be felt in the work of other architects which until today have drawn formal elements and compositional strategies from his relatively vast volume of un-built work.

Revisionary Reconstructions of Urban Spaces＂ Claiming The Barrio as ＂Homely＂ Site in Nicholasa Mohr＇s Nilda

Although ghetto fiction is concerned with the geographical peripheries of white metropolis, its long-term strategy is to effect a radical restructuring of cityscape. This is not to state a criticism of neocolonial values upon which the city is built in opposition to the ghetto but rather of demonstrating the extent to which the white city and the ghetto are already deeply implicated within each other. In a ghetto novel, the white city is the subtext that we must recover, because history of ghetto formation itself is the subject of its discourse. Revaluation of the ghetto prepares us for later attempts to revive an urban and ＂ghettocentric＂ American identity. In contrast to some ghetto fiction where the ghetto is denounced as a place adverse to emancipatory ＂progress＂, Nicholasa Mohr＇s literary ghetto in Nilda （I 986） is not a narrative reinforcing the stereotypical representations of how racioethnic urban life and violent crime define each other. It is not, in other words, a location of unproblematic inherited identities but a place where orientations and identifications are negotiated.

George Orwell＇s Experiment With the Ironic Narrative Structure in Nineteen Eighty-Four

This study seeks to establish the major relevance of the ironic vision embodied in the narrative structure in George Orwell＇s early novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. After providing a comprehensive satisfying examination of the cultural phenomenon that goes by the name of ＂Modernism＂, the world in which the young George Orwell began his literary career; the study will present a critical analyses exploring Orwell＇s novel concerning the past-war ironic dystopian vision, with special reference to his experiment with the ironic narrative techniques and structure.

Exploring the Body Politics of Female Teachers from the Perspective of Intersectionality and Agency in Education Locale

This paper explores how the body discourses constructed by patriarchal culture influence individual＇s body viewpoint and form teachers＇ body image in educational fields in gender perspectives of feminisms and the concepts of power and discourse from Foucanlt. At the same time I will also demonstrate that the body politics of women teachers in secondary education do not represent the stable and rigid hierarchy of traditional teacher-student relationship but shape the subjectivity which are deployed and suffused as a capillary action by the disciplines and power relations interwoven by gender, sexuality, class and age throughout the individual＇s cognition and behavior, thus produce self-monitoring in the meantime monitoring others for social function. Finally, I will argue that how the subjectivity under the social structure and cultural norms generates an individual＇s agency of resistance and subversion to existing gender structures through reflectivity in the cracks produced by the collision, fragmentation, consultation within different discourses, and then finds the temporary strategic and political positioning and identity.

解构主义给艺术带来了什么

解构主义是由法国哲学家雅克·德里达等人倡导的一种反传统思潮。1966年，德里达在美国巴尔迪摩市约翰·霍布金斯大学的一次结构主义大会上，宣读了题为《人文科学话语中的结构、符号和游戏》的论文。这篇论文标志着与“结构主义”的决裂．和“后结构主义”的诞生。1967年，德里达出版的《论文字学》．《语言与现象》、《书写与差异》三部著作标志着后结构主义理论正式确立。而解构主义又是后结构主义思潮中最重要的组成部分。

Cultural Psychology： An Interdisciplinary Perspective

Cultural Psychology emerged as an interdisciplinary subfield roughly in the 1980s/1990s. With about thirty years of momentum, this discipline has grown from little more than a special interests group to a topic to which multiple institutions and journals have been dedicated. This paper presents an outline of the discipline of Cultural Psychology from an American interdisciplinary perspective. The pitfalls of General Psychology （research methodology, politicization, and an essentialist hermeneutic） and Anthropology （an epistemological gap in the four fields approach, psychophobia, and the role of the researcher in cultural change） are addressed, in turn. Cultural Psychology provides an alternative to these pitfalls by drawing on the strengths of each discipline to address both theoretical and empirical problems. Cultural Psychology urges for a critical reflection on the social structure and history of its own discipline, resulting in a broader academic canon and a more nuanced understanding of interdisciplinary relations within the human sciences.

Holism and the Individual： A Theoretical Conundrum

This article deals with one of the theoretical dilemmas of contemporary sociology： the dualism of the individualistic and holistic approaches. One of the most famous attempts to overcome this dualism is the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens, and alongside this is found the conception of social realism of Roy Bhaskar and Margaret Archer. Their efforts to link individualistic and holistic approaches are based on a varifocal attempt to explain the theoretical issues from both individualistic and holistic perspectives. The author of this article believes that there is an alternative solution to this problem, where both perspectives are ＂blended＂ in a theoretical explanation demonstrating that the concepts which we use in sociological theory--actor, action and structure--are inherently of dualistic nature, i.e., they are ＂duplex＂.