“美国研究”课程对英语专业学生专业能力的影响研究

随着中华文化“走出去”战略和“一带一路”倡议的不断推进,社会迫切需要通晓相关国家社会、文化、政治、法律、贸易和金融等领域的涉外人才。为了更好地满足国家的人才需求,东北某高校在英语专业本科阶段开展了英语国家研究课程的改革探索。研究采用定性研究和定量研究相结合的方法,借助问卷调查和半结构化访谈采集数据,重点关注了“美国研究”课程对学生专业能力的影响。研究发现:“美国研究”课程对学生的英语语言综合运用能力和文学赏析能力、跨文化交流能力、学习能力、科研能力产生了不同程度的积极影响。此外,研究还发现学生存在着跨文化交流实践不足、不善调整学习策略和不善运用学术理论等问题,并针对这些问题提出了改进建议。研究结果可为改进区域国别研究课程的教学带来启示。

美国政治与法律网（www．ciapl．com）开通

由中国政法大学美国政治与法律研究中心主办、杨玉圣主编的美国政治与法律网（http：／／www．ciapl．com），自2005年7月25日起正式开通。本网站现开设最新动态、美国政治、美国政府、美国国会、美国司法、美国宪法、美国法律、美国外交等八大栏目。本网站将力求成为汉语学术界有关美国政治与法律研究和信息交流的网络学术中心平台。

ARL成员馆实时咨询开展情况调查

通过发放调查问卷和访问各图书馆的主页 ,美国研究图书馆协会对其所属的 12 4家图书馆的实时咨询 (ChatReference)开展情况做了深入细致的调查研究。许多经验值得我国正在开展和准备开展实时咨询服务的图书馆参考借鉴。

Prognostic significance of PTEN,Ki-67 and CD44s expression patterns in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

AIM:To develop a prognostic approach for gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) using a cluster of indicators and follow-up information.METHODS:One hundred and four GISTs that had not been subjected to targeted therapies were collected and classified by NIH risk assessment and anatomic location.By immunohistochemistry,the expressions of PTEN,Ki-67,CD44s matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-9 and TIMP-1 were detected on tissue microarray.Univariate and multimarker survival analyses were performed and then a COX hazard proportion model was constructed to evaluate a cluster of predictors of GIST.RESULTS:Our data showed small intestinal GIST are more aggressive than gastric GIST.The NIH risk assessment correlated with disease-free survival foreither gastric GIST or small intestinal GIST.Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Ki-67 labeling indexes(LIs) < 5% predicted higher disease-specific survival(DSS) in gastric and small intestinal GIST.CD44s positivity and PTEN LIs ≥ 50% correlated with higher DSS in gastric GIST.MMP-9 and TIMP-1 had no correlation with survival.Multimarker analysis revealed that the expression pattern of PTEN LIs ≥ 50% combined with Ki-67 LIs < 5% and CD44s positivity reliably predicted favorable outcomes for gastric GIST(P = 0.009),as did the combination of PTEN LIs ≥ 50% and Ki-67 LIs < 5% for small intestinal GIST(P = 0.011).Authors also found that high NIH risk grade was correlated with DSS in patients with gastric GIST and disease-free survival in patients with small intestinal GIST.CONCLUSION:PTEN LIs ≥ 50%,Ki-67 LIs < 5% and CD44s positivity provides an accurate,favorable prognosis for gastric GIST.PTEN LIs ≥ 50% and Ki-67 LIs < 5% does the same for small intestinal GIST.Ki-67 LIs enhances the NIH assessment.

Recent advances and remaining gaps in our knowledge of associations between gut microbiota and human health

The complex gut microbial flora harbored by individuals(microbiota) has long been proposed to contribute tointestinal health as well as disease. Pre-and probioticproducts aimed at improving health by modifyingmicrobiota composition have already become widelyavailable and acceptance of these products appearsto be on the rise. However, although required forthe development of effective microbiota basedinterventions, our basic understanding of microbiotavariation on a population level and its dynamics withinindividuals is still rudimentary. Powerful new parallelsequence technologies combined with other efficientmolecular microbiota analysis methods now allow forcomprehensive analysis of microbiota composition inlarge human populations. Recent fi ndings in the fi eldstrongly suggest that microbiota contributes to thedevelopment of obesity, atopic diseases, inflammatorybowel diseases and intestinal cancers. Through theongoing National Institutes of Health Roadmap 'HumanMicrobiome Project' and similar projects in other partsof the world, a large coordinated effort is currentlyunderway to study how microbiota can impact humanhealth. Translating findings from these studies intoeffective interventions that can improve health,possibly personalized based on an individuals existingmicrobiota, will be the task for the next decade(s).

DARPA Robotics Grand Challenge Participation and Ski-Type Gait for Rough-Terrain Walking

In this paper, we briefly introduce the history of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) Grand Challenge programs with particular focus on the 2012 Robotics Challenge. As members of team DRC-HUBO, we propose different approaches for the Rough-Terrain task, such as enlarged foot pedals and a transformation into quadruped walking. We also introduce a new gait for humanoid robot locomotion to improve stability performance, called the Ski-Type gait. We analyze the stability performance of this gait and use the stability margin to choose between two candidate step sequences, Crawl-1 and Crawl-2. Next, we perform a force/torque analysis for the redundant closedchain system in the Ski-Type gait, and determine the joint torques by minimizing the total energy consumption. Based on the stability and force/torque analysis, we design a cane length to support a feasible and stable Crawl-2 gait on the HUBO2 humanoid robot platform. Finally, we compare our experimental results with biped walking to validate the SkiType gait. We also present our team performance in the trials of the Robotics Challenge.

Differences in characteristics of patients with and without known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States

AIM： To examine the clinical characteristics of a subgroup of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and compare them to those with known risk factors. METHODS： We used the HCC database of 306 patients seen at our institution from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2001. Of the 306 patients, 63 （20%, group 1） had no known risk factors （hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, alcohol, hemochromatosis or cirrhosis from any cause） and 243 （group 2） had one or more risk factors. RESULTS： The median age was similar in both groups, but there were disproportionate numbers of younger （〈 30 years old）, older （〉 80 years） patients, women （33% vs 18%）, and Caucasians （81% vs 52%） in group 1 as compared to group 2. There were fewer Asians （2% vs 11%） and African Americans （13% vs 27%） in group 1. Abdominal pain （70% vs 37%） was more common while gastrointestinal bleeding （0% vs 11%） and ascites （4% vs17%） were less common in group i compared to group 2. Group 1 had larger tumor burden （median size 9.4 cm vs 5.7 cm） at the time of presentation, but there were no differences in the site （right, left or bilateral lesions）, or number of tumors between the two groups. CONCLUSION： HCC patients without identifiable risk factors have different characteristics and clinical presentation compared to those with known risk factors.Absence of cirrhosis and larger tumor burden may explain the differences in the presenting symptoms.

Prognostic Factors of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors： A Single Institutional Retrospective Experience with Surgical Management over 20 Years

OBJECTIVE To analyze the pathological features and prognosis factors of gastrointestinal stromal tumor （GIST） after primary resection. METHODS Medical records of the diagnosis, surgery, and follow-up of 327 patients with GISTs who underwent surgery between 1988 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. The predic-tive factors for the survival of these patients were identi. ed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS In the 327 tumors, 152 （46.5%） were located in the stomach, 89 （27.2%） in the small intestine, 33 （10.1%） in the colon and rectum, and 43 （13.1%） in other sites including the omentum and mesentery. The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates of the 327 GIST patients were 74.4% and 62.7%, respectively, and univariate survival analysis demonstrated that factors, such as tumor size, mitotic index, NIH categories, Ki-67 index, tumor location, surgical margins, tumor bleeding, and tumor necrosis have significant effect on survival of the patients （P 〈 0.05）. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the NIH categories, surgical margins, and Ki-67 index were independent prognostic factors for the survival rate. In the group of patients with postoperative recurrence or metastasis, the median survival time of patients who did not receive imatinib treatment was 30 months and that of patients who received imatinib treatment was 59 months. Their 5-year survival rates were 16.4% and 39.4%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant （P = 0.017）. CONCLUSION Complete resection is the .rst choice of treat-ment for GISTs. It is reasonable to evaluate the prognosis of resect-able GISTs and guide the adjunctive therapy with NIH categories and Ki-67 index. Imatinib treatment can signi.cantly increase the survival rate of patients with recurrent and metastatic GISTs.

A Semi-quantitative Serological Method to Assess the Potency of Inactivated Rabies Vaccine for Veterinary Use

Potency is one of the most important indexes of inactivated vaccines.A number of methods have been established to assay the potency,of which the NIH test and single-dose mouse protection test are the "prescribed methods".Here,we report a method to semi-quantitatively assay the potency of an inactivated rabies vaccine,which uses fewer animals and takes less time to complete.Depending on the quality requirements of a vaccine(e.g.minimum potency),a rabies reference vaccine is,for example,diluted to the minimum potency,and 50 μL of the dilution is taken to inoculate 10 mice.The same amount of the test rabies vaccine is inoculated into another 10 mice.After two weeks,all mice are bled and serum samples are assayed for viral neutralizing antibody by the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization(FAVN) test.By comparing the median and interquartile range of antibody titers of the reference vaccine with those of the test vaccine,the test vaccine potency can be semi-quantitatively judged as to whether it is in accord with the required quality.The reliability of this method was also confirmed in dogs.The procedure can be recommended for batch potency testing during inactivated rabies vaccine production.

First record of Pantropical spotted dolphins Stenella attenuata in the Yellow Sea, China

On October 1, 2009, sixteen dolphins were obtained from fishermen by incidental catching in the Yellow Sea, China. As the dolphins＇ skin color was ambiguous, morphological parameters were measured, and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b （Cyt b） gene sequence was studied to identify the species. Morphological characteristics were consistent with Pantropical spotted dolphins, Stenella attenuata. Furthermore, a partial mitochondrial DNA eytoehrome b （Cyt b） gene sequence as long as 328-bp was studied by extracting genomic DNA from the skins, and six haplotypes were detected in the sixteen dolphins. By comparing homologous sequences available in GenBank （www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov）, all the six haplotypes had maximal genetic similarity with Pantropical spotted dolphin. Eight species of cetacean （whales and dolphins） are now recognised in the Yellow Sea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of Pantropical spotted dolphins from this region. Despite this species being listed as a Grade II National Key Protected Animal since 1988, little is known of its biology in Chinese waters. We recommend remedial research be undertaken to ensure appropriate management.

Exploring Gender Stereotypes in American and Mexican Magazine Advertisements

This study analyzed gender stereotypes in American and Mexican magazine advertisements. The researchers conducted a content analysis of four major fashion magazines （i.e., Vogue, Cosmopolitan, People en Espahol, and Vanidades）, using KANG＇s （1997） scales of gender behaviors inspired by Goffman＇s （1979） gender studies. The researcher obtained findings by averaging the overall sum of each country＇s stereotypes by comparing them for any similarities or disparities. The results suggest a similar amount of gender stereotypes across both countries, specifically in the gender categories of ＂feminine touch＂, ＂licensed withdrawal＂, and ＂body display＂. Overall, findings from this study provide further implications for future researchers and marketers. Future researchers should further analyze gender behavior by conducting a longitudinal study of the various types of gender stereotypes at an international level. Additional implications and future research ideas are discussed throughout this research.

On Impacts of Cultural Soft Power on Translation -by Analyzing Popularity of Yu Hua’s Works in US

With the emergence of the Cultural School in the 1990s, researchers began to deem that translation is inevitably associated with political tendencies and aspirations of social groups, and the relationship between source language and target language has never gone beyond politics and are always entangled with power. From political perspective, this thesis will take the popularity of Yu Hua’s works in US into account to analyze and explore how cultural soft power, has impacts on translation activities, especially translation direction and source text selection.

Comparative study of Lily Bart and Carrie Meeber

Lily Bart is the heroine of The house of mirth, the novel by American writer Edith Wharton, while Carrie Meeber is the protagonist of Theodore Dreiser＇s Sister Carrie. Both novels are set at the beginning of 20th century and criticize a changing American society in which people were forced to recognize the influence of money and struggled to realize their ＂American Dream＂. On the one hand, Lily and Carrie greatly resemble each other in marriage motivation, living environment, standard of values, and moral awareness. On the other hand, their different levels of upholding moral values lead to their different fates.

美国高校交叉学科发展模式及其启示

美国高校交叉学科的发展模式主要有两种。一种是自主模式,追求独立学科的地位,在组织形式、人事与课程上享有自主权。另一种是依赖模式,保持多学科研究领域的特征,在组织形式、人事与课程上没有自主权,依赖多个学系教师的合作。从美国研究可以看出,美国高校交叉学科发展经历了从依赖模式到自主模式的渐进变革,其发展趋势是两种模式的融合。这一变迁过程说明,交叉学科不同发展模式各有所长,可以并存发展,但最佳的发展模式是融合两者的优势。我国交叉学科在追求独立自主的发展时要保持开放性;交叉学科的发展需要依据大学的不同条件采取不同的组织形式,同时需要在课程计划、教师的聘任与评价制度上有所创新。

The Female Resisters Under the Patriarchy in Song of Solomon

The present paper is an analysis of the female resisters under the patriarchy in the African-American female writer, Toni Morrison＇s Song of Solomon, which was published in 1977 and won the National Book Critics Circle Award and American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award. The paper focuses on how the females in Song of Solomon--Ruth and her Daughters--resist the patriarchy.

Instructors' Debate over Error Feedback on Chinese International Students' Academic Writings in a U.S.University

As the number of Chinese international students studying in the U.S. has grown dramatically in recent years, there has been increasing attention to how English Composition instructors approach these students＇ writings. Using a dialogue format representing ＂narratives of classroom life＂ （Nelson, 2011a）, this paper demonstrates two polemic views held by teachers and researchers： one view sees students＇ language use as problematic as it differs from the expected standards required for academic success in the U.S., while the other calls for more tolerance of the students＇ linguistic and cultural diversity and accordingly, more strategic ways to give ＂error feedback.＂ By opening up the debate, the paper explores possibilities for teachers in the U.S. and around the world to help their students address the gap between academic expectations, and what they are currently capable of.

Airglow simulation based on the Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code of 2012

The Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code （AURIC） is a software package developed by Computa- tional Physics, Inc. （CPI） under the sponsorship of the Air Force Phillips Laboratory/Geophysics Directorate （PL/GP） （cur- rently the Air Force Research Laboratory） for middle and upper atmospheric radiance modeling from the far ultraviolet to the near infrared. The AURIC has been considered as a general model for the radiative transfer simulation of airglow. Based on the theory of MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission （MODTRAN）, the AURIC extends calculation to altitudes above 100 km and the wavelength down to 80 nm. A package of AURIC vl.2 was released in 2002, which can be used for sin- gle-point simulation from 1947 to 1999. It means that the model is not suitable for atmospheric simulation of large datasets or for atmospheric parameters retrieval from amount of satellite measurements. In this paper, AURIC vl.2 is upgraded to AURIC-2012 based on MATLAB with improvements for modules of the Geomagnetic Parameter （GEOPARM）, Atmosphere neutral composition （ATOMS）, and Ionospheric electron density （IONOS）. The improved AURIC can be used for global au- tomatic airglow simulation and also for automatic retrieval of atmospheric compositions from satellite global observations, such as O/N2 and electron density etc. Besides, the model supplies possibilities for further improvement of airglow radiative mechanism and for substitution of other modules. Based on the AURIC-2012, Limb Column Emission Intensity （L-CEI） and Volume Emission Rate （VER） are calculated. For validation, the results were compared with measurements of the Global Ul- traviolet Imager （GUVI） and TIMED Doppler Interferometer （TIDI）, respectively. The averaged relative errors of L-CEI and VER at peak altitude are both within 20%. Finally, L-CEI varying with latitude, altitude, solar activity, and geomagnetic activ- ity is simulated, and the distribution characteristics of the simulation and their influencing factors are analyzed subsequently.

Recent Advances in Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection

An infection by Zika virus(ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, broke out in South American regions in 2015, and recently showed a tendency of spreading to North America and even worldwide. ZIKV was first detected in 1947 and only 14 human infection cases were reported until 2007. This virus was previously observed to cause only mild flu-like symptoms.However, recent ZIKV infections might be responsible for the increasing cases of neurological disorders such as GuillainBarre′ syndrome and congenital defects, including newborn microcephaly. Therefore, researchers have established several animal models to study ZIKV transmission and pathogenesis, and test therapeutic candidates. This review mainly summarizes the reported animal models of ZIKV infection, including mice and non-human primates.

Comparison Study of Two Commercial Spectrometers for Heavy Metal Analysis of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy （LIBS）

The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of two spectrometers that are manufactured from the same company. In this work, heavy metals like lead Pb and copper Cu in the KBr matrix were analyzed using the laser induced breakdown spectroscopic technique. A Q-switched Nd：YAG laser with 90mJ per pulse operating at the fundamental wavelength of 1064nm and pulse duration of 10 ns was used to generate plasma at the focal region. The important experimental parameters such as the laser energy, integration time, distance between the lens and sample, distance and angle of the optical fiber from the target were optimized. Two spectrometers manufactured by Ocean Optics namely as Maya2000Pro and USB 4000 were employed for anlyzing the spectral lines. The experimental setup and conditions were remained the same for both experiments. The production of spectral lines from each of the interested elements was analyzed and compared with the NIST （National Institute of Standards and Technology） database. The sensitivity, repeatability and limit of detection for each of the systems are discussed in detail.