In this paper I examine the following claims by William Eaton in his monograph Boyle on Fire： （i） that Boyle＇s religious convictions led him to believe that the world was not completely explicable, and this shows ...In this paper I examine the following claims by William Eaton in his monograph Boyle on Fire： （i） that Boyle＇s religious convictions led him to believe that the world was not completely explicable, and this shows that there is a shortcoming in the power of mechanical explanations; （ii） that mechanical explanations offer only sufficient, not necessary explanations, and this too was taken by Boyle to be a limit in the explanatory power of mechanical explanations; （iii） that the mature Boyle thought that there could be more intelligible explanatory models than mechanism; and （iv） that what Boyle says at any point in his career is incompatible with the statement of Maria Boas-Hall, i.e., that the mechanical hypothesis can explicate all natural phenomena. Since all four of these claims are part of Eaton＇s developmental argument, my rejection of them will not only show how the particular developmental story Eaton diagnoses is inaccurate, but will also explain what limits there actually are in Boyle＇s account of the intelligibility of mechanical explanations. My account will also show why important philosophers like Locke and Leibniz should be interested in Boyle＇s philosophical work.展开更多
Many College English teachers complain about work stress. To learn about the actual burnout situation and to seek intervention, a questionnaire survey and written interviews were conducted in a medical university in C...Many College English teachers complain about work stress. To learn about the actual burnout situation and to seek intervention, a questionnaire survey and written interviews were conducted in a medical university in China. The results of the survey suggest that 29.73% of the participants experienced burnout. No significant differences were found in the aspects of the gender and educational background. However, older teachers experienced significantly more intense reduced personal accomplishment while more-experienced teachers reported significantly more intense depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. Similarly, participants with higher professional titles experienced much more intense depersonalization. Meanwhile, the results of the interviews indicate four causes of burnout： factors related to the job, students, management and teacher development. Internal and external moderations are categorized as the burnout reducers. As for intervention, teachers and the organization should work together to reduce the burnout syndrome.展开更多
Occupation is an important variable that determines employees＇ labor income and thereby influences income differences among residents. On the basis of the subsample of data from the One Percent National Population Sa...Occupation is an important variable that determines employees＇ labor income and thereby influences income differences among residents. On the basis of the subsample of data from the One Percent National Population Sample Survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in China in 2005, this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the relationship between occupation and income differences. It finds that inter-occupational income differences explain 12-17 percent of the total income disparity among urban employees. This inter-occupational income disparity is mainly caused by the fact that, first, different occupations have varying human capital requirements, leading to different labor remuneration, and second, labor market and regional segmentation impede the free flow of labor across different occupations. The first factor highlights the role of human capital, and should be seen as a positive effect of market-oriented reform, while the second reflects the incompleteness of this reform at the present stage. Therefore, to narrow unreasonable inter- occupational income gaps, we need to intensify reform and do our best to remove barriers hindering free mobility between occupations.展开更多
文摘In this paper I examine the following claims by William Eaton in his monograph Boyle on Fire： （i） that Boyle＇s religious convictions led him to believe that the world was not completely explicable, and this shows that there is a shortcoming in the power of mechanical explanations; （ii） that mechanical explanations offer only sufficient, not necessary explanations, and this too was taken by Boyle to be a limit in the explanatory power of mechanical explanations; （iii） that the mature Boyle thought that there could be more intelligible explanatory models than mechanism; and （iv） that what Boyle says at any point in his career is incompatible with the statement of Maria Boas-Hall, i.e., that the mechanical hypothesis can explicate all natural phenomena. Since all four of these claims are part of Eaton＇s developmental argument, my rejection of them will not only show how the particular developmental story Eaton diagnoses is inaccurate, but will also explain what limits there actually are in Boyle＇s account of the intelligibility of mechanical explanations. My account will also show why important philosophers like Locke and Leibniz should be interested in Boyle＇s philosophical work.
文摘Many College English teachers complain about work stress. To learn about the actual burnout situation and to seek intervention, a questionnaire survey and written interviews were conducted in a medical university in China. The results of the survey suggest that 29.73% of the participants experienced burnout. No significant differences were found in the aspects of the gender and educational background. However, older teachers experienced significantly more intense reduced personal accomplishment while more-experienced teachers reported significantly more intense depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. Similarly, participants with higher professional titles experienced much more intense depersonalization. Meanwhile, the results of the interviews indicate four causes of burnout： factors related to the job, students, management and teacher development. Internal and external moderations are categorized as the burnout reducers. As for intervention, teachers and the organization should work together to reduce the burnout syndrome.
文摘Occupation is an important variable that determines employees＇ labor income and thereby influences income differences among residents. On the basis of the subsample of data from the One Percent National Population Sample Survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in China in 2005, this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the relationship between occupation and income differences. It finds that inter-occupational income differences explain 12-17 percent of the total income disparity among urban employees. This inter-occupational income disparity is mainly caused by the fact that, first, different occupations have varying human capital requirements, leading to different labor remuneration, and second, labor market and regional segmentation impede the free flow of labor across different occupations. The first factor highlights the role of human capital, and should be seen as a positive effect of market-oriented reform, while the second reflects the incompleteness of this reform at the present stage. Therefore, to narrow unreasonable inter- occupational income gaps, we need to intensify reform and do our best to remove barriers hindering free mobility between occupations.
