汉唐诗文中“胡马”义的嬗变——兼论李白、杜甫诗“胡马”意象的特征

"胡马",见用于汉代典籍,其有北方胡地之马、胡地军事力量以及胡马思乡等涵义。魏晋六朝时期,文士诗文以汉代"胡马"义构成用典的修辞手法。同时,当"胡马"指军事力量时,其具体指称和汉代有所不同。唐代诗文在沿用汉魏"胡马"义的基础上,多用"胡马"指安史叛军、吐蕃军以及入侵唐边境的其他军事势力。和唐以前及唐人诗文相比,李白、杜甫诗歌中的"胡马"具有三个特点:使用数量为诸文士之最;更多关涉安史叛军;所及地域由北方拓宽到西北。以李、杜诗歌所用"胡马"意象比较,其不同点有两点:李白使用"胡马",涵义更广泛;而杜甫使用"胡马",更显示了关乎时事的诗史特征。

Isolation and Identification of Eleven Tertiary Alkaloidsin Corydalis decumbens

Eleven tertiarv alkaloids were isolated from Corvdalis decumbens rhizome Their structures were identified as protopine(Ⅶ),allocryptopine(Ⅷ),cryptopine (Ⅸ),muramine(ⅩⅦ);(+)-tetrahydropalmatine(Ⅲ),(+)-kikemanine (Ⅳ),(一)-scoulerine (ⅩⅧ),(十)-bulbo- capnine (ⅩⅨ),and(一)一capnoidine(Ⅰ),(一)一bicuculline(Ⅴ),(+) coriumidine(ⅩⅣ), respecti vely。 Among these,cryptopine,muramine,(+)-kikemanine,(-)-scoulerine,(一)capnoidine,(一)一bicuculline were isolated for the first time from this plant

Effects of C_6-HSL on Potato Growth and Capacity against Soft Rot Disease

[Objective]The aim of this study was to investigate whether communication signal C6-HSL among individual bacteria can influence plant growth and disease resistance ability. [Method]With potato virus-free plantlets as the test materials and C6-HSL as the inducer,the potato＇s growth and the ability of resistance against Erwinia carotovora subp carotovora were tested after being treated by C6-HSL with different concentrations. The effects of C6-HSL on plant landmark defense enzyme activities and H2O2 content in potato leaves were measured especially. [Result]C6-HSL with different concentrations could obviously inhibit the growth rate of root and the number of roots,but had no effect on plant height,number of nodes and leaf size. POD or SOD activity and H2O2 content in plant landmark defense enzymes significantly increased after induction of C6-HSL,but PAL and PPO activity had no obvious change. In the resistant test,potato plants induced by C6-HSL could inhibit the infection of Erwinia carotovora subp carotovora effectively,and its incidence was significantly lower than the control group. [Conclusion]Bacteria AHL can be possibly used as a new kind of plant disease-resistant activator.

Equilibrium of Extraction of Succinic, Malic, Maleic and Fumaric Acids with Trioctylamine

Extraction equilibrium features of succinic acid, malic acid,maleic acid and fumaric acid were investi- gated systematically withtrioctylamine (TOA) in chloroform, 4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK) and1-octanol. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysisof organic samples loaded with the acid shows that amine forms 1:1complex of ion-pair association with succinic acid, malic acid andmaleic acid, and 1:1, 2:1 complex of ion-pair association withfumaric acid. It is proposed that the complex forms depend on thesecond dissociation constant of the dibasic acid, pK_a2.

Bacterial diseases outbreak of African Catfish （Clarias gariepinus） from Manir River, Tcrengganu, Malaysia

A total of 190 bacterial isolates have been successfully isolated from 50 diseased African Catfish （C/arias gariepinus） namely; 70 isolates of Flavobacterium sp., 50 isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila, 30 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda and 20 isolate of each Hafnia alvei and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study was conducted to investigate bacteria that infected the broodstocks of African catfish cultured at Manir River, Terengganu as well as their antibiogram and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance （MAR） index. In the present study, antibiotic sensitivity and intermediary case were reported as 52.7% and 7.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, antibiotic case was recorded as 34.5%. The MAR index values obtained by each bacterial species was ranging from 0.24 to 0.52 whereas the average MAR index value was 0.39 which indicated that the cultured fish has been highly exposed to tested antibiotics.

Transcriptome analysis differentially expressed genes with total carotenoid contents in pearl oyster(Pinctada fucata martensii)

Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between individuals with high(HC)and low(LC)total carotenoid content(TCC)were sampled from a selected line of Pinctada fucata martensii with black shell in the prismatic layer.The expression levels of candidate genes were verified by qRT-PCR.Targeted resequencing was used to detect SNPs in a candidate gene,PmSR-BI.The association of TCC with SNPs in PmSR-BI was determined.Results showed that a total of 1025 DEGs were identified between HC and LC.The expression levels of the candidate gene PmSR-BI in HC were higher than those in LC.Seven SNPs in the exon and eight SNPs in the 5′regulatory regions of PmSR-BI were found.Association analysis showed that one SNP in the exon and two SNPs in the 5′regulatory regions of PmSR-BI were significantly associated with the TCC(P<0.05).All SNPs of PmSR-BI were divided into four blocks.CC haplotype in Block 1 and AG haplotype in Block 3 were significantly higher than other haplotypes.These results help elucidate the mechanism underlying carotenoid metabolism and develop marker-assisted breeding design in the species.

Persistence of Imidacloprid and β-Cyfluthrin Residue in Black Pepper （Piper Nigrum L.） under Malaysia Climatic Condition

Persistence behavior of imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin in black pepper was studied following application of formulation of Solomon at 0.6 （recommended dose） and 1.2 （double recommended dose） g a.i./ha for one pepper production cycle. The results also showed that the Solomon at 0.6 mL/L concentration significantly suppressed the pest infestation in pepper vines. Pepper vine treated with Solomon produce more berries compared to control and showed no phytotoxicity. Analytical procedure of Solomon active ingredient was validated prior to actual analysis. Satisfactory recoveries ranging between 87.6%-106.7% were obtained for the fortified pepper berries samples. Results showed low level of imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin residues in dried pepper berries ranging between 〈 0.01 mg/kg to 1.43 mg/kg and 〈 0.01 mg/kg to 1.612 mg/kg respectively. The half-life value period for imidacloprid were found to be 2.06 and 2.30 days and for beta-cyfluthrin, these values were observed to be 1.57 and 1.49 days respectively at recommended and double recommended dose. Imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin residue dissipated below the limit of quantification （LOQ） of 0.01 mg/kg after 7 and 9 days respectively at recommended and double recommended dose. Soil sample collected 15 days after the last spray did not show the present of Imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin residue at their detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg.

Gradualism and Optimism—A Comparative Study on John Dewey and Hu Shi

This paper is an attempt to investigate the relationship between John Dewey＇s philosophy and Hu Shi＇s thought. It is argued that the reason for Flu Shi to be attracted by Dewey＇s philosophy lies in his special version of evolutionism, namely, it-is-up-to-us-ism. However, it is then argued clearly that their understandings of evolutionism are very different from each other and that it is just because of this difference that later Hu Shi＇s thought had to give way to Marxism in China. The first two parts tell us that John Dewey＇s philosophy, influenced by Hegel＇s philosophy and inspired by Darwin＇s evolutionary theory, is a critique of the traditional contemplative philosophy. It is about how to sustain our commitment to experience in the situation where the given End of life has been shattered, that is, it is the philosophy about democracy. The last two parts argue that Hu Shi did not derive this problem consciousness fi-om Dewey. He tried to insert Dewey＇s theory of intelligent inquiry into the special, Chinese version of evolutionism, it-is-up-to-us- ism. In this way, he did not see the key issue in Dewey＇s philosophy of democracy. This finally led to his inability to solve the problem of how to unify and motivate the Chinese people.