This article indicates by example about power price of Henan province that the energy resources of Henan province are ＂the commons＂. According to analysis of the game of ＂the tragedy of the commons＂, this article ...This article indicates by example about power price of Henan province that the energy resources of Henan province are ＂the commons＂. According to analysis of the game of ＂the tragedy of the commons＂, this article demonstrates that, whether under complete information or not, energy commons are abused. Based upon the situation, the author gives out the strategy to solve ＂the tragedy of the commons＂ of China energy sources.展开更多
Background：People experiencing strong feelings of fatigue during exercise sometimes subconsciously yell to refocus their efforts and,thus,maintain exercise performance.The present study examined the influenc of yelli...Background：People experiencing strong feelings of fatigue during exercise sometimes subconsciously yell to refocus their efforts and,thus,maintain exercise performance.The present study examined the influenc of yelling during high-intensity exercise by analysing cardiorespiratory reactions and integrated electromyography（i EMG） changes in the vastus lateralis during a cycle ergometer test.Methods：A total of 23 moderately trained people were recruited.The cycling test began with a resistance of 25 W/min,which was gradually increased.During the experimental trial,the participants were required to yell at least 3 times when they felt exhausted;during the controlled trial,they were not allowed to produce any yelling sounds.The testing order was randomly assigned and the 2 trials were completed within an interval between 3–10 days.Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was applied to analyse the differences within and between the trials,and interaction of trial and time.Results：The peak power and time to exhaustion（p〈0.01） in the yelling trial were higher than those in the control trial.However,the vastus lateralis iE MG values of both trials at peak power were not significant y different.During the yelling period at 90%–100% of the maximal effort,a significan time-by-trialinteraction（p〈0.05）wasobservedinoxygenconsumption（VO2）,CO2 production,O2 pulse,ventilation,andrespiratoryrate. Alltheabove measures showed a significan between-trial difference（p〈0.02）.However,heart rate,respiratory exchange ratio,end-tidal oxygen pressure,and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen showed only significan between-trial difference（p〈0.05）,but without interaction of trial and time.Conclusion：Yelling enhances the peak O2 pulse and VO2 and maintains CO2-exclusion efficien y during high-intensity exercise.It may enable maintaining muscle activation without stronger EMG signals being required during high-intensity exercise.展开更多
In Desire Under the Elms, Eugene O＇Neill not only adopts some elements from Greek tragedies, but brings more different ideas for readers, such as supernaturalism, and the degeneration of the tragic heroes or the peas...In Desire Under the Elms, Eugene O＇Neill not only adopts some elements from Greek tragedies, but brings more different ideas for readers, such as supernaturalism, and the degeneration of the tragic heroes or the peasant like language and sets more comic elements. Under his powerful pen, a marvelous drama is displayed before the audience, which combines the traditional elements and modem creations perfectly. This paper aims to explore the important elements in the play and compare those with what are used in Desire Under the Elms so as to draw the conclusion that Eugene O＇Neill not only uses the traditional written skills but also improves the development and inheritance of Greek tragedies.展开更多
The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings ...The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor （BDNF） as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. The molecular properties of BDNF allow this protein to be assessed in the periphery （pBDNF） （i.e., blood serum, blood plasma）, making measurements of acute exercise-induced changes in BDNF concentration relatively accessible. Studies exploring the acute exercise--pBDNF--cognitive performance relationship have had mixed findings, but this may be more reflective of methodological differences between studies than it is a statement about the role of BDNE For example, significant associations have been observed between acute exercise-induced changes in pBDNF concentration and cognitive performance in studies assessing memory, and non-significant associations have been found in studies assessing non-memory cognitive domains. Three suggestions are made for future research aimed at understanding the role of BDNF as a biological mechanism of this relationship： 1） Assessments of cognitive performance may benefit from a focus on various types of memory （e.g., relational, spatial, long-term）; 2） More finegrained measurements of pBDNF will allow for the assessment of concentrations of specific isoforms of the BDNF protein （i.e., immature, mature）; 3） Statistical techniques designed to test the mediating role of pBDNF in the acute exercise-cognitive performance relationship should be utilized in order to make causal inferences.展开更多
文摘This article indicates by example about power price of Henan province that the energy resources of Henan province are ＂the commons＂. According to analysis of the game of ＂the tragedy of the commons＂, this article demonstrates that, whether under complete information or not, energy commons are abused. Based upon the situation, the author gives out the strategy to solve ＂the tragedy of the commons＂ of China energy sources.
基金supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientifi Research (ISU99-04-03) from I-Shou University,Kaohsiung,Taiwan,China
文摘Background：People experiencing strong feelings of fatigue during exercise sometimes subconsciously yell to refocus their efforts and,thus,maintain exercise performance.The present study examined the influenc of yelling during high-intensity exercise by analysing cardiorespiratory reactions and integrated electromyography（i EMG） changes in the vastus lateralis during a cycle ergometer test.Methods：A total of 23 moderately trained people were recruited.The cycling test began with a resistance of 25 W/min,which was gradually increased.During the experimental trial,the participants were required to yell at least 3 times when they felt exhausted;during the controlled trial,they were not allowed to produce any yelling sounds.The testing order was randomly assigned and the 2 trials were completed within an interval between 3–10 days.Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was applied to analyse the differences within and between the trials,and interaction of trial and time.Results：The peak power and time to exhaustion（p〈0.01） in the yelling trial were higher than those in the control trial.However,the vastus lateralis iE MG values of both trials at peak power were not significant y different.During the yelling period at 90%–100% of the maximal effort,a significan time-by-trialinteraction（p〈0.05）wasobservedinoxygenconsumption（VO2）,CO2 production,O2 pulse,ventilation,andrespiratoryrate. Alltheabove measures showed a significan between-trial difference（p〈0.02）.However,heart rate,respiratory exchange ratio,end-tidal oxygen pressure,and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen showed only significan between-trial difference（p〈0.05）,but without interaction of trial and time.Conclusion：Yelling enhances the peak O2 pulse and VO2 and maintains CO2-exclusion efficien y during high-intensity exercise.It may enable maintaining muscle activation without stronger EMG signals being required during high-intensity exercise.
文摘In Desire Under the Elms, Eugene O＇Neill not only adopts some elements from Greek tragedies, but brings more different ideas for readers, such as supernaturalism, and the degeneration of the tragic heroes or the peasant like language and sets more comic elements. Under his powerful pen, a marvelous drama is displayed before the audience, which combines the traditional elements and modem creations perfectly. This paper aims to explore the important elements in the play and compare those with what are used in Desire Under the Elms so as to draw the conclusion that Eugene O＇Neill not only uses the traditional written skills but also improves the development and inheritance of Greek tragedies.
文摘The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor （BDNF） as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. The molecular properties of BDNF allow this protein to be assessed in the periphery （pBDNF） （i.e., blood serum, blood plasma）, making measurements of acute exercise-induced changes in BDNF concentration relatively accessible. Studies exploring the acute exercise--pBDNF--cognitive performance relationship have had mixed findings, but this may be more reflective of methodological differences between studies than it is a statement about the role of BDNE For example, significant associations have been observed between acute exercise-induced changes in pBDNF concentration and cognitive performance in studies assessing memory, and non-significant associations have been found in studies assessing non-memory cognitive domains. Three suggestions are made for future research aimed at understanding the role of BDNF as a biological mechanism of this relationship： 1） Assessments of cognitive performance may benefit from a focus on various types of memory （e.g., relational, spatial, long-term）; 2） More finegrained measurements of pBDNF will allow for the assessment of concentrations of specific isoforms of the BDNF protein （i.e., immature, mature）; 3） Statistical techniques designed to test the mediating role of pBDNF in the acute exercise-cognitive performance relationship should be utilized in order to make causal inferences.
