The energy budget of the magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) system during 1998-2008 was examined by using Akasofu's epsilon function. The results showed that 1) the yearly average rate of solar wind energy input into t...The energy budget of the magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) system during 1998-2008 was examined by using Akasofu's epsilon function. The results showed that 1) the yearly average rate of solar wind energy input into the MI system was 4.51 GGJ (GGJ=1018 J), while the yearly average total dissipation was 4.30 GGJ; 2) the energy partitioning in the ring current and polar region was 56%:44%; 3) the energy input and dissipation processes continuously proceeded both in storm-substorm events and less disturbed intervals, suggesting the significant contribution of slow but long-lasting energy process during the less disturbance periods to the total energy budget. In addition, we found in this study an interesting phenomenon "self-adjustment ability" of the MI system which behaves just like a water reservoir. During solar active years, the input energy is more than the dissipated energy, implying that a portion of the input energy is not immediately released, but is stored in the magnetosphere. On the other hand, during less active years, the dissipated energy is more than the input energy, implying that the previously stored energy makes up for the energy input shortage in this period.展开更多
This paper proposes a multi-layer multi-agent model for the performance evaluation of powersystems,which is different from the existing multi-agent ones.To describe the impact of the structureof the networked power sy...This paper proposes a multi-layer multi-agent model for the performance evaluation of powersystems,which is different from the existing multi-agent ones.To describe the impact of the structureof the networked power system,the proposed model consists of three kinds of agents that form threelayers:control agents such as the generators and associated controllers,information agents to exchangethe information based on the wide area measurement system (WAMS) or transmit control signals tothe power system stabilizers (PSSs),and network-node agents such as the generation nodes and loadnodes connected with transmission lines.An optimal index is presented to evaluate the performance ofdamping controllers to the system's inter-area oscillation with respect to the information-layer topology.Then,the authors show that the inter-area information exchange is more powerful than the exchangewithin a given area to control the inter-area low frequency oscillation based on simulation analysis.展开更多
Active layer thickness（ALT） is critical to the understanding of the surface energy balance, hydrological cycles, plant growth, and cold region engineering projects in permafrost regions. The temperature at the botto...Active layer thickness（ALT） is critical to the understanding of the surface energy balance, hydrological cycles, plant growth, and cold region engineering projects in permafrost regions. The temperature at the bottom of the active layer, a boundary layer between the equilibrium thermal state（in permafrost below） and transient thermal state（in the atmosphere and surface canopies above）, is an important parameter to reflect the existence and thermal stability of permafrost. In this study, the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Model（GIPL） was used to model the spatial distribution of and changes in ALT and soil temperature in the Source Area of the Yellow River（SAYR）, where continuous, discontinuous, and sporadic permafrost coexists with seasonally frozen ground. Monthly air temperatures downscaled from the CRU TS3.0 datasets, monthly snow depth derived from the passive microwave remote-sensing data SMMR and SSM/I, and vegetation patterns and soil properties at scale of 1：1000000 were used as input data after modified with GIS techniques. The model validation was carried out carefully with in-situ ALT in the SAYR interpolated from the field-measured soil temperature data. The results of the model indicate that the average ALT in the SAYR has significantly increased from 1.8 m in 1980 to 2.4 m in 2006 at an average rate of 2.2 cm yr–1. The mean annual temperature at the bottom of the active layer, or temperature at the top of permafrost（TTOP） rose substantially from –1.1°C in 1980 to –0.6°C in 2006 at an average rate of 0.018°C yr–1. The increasing rate of the ALT and TTOP has accelerated since 2000. Regional warming and degradation of permafrost has also occurred, and the changes in the areal extent of regions with a sub-zero TTOP shrank from 2.4×104 to 2.2×104 km2 at an average rate of 74 km2 yr–1. Changes of ALT and temperature have adversely affected the environmental stability in the SAYR.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40931056, 40874089)the National Basic Research Program of China ("973" Project) (Grant Nos. 2008CB425704)
文摘The energy budget of the magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) system during 1998-2008 was examined by using Akasofu's epsilon function. The results showed that 1) the yearly average rate of solar wind energy input into the MI system was 4.51 GGJ (GGJ=1018 J), while the yearly average total dissipation was 4.30 GGJ; 2) the energy partitioning in the ring current and polar region was 56%:44%; 3) the energy input and dissipation processes continuously proceeded both in storm-substorm events and less disturbed intervals, suggesting the significant contribution of slow but long-lasting energy process during the less disturbance periods to the total energy budget. In addition, we found in this study an interesting phenomenon "self-adjustment ability" of the MI system which behaves just like a water reservoir. During solar active years, the input energy is more than the dissipated energy, implying that a portion of the input energy is not immediately released, but is stored in the magnetosphere. On the other hand, during less active years, the dissipated energy is more than the input energy, implying that the previously stored energy makes up for the energy input shortage in this period.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos. 50707035, 50595411, 60425307, 60221301 and 50607005, in part by the 111 project (B08013)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT0515)in part by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-05-0216)
文摘This paper proposes a multi-layer multi-agent model for the performance evaluation of powersystems,which is different from the existing multi-agent ones.To describe the impact of the structureof the networked power system,the proposed model consists of three kinds of agents that form threelayers:control agents such as the generators and associated controllers,information agents to exchangethe information based on the wide area measurement system (WAMS) or transmit control signals tothe power system stabilizers (PSSs),and network-node agents such as the generation nodes and loadnodes connected with transmission lines.An optimal index is presented to evaluate the performance ofdamping controllers to the system's inter-area oscillation with respect to the information-layer topology.Then,the authors show that the inter-area information exchange is more powerful than the exchangewithin a given area to control the inter-area low frequency oscillation based on simulation analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41301068, 41121061)the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering (Grant No. Y252J41001,)the Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars of CAREERI, CAS (Grant No. 51Y351051)
文摘Active layer thickness（ALT） is critical to the understanding of the surface energy balance, hydrological cycles, plant growth, and cold region engineering projects in permafrost regions. The temperature at the bottom of the active layer, a boundary layer between the equilibrium thermal state（in permafrost below） and transient thermal state（in the atmosphere and surface canopies above）, is an important parameter to reflect the existence and thermal stability of permafrost. In this study, the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Model（GIPL） was used to model the spatial distribution of and changes in ALT and soil temperature in the Source Area of the Yellow River（SAYR）, where continuous, discontinuous, and sporadic permafrost coexists with seasonally frozen ground. Monthly air temperatures downscaled from the CRU TS3.0 datasets, monthly snow depth derived from the passive microwave remote-sensing data SMMR and SSM/I, and vegetation patterns and soil properties at scale of 1：1000000 were used as input data after modified with GIS techniques. The model validation was carried out carefully with in-situ ALT in the SAYR interpolated from the field-measured soil temperature data. The results of the model indicate that the average ALT in the SAYR has significantly increased from 1.8 m in 1980 to 2.4 m in 2006 at an average rate of 2.2 cm yr–1. The mean annual temperature at the bottom of the active layer, or temperature at the top of permafrost（TTOP） rose substantially from –1.1°C in 1980 to –0.6°C in 2006 at an average rate of 0.018°C yr–1. The increasing rate of the ALT and TTOP has accelerated since 2000. Regional warming and degradation of permafrost has also occurred, and the changes in the areal extent of regions with a sub-zero TTOP shrank from 2.4×104 to 2.2×104 km2 at an average rate of 74 km2 yr–1. Changes of ALT and temperature have adversely affected the environmental stability in the SAYR.
