复合固体推进剂“脱湿”点的率相关特性研究

复合固体推进剂颗粒和基体之间的界面“脱湿”是推进剂在加载过程中一种重要的损伤形式,“脱湿”点的强度和伸长率均与载荷相关。本文通过某推进剂在低温、不同围压和应变率下加载时的应力-应变响应曲线特征,发现推进剂的“脱湿”点表现出明显的率相关和围压相关性,围压载荷会抑制推进剂的“脱湿”,尤其是对于高应变率下具有“脱湿”点峰值的应力-应变曲线影响最大。针对推进剂“脱湿”点的率相关特征,借助分子动力学思想创建复合推进剂的细观颗粒夹杂几何模型,建立推进剂有限元计算细观模型对推进剂界面在不同应变率下的“脱湿”损伤进行了仿真计算。计算结果揭示了推进剂在不同应变率下加载时的“脱湿”损伤机理,通过应变率对“脱湿”点的影响规律阐释了推进剂在低温、高应变率下伸长率骤降的主要原因,发现推进剂的破坏取决于损伤界面数量和界面损伤程度在损伤演化过程中的交互作用,是一个动态发展的过程。

HTPB推进剂“脱湿”性能表征及影响因素试验研究

为研究HTPB推进剂的"脱湿"性能,基于气体膨胀计原理研制了复合固体推进剂"脱湿"性能测试装置,并采用该装置开展了配方及应变率对推进剂"脱湿"性能影响的试验研究。采用起始"脱湿"点、特征"脱湿"点和特征"脱湿"速率来表征推进剂的"脱湿"性能,试验结果表明,推进剂的"脱湿"性能具有明显的率相关性,应变率越高,推进剂的起始"脱湿"点和特征"脱湿"点越小,特征"脱湿"速率越大,但是推进剂的内部"脱湿"速率存在一个上限;HTPB推进剂中AP含量对推进剂"脱湿"性能的影响占主导地位,AP含量越高,则推进剂的起始"脱湿"点和特征"脱湿"点越小,特征"脱湿"速率越大。所建立的试验方法和"脱湿"性能表征方法对药柱结构完整性、药柱力学性能预示及可靠性评估均具有重要实用意义。

推进剂“脱湿”损伤研究的内聚力单元方法

内聚力单元是进行推进剂“脱湿”损伤研究的重要手段。通过分子动力学方法构建推进剂高填充比几何模型,结合周期几何和周期边界处理方法,构建推进剂细观有限元分析模型。采用内聚力单元结合PPR内聚力模型开展颗粒和基体黏接界面“脱湿”行为模拟。在单轴拉伸和纯剪试验下分析推进剂细观结构的力学响应,开展推进剂“脱湿”损伤机理研究。针对不同的体分比、应变速率以及内聚强度,开展了“脱湿”损伤影响规律分析。研究方法和研究结论可以为新一代高性能推进剂配方的研制提供有利的参考。

考虑温度与围压的HTPB固体推进剂细观结构损伤演化机制

为揭示载荷环境对固体推进剂损伤机制的影响,基于孔隙率、应变等因素,利用拉伸试验、SEM、微CT等开展细观结构研究,构建了HTPB固体推进剂细观结构损伤演化物理模型,定量分析不同围压、温度及应变率下推进剂的损伤特性。结果表明,HTPB推进剂处于高围压(10 MPa)时,其最大抗拉强度与伸长率均显著增加。低温高围压(-45℃,10 MPa)环境中,围压会抑制“脱湿”损伤的发生,使得推进剂AP颗粒和基体的界面粘接更好,微裂纹更易聚合形成孔穴,进而出现颗粒破碎损伤机制。细观变形阶段,推进剂内部微裂纹的出现点早于应力-应变曲线的抗拉强度点;宏观裂纹阶段,仅有小部分孔隙的球度较高,大部分孔隙为球度较低、不规则的损伤裂纹,比例达到75%左右,并且孔隙直径与球度之间符合幂率相关性,幂率指数为-0.246;破坏失效阶段,推进剂的损伤机制为颗粒破碎、“脱湿”损伤并伴随着基体粘连。

吸湿聚醚推进剂拉伸断面填料粒子/基体微细观形貌和表征

开展了聚醚推进剂在常温、不同相对湿度下湿老化试验,研究了试验过程中推进剂试样的含湿率、力学性能和拉伸断面微细观形貌变化及之间关系。结果表明,推进剂吸湿后力学性能变化与含湿率存在单一相关性,可用特定数学模型描述,与相对湿度无关。采用数字图像分析方法,对聚醚推进剂试样拉伸断面"脱湿"AP粒子占整个拉伸断面比例("脱湿"率)进行了定量研究,建立了聚醚推进剂吸湿后力学性能与"脱湿"率的数学表达式,发现聚醚推进剂"脱湿"率与含湿率具有相关性。

HTPB推进剂细观损伤及载荷传递行为数值模拟

为了研究端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂细观损伤及传力特性,基于粘超弹性材料本构和双线性内聚力模型,结合DIGIMAT建立了推进剂代表体积单元(RVE)模型,通过应力集中因子和载荷传递系数定量分析了颗粒和基体之间的载荷传递及应力集中程度。结果表明,颗粒位置随机并不会对力学性能造成明显的影响,但颗粒发生“脱湿”的位置改变可能会影响裂纹扩展的路径;颗粒的长径比越大,应力集中现象越明显,相较于椭圆形颗粒,圆形颗粒的界面更容易发生“脱湿”损伤;大颗粒含量越高,初始阶段颗粒的应力集中程度越大,基体的应力集中程度越小,载荷传递的效率越高,脱粘后变化趋势相反,同时大颗粒含量的增加会加快界面损伤的进程,加剧界面损伤的程度;颗粒体积分数越大,颗粒和基体的应力集中因子都将逐渐增加,初始阶段载荷传递效率越低,脱粘后载荷传递效率越高。

The Unsaturated Hydraulic Parameters for Aeolian Sand

The water characteristic curve for aeolian sand in two processes of wetting and drying was obtained by the negative water column technique.The values of fitting parameters were calculated according to Van Genuchten formula and the parameters that characterized the prosperities of aeolian sand such as the unsaturated infiltration coefficient and specific water capacity were obtained.The results showed that the water characteristic curve for aeolian sand in wetting process had greater hysteresis quality than ...

Study on Purification Efficiency of Vertical Flow Wetlands on Domestic Wastewater

The combination method of intermittent influent and vertical flow wetlands （VFW） was used in the test to treat the domestic wastewater. Four artificial wetlands including Typha latifolia wetland,Phragmites australis （P.H.） wetland,polyculture wetlands （Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis） and non-vegetation wetland were established in the test. The effects of hydraulic retention time （HRT） and plant species on pollutants removal efficiencies were studied. The results showed that when HRT=7,the treatment efficiencies of wetlands with plants for the removal of TN and NH＋4-N were up to 99.65% and 99.58%,respectively. For the control wetland,TN removal efficiency was up to 87.9% when HRT were 6 days,and NH＋4-N removal efficiency was up to 91.8% when HRT were 5 days. TP removal efficiencies of four wetlands were higher than 93% when HRT was 6 days. Through the studies on different plants,it was found that vegetation wetlands had better nitrogen removal efficiency than non-vegetation wetland. The treatment efficacy of Phragmites australis wetland and polyculture wetland was better than Typha latifolia wetland.

Research on flue gas desulphurization with two sorbents by water spray in activated reactor

The experimental results of flue gas desulphurization with caustic lime andhydrated lime activated by water spraying in a desulphurization reactor are presented. The effectsof Ca/S molar ratio, approach to saturation of flue gas, SO_2 concentration and gas velocity onsulfur retention efficiency and calcium utilization rate are investigated. Desulphurizationcharacteristics of the two sorbents are compared. The mechanism of improving desulphurizationefficiency by water spraying is analyzed. The results show that the activities of two sorbents areimproved obviously by humidification with water spray and the caustic lime has better applicationprospect because of cheaper cost.

Measurement of Concentration of Sorbent Particles and Water Droplets in Hydration Desulfurization Reactor with PIV

Vortexing limestone injection into furnace combined with calcium lime hydration in the downstream is the most promising technology for controlling SO 2 emission. Particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the gas liquid solid three phase flow field in a reactor. By image processing based on newly developed software, the number concentrations of sorbent particles and water droplets are presented. The measuring results are very helpful for better understanding the desulfurization mechanism and optimizing configurational and operational parameters in the hydration reactor.

Removal of SO_2 from flue gas using Bayer red mud:Influence factors and mechanism

The absorbent composing of Bayer red mud and water was prepared and applied to removing SO2 from flue gas.Effects of the ratio of liquid to solid(L/S),the absorption temperature,the inlet SO2 concentration,the O2 concentration,SO4^2-and other different components of Bayer red mud on desulfurization were conducted.The mechanism of flue gas desulfurization was also established.The results indicated that L/S was the prominent factor,followed by the inlet SO2 concentration and the temperature was the least among them.The optimum condition was as follows:L/S,the temperature and the SO2 concentration were 20:1,25℃and 1000 mg/m^3,respectively,under the gas flow of 1.5 L/min.The desulfurization efficiency was not significantly influenced when O2 concentration was above 7%.The accumulation of SO4^2-inhibited the desulfurization efficiency.The alkali absorption and metal ions liquid catalytic oxidation were involved in the process,which accounted for 98.61%.

Ternary System of Fe-based Ionic Liquid,Ethanol and Water for Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization

Fe-based ionic liquid （Fe-IL） was synthesized by mixing FeCl3·6H2O and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]C1 in this paper. The phase diagram of a ternary Fe-IL, ethanol and water system was investigated to construct a ternary desulfurization solution for wet flue gas desulfurization. The effects of flow rate and concentration of SO2, reaction temperature, pH and Fe-IL fraction in aqueous desulfurization solution on the desulfiariza- tion efficiency were investigated. The results shows that the best composition of ternary desulfurization solution of Fe-IL, ethanol and water is 1 ： 1.5 ： 3 by volume ratio, and pH should be controlled at 2.0. Under such conditions, a desulfurization rate greater than 90% could be obtained. The product of sulfuric acid had inhibition effect on the wet desulfurization process. With applying this new ternary desulfurization solution, not only the catalyst Fe-IL can be recycled and reused, but also the product sulfuric acid can be separated directly from the ternary desulfurization system.

Nitrogen removal by three types of bioretention columns under wetting and drying regimes

The behaviors of inorganic nitrogen species in three types of bioretention columns under an intermittently wetting regime were investigated. The mean NH+4—N, NO-3—N and total N(TN) removal efficiencies for the conventional bioretention column(Col. T1) are 71%, 1% and 41%, for layered bioretention column with less permeable soil layer(Col. T2) the efficiencies are 83%, 84% and 82%, and for the bioretention column with submerged zone(Col. T3) the values are 63%, 31% and 53%, respectively. The best nitrogen removal is obtained using Col. T2 with relatively low infiltration rate. Adsorption during runoff dosing and nitrification during the drying period are the primary NH+4—N removal pathways. Less permeable soil and the elevated outlet promote the formation of anoxic conditions. 30%–70% of NO-3—N applied to columns in a single repetition is denitrified during the draining period, suggesting that the draining period is an important timeframe for the removal of NO-3—N. Infiltration rate controls the contact time with media during the draining periods, greatly influencing the NO-3—N removal effects. Bioretention systems with infiltration rate ranging from 3 to 7 cm/h have a great potential to remove NO-3—N.

Experimental Investigation of a Vertical Tubular Desalination Unit Using Humidification-Dehumidification Process

A vertical tubular desalination unit with shell and tube structure was built to perform humidification and dehumidification simultaneously on the tube and shell side of the column, respectively. The effects of several operating conditions on the productivity and thermal efficiency of the column were investigated. The results show that both the productivity and thermal efficiency of the column enhance with the elevation of the inlet water temperature. The flow rates of water and carrier gas both have optimal operating ranges, which are 10-30 kg·h^-1 and 4-7kg·h^-1 for the present column, respectively. Meanwhile, the increase of external steam flow rate will promote the productivity of the column but reduce its thermal efficiency.

Modelling and Experimental Investigation of Humidification- Dehumidification Desalination Using a Carbon-Filled-Plastic Shell-Tube Column

The modelling and experimental investigation of a thermally coupled humidification-dehumidification desalination process using a carbon-filled-polypropylene shell-tube column are presented. A heat/mass transfer model is established to study the correlation among productivity, thermal efficiency, physicochemical parameters （gas/liquid phase temperature, heat/mass transfer coefficient, Reynolds number etc.）, and operating conditions （the temperature of feed water, the flow rates of external steam, feed water, and carrier air）; at the same time, the effects of operating conditions on the productivity and thermal eficiency of the column are investigated both theoretically and experimentally, which indicate that the optimum flow rates of external steam, feed water, and carder gas are 0.18, 60, and 10kg.h^-l, respectively, and the higher the feed water temperature （≤95℃） is, the greater the productivity and the thermal efficiency will be. Furthermore, performance comparison with the previous study shows that the condensate productivity of this carbon-filled-plastic column is not lower than that of the copper column, which demonstrates the practicability and feasibility of applying such a plastic column to the humidification-dehumidification desalination process.

Wet Oxidation of PVA-Containing Desizing Wastewater

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-containing desizing wastewater was treated by various wet oxidation methods.Parameters such as reaction temperature, initial solution pH, and the dosage of H2O2 were investigated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate. Up to 90% of the initial CODcr was removed by wet air oxidation(WAO) at 270℃ with stoichiometric oxygen supply, while at temperature of 200℃, the CODcr removal rate was found to be 80%. Similar results were obtained by Promoted WAO (PWAO) and wet peroxide oxidation(WPO) at a lower temperature of 150℃. Reaction temperature was found to have a significant effect on the oxidation performance for all the methods. Initial solution pH was observed to play a significant role in PWAO and WPO where H2O2 was employed. Comparison of WAO, CWAO(catalytic wet air oxidation), PWAO and WPO shows that the rate of CODcr removal increases in the order: WAO, CWAO, PWAO and WPO.

Impacting Factors of Elemental Mercury Re-emission across a Lab-scale Simulated Scrubber

Elemental mercury（Hg^0）re-emissions from slurries and solutions were evaluated in a lab-scale simulated scrubber.Oxidized mercury（Hg^2 ＋）standard solution was injected into the simulated scrubber at a desired rate to simulate absorbing and dissolving of Hg^2 ＋in the flue gas across wet flue gas desulfurization（WFGD）systems. PS analytical mercury analyzer was used to continuously determine Hg0re-emission concentrations in the carrier gas from the scrubber.Sulfite ion in the slurry of CaSO3 was validated to reduce Hg ^2＋to Hg^ 0,while no Hg ^0 re-emission occurred from slurries of CaSO4 and CaO.Transitional metal ions with low chemical valence such as Fe^2 ＋,Pb ^2＋,Ni ^2＋, AsO2^-and Cu ^＋were used to prepare solutions with concentration levels of mmol·L^-1.Reduction reaction of Hg^2 ＋to Hg 0was observed from these solutions.Reduction capabilities for the different transitional metal ions in the solutions were：Pb^2 ＋〉Cu ^＋〉Fe^ 2＋〉 AsO2^-〉Ni ^2＋.

Experimental Investigation of Modified Polypropylene Shell-Tube Column Using Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Process

The polypropylene tubes with surface modification were installed in a baffled shell-tube column to conduct the thermally coupled humidification and dehumidification desalination process. The effects of several operating parameters （feed water temperature, water flow rate, carrier air flow rate, and external steam flow rate） on the productivity and thermal efficiency of this column were investigated experimentally. The results show that the feed water temperature has a positive effect on the productivity and thermal efficiency, while the flow rates of external steam, feed water, and carrier air should be optimized within the ranges of 0.006-0.020 kg·m^-2·s^-1 , 0.005-0.015 kg·m^-2·s^-1, and 0.7-1.3kg·m^-2·s^-1, respectively; the flow rates of feed water and carrier air are greatly controlled by the wetting state of the tubes. In comparison with the previous desalination column installing the coppery tubes, the present column can reach nearly the same production capacity of distilled water, which demonstrates the feasibility of applying such a plastic column to the humidification and dehumidification desalination process.

Characteristics of a Supersonic Swirling Dehydration System of Natural Gas

A new type of dehydration unit for natural gas was briefly described and its basic structure and working principles were presented. An indoor test rig for testing the unit performance was set up and the experimental results were given. The results showed that the unit could attain a maximum dew point depression of about 20℃ without any need of external mechanical power and chemicals. The pressure loss ratio, shock wave and the flow rate had great influence on the dehydration characteristics. From the systematic analysis of the factors that affect the dehydration efficiency of the unit, the suggestions for improving the unit are put forward.

Kinetics of Wet Air Oxidation of Wastewater from Natural Fiber Web Desizing

This work described the application of wet air oxidation (WAO) to the treatment of desizing wastewater from natural fiber processing. A two-liter autoclave batch reactor was used for the experiments. The range of operating temperature examined was between 150 and 290℃, and partial pressure of oxygen ranged from 0.375 to 2.25 MPa standardized at 25℃. Variations in Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) and Total Organic Carbon(TOC) were monitored during each experiment and used to assess the performance of the process. Experimental results showed that WAO can be an efficient method for the treatment of desizing wastewater. Furthermore, Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) was applied to reduce the reaction temperature and pressure in WAO process. A higher COD removal ratio was achieved under more mild reaction condition with the aid of CWAO. A mathematical model was also proposed to simulate the WAO process of desizing wastewater, in which three distinct kinetics steps were considered to describe the degradation of starch. The model simulations were in well agreement with the experimental data.