论“自然人”化:自然的人化和人的自然化的整合

作为当代中国马克思主义美学的主流形态,实践美学有着巨大的影响。要丰富和发展实践美学,应从其内部着手,整合"自然的人化"和"人的自然化"两个核心概念,生成"‘自然人'化"观,创新实践美学理论内涵,增强实践美学的生命力。

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in Kenya

To determine the climate changes that are due to natural variability and those due to human activities is quite challenging,just like delineating the impacts.Moreover,it is equally difficult to ascertain the adaptive strategies for coping with the climate changes and in particular for developing countries like Kenya.While climate change is a global phenomenon,the impacts are more or less specific to local areas such as observed in Kenyan case.Therefore climate change impacts adaptation strategies are appropriately applicable to a given local perspective.The study investigated the main indicators of climate change and effective adaptive strategies that can be employed in Kenya.Based on online questionnaire survey,the study established unpredictable rainfall patterns as the major indicator of climate change in the country,while water harvesting and change of cropping methods are the best adaptive strategies.

Comparative Study on Differences of America-China Eco-Literature Viewpoints From the Perspective of Academic Compatibility

Facing the broad ＂eco-literature＂ subjects, this paper, first of all, taking eco-literature viewpoint and the theoretical connotation of eco-criticism viewpoint itself as the starting point, conducts a contrast study from the cultural origin-tracing on the American eco-literature viewpoint under the Western Bible vision and the Chinese natural eco-literature viewpoint of＂Oneness of Men and Nature＂ through the parallel comparison method; then from the visual angle of influential research is to further explore the academic compatibility in academic research： namely, the Western ecological literature consciousness begins to appear under the premise of the Western ecological civilization being destroyed, while the China＇s natural eco-literature of＂Oneness of Man and Nature＂ is based on a kind of unconscious affinity between people and nature in primitive age. Here it is necessary for us to point out that they cannot be mentioned in the same breath, because the modern ecological criticism is not the reduction of an ancient ecological thought, and also will lead to the academic non-compatibility in academic research. So only by correcting the people＇s misunderstanding in cognition, can we reach the unity of the natural ecological viewpoint and man civilized viewpoint so as to keep the harmony between human beings and nature.

A matting method based on color distance and differential distance

A new matting algorithm based on color distance and differential distance is proposed to deal with the problem that many matting methods perform poorly with complex natural images.The proposed method combines local sampling with global sampling to select foreground and background pairs for unknown pixels and then a new cost function is constructed based on color distance and differential distance to further optimize the selected sample pairs.Finally,a quadratic objective function is used based on matte Laplacian coming from KNN matting which is added with texture feature.Through experiments on various test images,it is confirmed that the results obtained by the proposed method are more accurate than those obtained by traditional methods.The four-error-metrics comparison on benchmark dataset among several algorithms also proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Research on the Relationship between New Risk Factors and Traditional Risk Factors and Its Interaction with Natural Disasters： A Case Study between Population Urbanization and Natural Disasters in County-Level Administrative Units in China

Traditional risk factors fall into four categories： natural disasters, public health, accidents during production and social security. The four types of risks are called as public safety issues by the government of China. New risk factors are the ones that are connected to human discoveries and more attention to them, which is called locking risk. What is more, such risk factors will continue to emerge with the development of human society. Currently, traditional risk factors have not been eliminated, while new risks have emerged gradually. There are countless relations between new risks and global climatic changes. Therefore, figuring out the relationship between new risks, global climatic changes as well as natural disasters is of great importance. This study takes China as an example. The population data at county level in China in 1991, 2000 and 2009 （including rural population, urban population and total population of three） were selected. By calculating the urbanization rate of the population, the rate of urbanization at county level in China in three years was drawn. And it is superimposed with the disaster zoning in China to analyze the correlation between population changes and natural disasters and reveal the magnitude of disaster effects caused by population urbanization. It can provide the basis for the disaster chain risk assessment under the gnidanee of the regional law of China＇s natural disaster chain and lay the foundation for the study of the relationship between new risk factors and traditional risk factors. So, risks governance can be perfectly combined with developing the green economy during the development of human society, and ultimately, the goal of harmony between human and nature can be achieved.

Life in Kazuo Ishiguro＇s Never Let Me Go

With the announcement of the sheep clone Dolly as the breakthrough in the biotechnology in news media around the turn of the twenty-first century, the rising issue of human clones in its development and the controversially bioethical issues ensued, Kazuo Ishiguro in Never Let Me Go （2005） focuses his attention, in the area of cell therapy, on how human clones, since produced, lead their model lives and face their deaths, in order that his readers may better understand the meanings of life and death, and that they may stay in a far closer relationship with their family and friends than ever. In this essay, I examine, in two worlds, the normals＇ and the clones＇, paralleling each other, the true meanings of being human and their lives through the perspective of Jacques Derrida＇s deconstruction; and I argue that Ishiguro misspeaks to his readers the true meanings of life and death especially through the clones＇ perspective and brings them to his readers＇ hearts further realistically. In Derrida＇s nature-culture structurality of the clones, it is Kathy H. who comes as center into which the other clones come as freeplay in the structurality of the real world, where it is normals who come as center into which clones come as freeplay under the structurality of power in the institutions where the clones＇ culture comes as center into which Miss Emily＇s ruling comes as freeplay by the structurality of authorship where the author comes as center into which the novel comes as freeplay.

Climate Change Adaptation for People and Nature:A Case Study from the U.S.Southwest

In the U.S.Southwest,global climate change,acting in concert with extant stressors such as urbanization and over-allocation of water resources,is changing ecosystems in measureable and sometimes dramatic ways.Twenty-first century projections indicate accelerating climate change and cascading ecological consequences.Effects observed to date include large-scale forest dieback,large and severe wildfires,and changes in the flow regimes of rivers and streams with attendant changes to riparian and aquatic ecosystems.Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are pushing ecosystems across physiological and ecological thresholds,causing widespread mortality and,in some cases,major changes in composition,structure and function.These changes have prompted action by the conservation community to reduce the adverse effects of climate change.The Southwest Climate Change Initiative(SWCCI),a project led by The Nature Conservancy,works with local stakeholders in affected landscapes,reduces adverse impacts on ecological and social systems using scientific knowledge and practical tools.The Initiative has learned through practical experience that: 1) managers must embrace change and manage for resilience rather than resistance;2) strong local science-management partnerships are critical to effective adaptation planning and implementation;3) planners and managers must broaden the scope and accelerate the pace of conservation activities if ecosystem services are to be sustained;4) adaptation often does not require radically new or different management practices,rather,conservationists already have many of the tools they need;and 5) rapid documentation and widespread communication of methods and findings can build rapidly regional capacity for climate change adaptation.Our experience suggests that adaptation efforts can be effective if they are focused at the local scale;employ learning networks;and engage in ecosystem-based adaptation:the sustainable management,conservation and restoration of ecosystems so that they continue to provide the services that allow people to thrive in changing environments.

The Thesaurus Conception of Russian Youth

There are deep-rooted traditions of researches on the youth problems in Russia, By their trends and purposes they partly concur with the traditions of the humanities in Europe and America. In Russia in different timesmit was the same way in the West-diverse youth concepts had been conveying and continue to express the society＇s expectations for new generations. This is in a sense a theoretical mirror of the natural process of generation change. Under modern conditions these concepts can be reduced to three directions： youth-＂no man＇s land＂, youth-social danger, youth-hope of society. At the same time youth theories have the mark of the socio-cultural contexts and contexts of the development of the humanities in Russia. In this article these similarities and distinctions will be examined.

Civilization： Natural and Controlled Stages of Social Evolution

Some sociologists of the 20th century--Popper, Nisbet, Tilly, Wallerstein--doubted the applicability of the concept ＂evolution＂ to the process of social changes. It was stated that processes happening in a society cannot be described using the approach of strict causality. However, dignifying life of the mankind is doubtful without elaborated scheme of social evolution and universal guiding line for the control over the further aociety evolution. General logica of social evolution can be traced by the change of human position in a society. Describing this change with the help of the activity-value approach one can construct ideal types of such evolutionary stages as wilderness, barbarism, civilization. The study of features and properties of ideal types of social evolution stages shows the regularity of two natural civilizations appearance： home-service civilization and market one. Countries of home-service civilization are ancient Egypt, China, and Russia （since Moscow Kingdom arose）. Athens, Novgorod Republic and Western countries are examples of the market civilization. The study of the market civilization properties shows that its long existence is doubtful. Authors propose an ideal type of spirit-game civilization as a long-term guiding line for the controlled social evolution. Control over evolution could save mankind and solve their main problems.

Homo-urbanicus and Human-centered Planning

Homo-urbanicus is a planning concept which treats a human being as a rational animal with distinct material,social and intellectual characteristics,and a human settlement as a space in which human beings seek and offer opportunities for connection.Human-centered planning is the application of classical Natural Law(balance between self-preservation and mutual preservation)to the matching of human needs and human settlements.

Relative contribution of the anthropogenic forcing and natural variability to the interdecadal shift of climate during the late 1970s and 1990s

Global warming accelerated after the late1970 s and slowed down after the late 1990 s, accompanying the significant interdecadal changes in the regional climate.We hypothesized that the interdecadal changes linearly consisted of two independent components, anthropogenic forcing and natural decadal variability, which can be represented simply by the radiative forcing effect of carbon dioxide (RFCO_2) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO), respectively. The combined effect of the RFCO_2 and PDO could explain the majority of the surface temperature changes during the late 1970 s and 1990 s, but the magnitudes of the relative contribution of the RFCO_2 and the PDO are inconsistent in different regions. For both the surface temperature and geopotential height, the RFCO_2 could induce significantly positive anomalies over almost the entire globe for these two shifts, exhibiting a larger magnitude in the mid–high latitudes and in the late 1990 s shift.The PDO could induce opposite anomalies for the two interdecadal shifts due to its phase transitions(negativepositive–negative). Furthermore, for the shift in the late 1970s, both the RFCO2(53.7 %–66.7 %) and the PDO(33.3 %–46.3 %) were important in regulating the tropical geopotential height, whereas the RFCO_2 dominated the changes in the mid-latitudes. For the western Pacific subtropical high, the RFCO2(PDO) could explain 52.3 %–62.1 %(37.9 %–47.7 %) of the change. The negative effect of the PDO counteracted most of the RFCO_2 effects for the late 1990 s shift.

Causes of Lake Area Changes in Poland

The northern part of Poland is occupied by numerous lakes formed during the last glaciation as a result of the Scandinavian ice sheet. Studies carried out in the lake district areas show progressive reduction of the surface area of the lakes, which leads to their eventual disappearance. The paper discusses the degree of the observed changes and points out main natural and anthropogenic factors influencing changes of lake area in Poland, including climate change, depth of lake basins, biomass growth, deforestation, hydrotechnical works, use of fertilizers and discharge of wastewater.