先秦诗赋中的美女形象流变——以“色相”描写为中心

作为我国古代诗歌的两大源头,现实主义的代表《诗经》作为中国文学史上的第一部诗歌总集,奠定了我国诗歌的优良传统,其"牢笼千载,衣被后世",在很多方面为后世文学产生了积极深远的影响,继《诗经》后兴起的"衣被辞人,非一代也"的浪漫主义巨著《楚辞》成功继承了《诗经》的许多优秀传统并在此基础上进行了创新。于"美人"形象描写方面,《楚辞》与《诗经》也一脉相承,共同开创了后世的美女文化传统。

GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil Constituents from Rhizome and Root of Notopterygium forbesii

Aim To analyse the chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted from the rhizome and root of Notopterygium forbesii Boiss. and provide scientific basis for quality control. Methods The total essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by capillary gas chromatography (GC). The components were determined by normalization method, and identified by GC-MS. Results GC-MS exhibited 217 peaks and 100 compounds were identified, accounting for 78.3% of the total essential oil. Conclu...

GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil Constituents from Buds of Tussilago farfara L.

Aim To analyse the constituents of the essential oils extracted from the buds of Tussilago farfara L. in the GAP Bases of Traditional Chinese Medical Materials and provide scientific basis for quality control. Methods The essential oils were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined by normalization, and identified by GC-MS. Results GC-MS exhibited 259 peaks and 65 compounds were identified, accounting for 84.62% of the total essential oil. Conclusion In the total essential oil contained in the buds of Tussilago farfara L., copaene （2.36%）, （ ＋ ） -Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene （ 3.91% ）, γ- elemene （2.18%）, fl-bisabolene （ 13.93% ）, spathulenol （ 3.44% ） as the sesquiterpenes and its derivatives, and 1-undecene （4.83%）, （ E）-cycloundecene （8.49%）, bicycle [ 10. 1.0] tridec-l-ene （ 1. 45% ）, 1-tridecene （3.44%）, （Z）-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene （2.66%）, 1- pentadecene （4.57%）, [ 1R-（ 1R^＊, 4Z, 9S^＊ ） ]-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-bicyclo [ 7.2.0] undec-4-ene （ 1.03% ）, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-7-（ 3-oxobutylidene ）-oxepan-3-ylmethyl acetic acid ester （2.02%）, 1, E-11, Z-13-heptadecatriene （ 3.72% ）, （ Z, Z, Z） -9,12,15-octadecatrien-l-ol （ 1.85% ）, 3,7,11-trimethyl-dodeca-2,4,6,10-tetraenal （ 1.31% ）, n-hexadecanoic acid （ 3.12% ） , （Z, Z） -9,12-octadecadienoic acid （2.26%）, （ Z, Z, Z） -9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester （ 1.12% ） , heneicosane （ 1.82% ）, and pentacosane （ 1.03% ） are the main components.

Determination of Eleutheroside B and E in Acanthopanax Preparations by High-P erformance Liquid Chromatography with Solid-Phase Extraction

Aim An HPLC method for analyzing eleutheroside B (ELU B) and eleutheroside E(ELU E) , two of the main active substances of Acanthopanax preparations were studied. Methods Thesamples were analyzed on a kromasil ODS column with water-acetonitrile as a gradient mobile phase.The flow rate was 0.8 mL·min^(-1) and detecting wavelengths were 206 nm for ELU B, 220 nm for ELUE, solid phase extraction (SPE) and internal standard-salicin were selected. Results The recoveriesof Acanthopanax tablets and injection were 90.4% - 96.8% and 96.4% - 99.8% for ELU B, 87.7% -93.3%and 95.7% - 98.5% for ELU E, respectively. The linear ranges were 4.45 - 22.25 μg· mL^(-1) (r =0.999 8) and 5.11 - 25.55 μg·mL^(-1) ( r = 0.999 7) respectively. Conclusion This method can savethe time for cleaning the chromatographic system and improve sensitivity for Acanthopanaxpreparations , thus providing a way to evaluate the quality of Acanthopanax preparations.

GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil Constituents from Rhizome and Root of Notopterygium incisum

Aim To analyse the chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted from the rhizome and root of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T. Chang, providing scientific basis for quality control. Methods The total essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by capillary gas chromatography （GC）. The components were determined by normalization method, and identified by GC-MS. Results GC-MS exhibited 242 peaks and 83 compounds were identified, accounting for 75.77% of the total essential oil. Conclusion In the total essential oil of the rhizome and root of N. incisum, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes accounted for 13.63% and 67.93%, respectively, in which （ 1S）-β-pinene （ 1.67% ）, 3-carene （ 1.05% ）, limonene （ 1.22% ）, and 1S-endo-bornyl acetate （ 1.68% ） as the monoterpenes and its derivatives, and （ ＋ ） -β-elemene （6.78%）, sativene （1.54%）, α-caryophyllene （2.64%）, germacrene D （1.67%）, eudesma-4 （ 14 ）, ll-diene （2.36%）, α-selinene （2.42%）, δ-cadinene （ 1.55% ）, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol （1.03%）, （ ＋ ）-elemol （5.18%）, （-）-spathulenol （1.40%）, guaiol （3.81%）, dehydroxy-isocalamendiol （ 1.06% ）, γ-eudesmol （ 1.05% ）, α-eudesmol （7.97%）, bulnesol （3.09%）, and carotol （2. 30% ） as the sesquiterpenes and its derivatives were main components. In addition, isopropyl transcinnamate was the maximum compound （ 11.3% ） of the total essential oil.

Enantioseparation of Zolmitriptan by HPLC

Aim To establish a HPLC method for the separation of the enantiomers of zolmitriptan. Methods The separations were performed on Chiralcel OJ column with hexane-ethanol-diethylamine（85：15：0.2） as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min^-1 and detecttion wavelength of 227 nm at 35 ℃. Several related parameters for separation were studied. Results Baseline separation （Rs 〉 1.5） was easily obtained in the case, and the R-isomer impurity in zolmitriptan was determined. Conclusion The method developed in this study has been successfully applied for quality-control purposes.

Analysis of Volatile Constituents in Lonicera japonica Thunb. from Different Origins by GC-MS

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the volatile constituents in Lonicera japonica Thunb. from different origins. [Method] HP-5MS capillary columns were used and column temperature was controlled by a program. MS analysis was performed with EI and quadruple mass analyzer. The volatile constituents in L. japonica Thunb. were identified by NIST02 and Wiley275 libraries, and their relative contents were determined with chromatographic peak area normalization method. [Result] According to GC-MS total ion-current chromatograms, 35 volatile constituents were identified in L. japonica Thunb. from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, mainly including methyl linolenate, n-hexadecanoic acid and ζ-muurolene; 18 volatile constituents were identified in L. japonica Thunb. from Hunan Province, mainly including n-hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid and α-curcumene. [Conclusion] Main volatile constituents in L. japonica Thunb. from two different origins varied significantly.

Simultaneous Determination of Four Pesticide Residues in Fruit Juice by HPLC

[Objective] This study was conducted to develop a system for simultaneous determination of imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, thiabendazole and carbendazim in fruit juice by HPLC. [Method] Using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent, the pesticides in fruit juice were purified through a NH2 solid phase extraction （SPE） cartridge, then detected by HPLC. [Result] There was a good linear relationship between the peak area and the concentrations of imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, thiabendazole and carbendazim in a range of 0.05-5.0 μg/ml, and the linear correlation coefficient varied in a range of 0.999 0-0.999 8; the limit of detection for imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, thiabendazole and carbendazim was 0.003, 0.005, 0.003 and 0.007 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery rate of imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, thiabendazole and carbendazim standards added at three levels （0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg） ranged from 82% to 107%, with RSD less than 4.5%. [Conclusion] The sensitivity, accuracy and precision of this method were able to meet the requirements for pesticide residue analysis.

Study on the Chromatographic Fingerprint of Volatile Constituents from Acacia Honey

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study chromatographic fingerprint in volatile components of acacia honey and provide scientific evaluation and effective control on quality of acacia honey.[Method] Using solid-phase microextraction method to separate and detect volatile components and construct chromatographic fingerprint.[Result] The honey was preheated for 15 min in water bath at 40 ℃ and solid-phase microextraction 85 μmPA was used to extract in overhead air about 30 min,then put it into the injector and desorpted 3 min,which is in 230 ℃.The Supelco WaxTM10 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm column and gradient heating program was the best method to separate volatile components from honey.83 fingerprint peaks were constructed,among which 17 common fingerprint peaks were comprised of chromatographic fingerprint of volatile components of acacia honey.[Conclusion] The chromatographic fingerprint could provide reference for quality control of acacia honey.

Hypertonic stimulation induces synthesis and release of glutamate in cultured rat hypothalamic astrocytes and C6 cells

Objective To investigate whether hypertonic saline （HS） can induce the synthesis and release of glutamate in cultured hypothalamic astrocytes or C6 cell line. Methods Astrocytes were isolated, cultured, purified and identified from the hypothalamus of newborn rat （1 day）. The astrocytes were randomly divided into five groups： isotonic （IS） and HS groups, astrocytes were incubated by IS and HS （320 mosM NaCl） medium, respectively, for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 rain; carbenoxolone （CBX） ＋IS and CBX＋HS groups, astrocytes were pre-treated with CBX （100 mmol/L） for 1 h at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 / 95% atmosphere, then removed to IS and HS medium, respectively, for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min; Ca2＋＋HS group, astrocytes were pre-incubated with Ca2＋ （1 000 μmol/L） for 1 h at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 / 95% atmosphere, followed by a wash with isotonic FBS/DMEM, and then removed to hypertonic saline for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min. The media of five groups were collected to analyze the medium glutamate concentration with high performance liquid chromatography. The astrocytes were fixed and double immunofluorescent stained with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） and anti-glutamate. The C6 cells were divided into four groups： IS, HS, CBX＋IS and CBX＋HS groups, and used for quantitative measurement of glutamate in cells by flow cytometry （FCM）. Results （1） Anti-GFAP immunofluorescent signal revealed no significant difference among various time points in each group, or among the five groups. （2） The anti-glutamate immunofluorescent signal was increased in HS group and peaked at 5 min, and decreased and returned to the level of IS group at 15 rain （P 〈 0.01 vs the 5 min of HS group）. In CBX＋HS group, the glutamate intensity was higher than that in CBX＋IS and HS groups. （3） The medium glutamate concentration had no change after treatment with HS for 1 and 3 min, while increased markedly after treatment for 5 min to 15 min （P 〈 0.01 vs 1 min and 3 min）. On the contrary, the medium glutamate concentrations in the CBX＋HS or Ca2＋＋HS group were significant lower than that in the HS group （P 〈 0.01）. （4） FCM showed HS and CBX＋HS induced glutamate increase in C6 cells. Conclusion HS induced cultured rat hypothalamic astrocytes or C6 cells to synthesize and release glutamate; CBX could block glutamate release, but could not disrupt glutamate synthesis.

Chemical Compositions of Volatile Oil from Fruiting Body of Armillaria luteo-virens

The chemical compositions of volatile oil from fruiting body of Armillaria luteo-virens in Qinghai Province were firstly analyzed with GC-MS and its relevant compositions were detected by calculating chromatographic peak area with normalized method. 21 peaks were separated and 13 compositions were identified which were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, taking 97.1% of the total volatile oil.

Evaluation on Uncertainty of Determining Aspartame in Beverage by HPLC

[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the uncertainty of determining aspartame in beverage by high performance liquid chromatography （ HPLC）. [Method] The content of aspartame in beverage was determined by HPLC, then the source of uncertainty in the whole determination process was analyzed, and each component of uncertainty was evaluated and combined. [ Result] Through 6 repeated determinations by the method in GB/T 22254-2008 ＂Determination of Aspartame in Food＂, the average content of aspartame in beverage was （0.806 ±0.038） g/kg, and k =2. The main sources of uncertainty to affect the process were the sample weighting process, the preparation process of standard solution introduced by sample constant volume and the uncertainty introduced by fitting standard curve. ①The uncertainty of standard work-solution. The combined uncertainty of standard work-solution was 0.013 9, among them the uncertainty introduced by standard sample purity was 0.005 8, the standard uncertainty introduced by standard material weighting was 1.49 ×10^4, the relative uncertainty introduced by glass apparatus calibration in the preparation process of aspartame standard reserving solution was 0. 007 88, and the uncertainty introduced by glass apparatus calibration in the preparation process of standard work-solution was 0. 009 9. ②The uncertainty introduced by the preparation process of sample specimen. Among them the relative standard uncertainty introduced by sample weighting process was 0. 009, and the uncertainty introduced by sample constant volume was 0.000 78. ③The uncertainty introduced by the fitting process of standard curve. Among them the relative uncertainty of curve fitting was 0.002 46, the uncertainty introduced by the determined results of aspartame was 0.017 0, the total combined standard uncertainty was 0.023 9, and the expanded standard uncertainty was 0.019. [ Conclusion] The uncertainty components of standard solution, standard curve and repeatability are the main sources of uncertainty, while those of sample weighting and sample constant volume account for little proportion.

Processing of Aniline Aerofloat Wastewater with SBR System and Its Biodegradation Mechanism

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the biodegradation effect and biodegradation mechanism of aniline aerofloat wastewater. MethodSmall-scale processing of simulated aniline aerofloat wastewater was carried out with SBR （Sequencing Batch Reactor） system; intermediate products in the process were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. ResultAccording to the experimental results, the small-scale process was basically stably operated after 40 days of activation and regulation, leading to relatively ideal degradation effect on aniline aerofloat, the COD removal efficiency reached 64.3% , degradation rate of aniline aerofloat reached 93.4%, which could be applied in the treatment of mine flotation wastewater containing such pollutant. During the degradation process, pH increased from 5.83 to 6.60 and then dropped to 6.17, which might be caused by the thiocyanate ions and aniline generated in the degradation process. Aniline aerofloat mainly produced two preliminary products during the biodegradation process： aniline and a substance that was difficult to be biodegraded under aerobic conditions, which was the main reason for the relatively high COD value in effluent. Furthermore, aniline was eventually biodegraded. ConclusionThis study provided basis for the development of biological treatment of flotation wastewater in China and showed great significance for the improvement of ecological environment around the mines.

Stability of Baicalin Aqueous Solution by Validated RP-HPLC

Aim In the present study a RP-HPLC method was developed and validated toinvestigate the stability of baicalin aqueous solution. Methods The influences of temperature and pHon the stability of baicalin aqueous solution were investigated by classic homoiothermicacceleration test, and the pH for the most stable solution was determined. Results The time whenbaicalin suffered 10% loss was found to be 18.1 h, and the degradation activation energy of baicalinwas 79.1 kJ·moL^(-1) . The pH at which baicalin is most stable is 4.28. Conclusion The temperatureshould be kept at a lower level and the pH should be adjusted to near that for the most stablesolution in the production of baicalin preparations.

Chemical composition and anti-MRSA activity of the essential oil from Chinese eaglewood

To analyze the constituents of essential oil from Chinese eaglewood [resinous wood of Aquilaria sinensis （Lour.） Gilg] and its anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） activity. The essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and analyzed by GC/MS method. The relative contents of the compounds were determined by normalization. The compounds were characterized by NIST05 and WILEY275L database matching and comparison of their MS spectra with those of literature data. Antibacterial activity of the oil was assayed by the filter paper disc agar diffusion method. The oil showed significant antibacterial activity against MRSA. Sixty-six chromatographic peaks were detected, among them thirty compounds comprising 59.80% of the total essential oil were characterized. Twenty-six compounds comprising 54.26% of the oil were identified as sesquiterpenes. β-Agarofuran （8.96%）, kusunol （7.82%）, （-）-jinkoh-eremol （5.04%）, agarospirol （4.53%）, baimuxifuranic acid （4.09%） were the major sesquiterpenes. Four nor-sesquiterpenes and some other sesquiterpenes, such as 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, α-agarofuran, epi-ligulyl oxide, etc. were detected in Chinese eaglewood oil for the first time. This is the first report about anti-MRSA activity of Chinese eaglewood oil from A. sinensis.

Effect of Quercetin on CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A2 Activities and its Inhibitory Mechanism Studies in Rat Liver Microsomes

Aim To assess the potential effect of quercetin （QU）, an natural plant estrogen, on CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A2 activities in rat liver microsomes; and to identify the magnitude of inhibitory effect and the probable inhibitory mechanism of QU. Methods QU and specific substrate were concurrently incubated, with HPLC detection of the substrate metabolites for data analysis. The magnitude of inhibitory effect of QU on CYP3A2 was compared with those of ketoconazole （Ket） and erythromycin （Ery）. The mechanism of its inhibitory effect on CYP3A2 and CYP2E1 was derived from Lineweaver-Burk plots. Results HPLC methods were in good linear relationship with r〉0.999 1. Relative standard deviations for intra-day and inter-day were〈8.4%. Recovery of each analyte in the concentrations studied was between 91.1% and 107.6 %. QU （up to 8 μmol·L^-1） showed potent induction to CYP1A2 （338.1% of the negative control）while inhibited CYP2E1 （49.2% of the negative control） and CYP3A2 （60.3% of the negative control） activity. The magnitude of inhibitory effect for QU on CYP3A2 was between those for Ket and Ery （Ket〉QU〉Ery）. QU exhibited competitive inhibition of CYP3A2 dextromethorphan N-demethylation reaction and expressed noncompetitive inhibition of CYP2E1 chlorzoxazone-6-hydroxylation reaction. Conclusion HPLC assay has been validated with precision and accuracy. QU is an effective inhibitor of several CYP isoforms. It may cause relevant drug-drug interactions with CYP3A substrates. As a plant flavonoid, QU has potential not only in molecular advantage but also in CYP450 module capability for further application in cancer chemotherapy.

Pharmacokinetics of Oxiracetam in Healthy Volunteers

Aim To study the pharmacokinetics of oxiracetam after single and multipleintravenous administrations in healthy volunteers. Method A HPLC method was used to determine theserum concentration of oxiracetam after intravenous single dose and daily dose of 2 000 mg for 7 din ten Chinese healthy volunteers. Pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out using Drug And Statisticsoftware. Results The AUC_(0-12), AUC_(0-∞), K_e, t_(1/2), MRT after a single dose of 2 000 mgoxiracetam were 256.26 ± 16.84 μg·mL^(-1)·h, 276.74 ±18.11 μg·mL^(-1)·h, 0.18 ±0.03 h^(-1),3.84±0.64 h, and 4.39 10.39 h, and after multiple doses of oxiracetam were 259.36 ±25.43μg·mL^(-1)·h, 285.59 ±27.38 μg·mL^(-1)·h, 0.17 ±0.04 h^(-1), 4.14 ± 0.82 h, and 4.87 ±0.69 h, respectively. Conclusion The pharmacokinetic parameters of oxiracetam do not differremarkably after single and multiple intravenous administration and there is accumulation in serumafter 2 000 mg multiple intravenous administration once a day fof 7 d.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil from Dry Rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort and Their Characterization by GC/MS

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of essential oil from dry rhizome ofLigusticum chuanxiong Hort was developed. GC/MS was used for the determination of the composition ofessential oil. Forty-four compounds were identified. The conventional extraction method wasconducted in parallel for comparison. The extracts were qualitatively compared by GC/MS. The yieldsof SFE and steam distillation-extraction were 4.16 % ( v/w) and 0.8 % ( v/w), respectively.Application of SFE of zessential oil from dry rhizome of Ligustiaan chuanxiong Hort was preferable.

Relationship Between Leaf Structure and Aloin Content in Six Species of Aloe L.

The leaf structure, content and the storage location of aloin in the leaves of six species of Aloe L. were studied by means of semi-thin section, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescent microscope. Results showed that all leaves consisted of epidermis, chlorenchyma, aquiferous tissue and vascular bundles. The leaves had the xeromorphic characteristics, including thickened epidermal cell wall, thickened cuticle, sunken stomata and well-developed aquiferous tissue. With the exception of thus, there were remarkable differences in leaf structure among the six species. The chlorenchyma cells were similar to palisade tissues in Aloe arborescens Mill. and A. mutabilis Pillans, but isodiametric in A. vera L., A. vera L. var. chinensis Berg., A. saponaria Hawer and A. greenii Bali. A. arborescens, A. mutabilis, A. very and A. vera var. chinensis included large parenchymatous cells at the vascular bundles, whereas no such cells were observed at the vascular bundles of A. saponaria and A. greenii. In A. arborescens, A. mutabilis and A. vera, the aquiferous tissue sheaths were present and composed of a layer of small parenchymatous cells without chloroplasts around the aquiferous tissue. While there were no aquiferous tissue sheaths in A. vera var. chinensis, A. saponaria and A. greenii. The HPLC revealed that the content of aloin was high in A. arborescens, low in A. vera, and very low in A. saponaria among the six species. The fluorescent microscopy showed that the yellow-green globule only appeared in the large parenchymatous cells of vascular bundles, vascular bundle sheath and aquiferous tissue sheath, but not in the chlorenchyma and aquiferous tissue. Consequently, the large parenchymatous cells of vascular bundles, vascular bundle sheath and aquiferous tissue sheath were the storage location of aloin. They were positively correlated with the content of aloin.

RP-HPLC determination of lycopene in microcapsules

Aim A RP- HPLC method for determination of lycopene in microcapsules was established. Methods The HPLC assay was performed on an Alltima Cls （4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5μm） column with a mixture of methanol-THF-water （66：30：4, V/V/V） as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL·min^-1 and the UV detection wavelength was 472 nm. Results The linear range of lycopene was 3.6-18 μg·mL^-1, r = 0.999 8, the average recovery was from 99.81% to 101.06% with RSD less than 1.83%. The RSD of intra-day and interday precision were less than 3.34%. Conclusion The method is simple, accurate and suitable for the determination of lycopene in microcapsules.