晋北方言“草鸡”的用法及其来源

“草鸡”一词在晋北方言中除了“母鸡”意义外还可以表示“畏缩、示弱、认输、服软”等特殊意义,在语法上可以单独作谓语、作谓语中心词带宾语、作谓语中心词带补语、作补语。结合实际用例发现,这一用法的来源未必与山东的斗鸡活动有关,而应该是源于与母鸡遇事就蹲卧地上、服软认输、任人宰割这一习性的相似性。

Effect of thatch on water-soluble phosphorus of pasture soil fertilized with broiler litter

The presence of a thatch layer in established pastures could reduce the contact between broiler litter and soil, thus increasing the potential for surface runoff contamination with litter P. We conducted a laboratory study to evaluate the effect of a thatch layer on the dynamics of water-soluble P in undisturbed cores taken from a pasture. Cores with and without a thatch layer received a surface application of broiler litter (5 thm-2) and were incubated at 25 oC for 56 d. The result showed that on the soil surface the contents of water soluble-P (39 kghm-2) of the cores with the thatch layer was higher than that (20 kghm-2) of the cores without the thatch layer. Therefore on well-established pastures fertilized with broiler litter, the presence of a thatch layer might lead to high concentrations of water-soluble P on the soil surface.

Responses of Nitrogen Metabolism to Rhizobium Inoculation in Abrus mollis Hance

In different periods, the contents of nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in different parts of Abrus mollis Hance were determined for each period by nesslerization, ninhydrin method and salicylic acid method in pot experiment. By using related data statistical software, the effects of Rhizobium inoculation on nitrogen metabolism, accumulation and distribution in Abrus mollis Hance were analyzed preliminarily.

Historic breeding of Sociable Lapwing(Vanellus gregarius) in Xinjiang

The Sociable Lapwing(Vanellus gregarius) was recently categorized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN due to a strong decline and overall range contraction.Until now the only published Chinese record of the species was a vagrant sighting in 1998.We reviewed reports and historic literature from a German ornithological expedition in 1876,which reported the species to be a breeding bird in Xinjiang,western China in the second half of the 19th century.According to local expertise,the species seems since to have become extinct in Xinjiang,but surveys are suggested to clarify its current status.

The Effect of Herb Feeding on Antioxidant Liver Activity

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 1.5% herb supplement of RL （rosemary leaves）, YB （yarrow blooms）, PL （plantain leaves）, OS （oreganos talks） or red GP （grape pomace） on the broiler liver antioxidant activity. Samples were analyzed by FRAP （ferric-reducing antioxidant power）, FRK （free radicals） and DPPH （2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl） methods. Oxidative stress values （metallo thionein, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and reduced/oxidized glutation ration） were measured in the blood and liver. Biochemical parameters （serum albumin, uric acid and bilirubin） were monitored in the blood. The antioxidant activity measured by the FRK method was higher in the oregano supplement （P 〈 0.05） than in plantain and rosemary supplements.

Amino Acid and Mineral Composition of Meat from Free-range Broilers Reared on Alpine Steppe

An increasing number of consumers demanding health foods have favoured poultry meat from natural production system. Amino acid and mineral elements are essential nutrient, required for numerous metabolic functions, which are provided partly by the poultry. The objective of this study was to evaluate amino acid and mineral composition in meat of free-range broilers fed on grasshoppers on alpine rangeland in the Tibetan Plateau. Eighty, 28-day-old Qinjiaoma male broilers were introduced into a rangeland where there was a dense population of grasshoppers （treatment GC）. Control chicken were reared under intensive condition and given a maize-soybean diet （treatment CC）. At 91 days of age, 24 birds from each treatment were slaughtered. Fresh breast meats were packaged and refrigerated for determination. The results indicated that dietary grasshoppers and rearing condition significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected some amino acid and mineral elements composition. Aspartic, arginine, threonine, isoleucine and lysine were higher in the muscles from GC than those from CC, and the similar trend were also found in the content of total amino acid and essential amino acid. While tryptophan and methionine were lower （P 〈 0.05） in meat from GC than that from CC. Effect of diets and rearing condition on mineral elements was also observed, the concentration of sodium, phosphorus and iron were higher （P 〈 0.05） in muscle from GC, while calcium was higher in muscle from CC. In conclusion, the meat in free-range broilers fed on grasshoppers has the richer amino acid and mineral elements.

Glycyrrhizic acid activates chicken macrophages and enhances their Salmonella-killing capacity in vitro

Objective： Salmonella enterica remains a major cause of food-borne disease in humans, and Salmonella Typhimurium （ST） contamination of poultry products is a worldwide problem. Since macrophages play an essential role in controlling Salmonella infection, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid （GA） on immune function of chicken HD11 macrophages. Methods： Chicken HD11 macrophages were treated with GA （0, 12.5 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 pg/ml） and lipopolysaccharide （LPS, 500 ng/ml） for 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Evaluated responses included phagocytosis, bacteria-killing, gene expression of cell surface molecules （cluster of differentiation 40 （CD40）, CD80, CD83, and CD197） and antimicrobial effectors （inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）, NADPH oxidase-1 （NOX-1）, interferon-γ （IFN-γ）, LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α factor （LITAF）, interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-IO）, and production of nitric oxide （NO） and hydrogen peroxide （H202）. Results： GA increased the internalization of both fiuorescein isothiocyanate （FITC）-dextran and ST by HD11 cells and markedly decreased the intracellular survival of ST. We found that the messenger RNA （mRNA） expression of cell surface molecules （CD40, CDSO, CD83, and CD197） and cytokines （IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10） of HD11 cells was up-regulated following GA exposure. The expression of iNOS and NOX-1 was induced by GA and thereby the productions of NO and H202 in HD11 cells were enhanced. Notably, it was verified that nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK） pathways were responsible for GA-induced synthesis of NO and IFN-γ gene expression. Conclusions： Taken together, these results suggested that GA exhibits a potent immune regulatory effect to activate chicken macrophages and enhances Salmonella-killing capacity.

Carbon-water coupling and its relationship with environmental and biological factors in a planted Caragana liouana shrub community in desert steppe,northwest China

The carbon and water cycle,an important biophysical process of terrestrial ecosystems,is changed by anthropogenic revegetation in arid and semiarid areas.However,there is still a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of carbon and water coupling in intrinsic ecosystems in the context of human activities.Based on the CO,and H,O flux measurements of the desert steppe with the planted shrub Caragana liouana,this study explored the carbon and water flux coupling of the ecosystem by analyzing the variations in gross primary productivity(GPP),evapotranspiration(ET)and water use efficiency(WUE)and discussing the driving mechanisms of biological factors.The seasonal variation in climate factors induced a periodic variation pattern of biophysical traits and carbon and water fluxes.The GPP and ET fluctuated in seasons,but the WUE was relatively stable in the growing season.The GP,ET and WUE were significantly driven by global radiation(R,),temperature(T,and T),water vapor pressure deficit,leaf area index and plant water stress index(PWSI).However,R,temperature and PWSI were the most important factors regulating WUE.R,and temperature directly affected WUE with a positive effect but indirectly inhibited WUE by rising PWSl.Plant water stress inhibited photosynthesis and transpiration of the planted shrub community in the desert steppe.When the plant water stress exceeded a threshold(PWSI>0.54),the WUE would decrease since the GPP responded more quickly to the plant water stress than ET.Our findings suggest that policies related to large-scale carbon sequestration initiatives under afforestation must first fully consider the status of water consumption and WUE.