Chlorophyll fluorescence emission, pigment composition and photosynthetic rate of shade-grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were measured immediately after suddenly exposing to full sunlight and at regular in...Chlorophyll fluorescence emission, pigment composition and photosynthetic rate of shade-grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were measured immediately after suddenly exposing to full sunlight and at regular intervals there after within 15 d. Photoinhibition occurred in shade-grown cotton leaves immediately after exposed to full sunlight. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F-v/F-m and PhiPS II, which reflect the efficiency of PS II,obviously decreased in shade-grown leaves, much lower than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. On the contrary, F-o value was sharply increased. Neither of these parameters could completely recover till next morning. The photoinhibition was chronic and continued for about 4 d, while the F-v/F-m and the net photosynthetic rate ( P-n) continued to decline, then began to increase gradually 6 d later and turned stable after 10 - 12 d, appearing as an acclimation phenomenon. However, the final value of F-v/F-m and P-n did not reach the level as in those leaves grown in the full sunlight ever before. The final P-n was higher by 60% than that before exposure, but lower for more than 40% than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. The most notable response of chloroplast pigment composition was a pronounced increase in the pool size of carotenoids in xanthophyll cycle over a period of 3 d. The results indicated that when shade-grown cotton seedlings were suddenly transferred to the full sunlight, the decline of F-v/F-m and P-n might associate with the damage of the PS II reaction center. During the light acclimation, photoprotective mechanisms such as the xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation were increased, so that photodamage in leaves transferred from low to high light might be reduced.展开更多
Thirty genotypes from rice germplasm were identified under photooxidation and shading condition and divided into four basic types : (1) cultivars tolerant to both photooxidation and shading, (2) cultivars tolerant to...Thirty genotypes from rice germplasm were identified under photooxidation and shading condition and divided into four basic types : (1) cultivars tolerant to both photooxidation and shading, (2) cultivars tolerant to photooxidation but sensitive to shading, (3) cultivars tolerant to shading but sensitive to photooxidation, and (4) cultivars sensitive to photooxidation and shading. A comparative study of photosynthetic characteristics of a cultivar (cv. Wuyujing 3) that is tolerant and a cultivar (cv. Xiangxian) that is sensitive to both photoinhibition and shading showed that the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ ( F v/F m ) and the content of PSⅡ_D1 protein in the tolerant cultivar “Wuyujing 3” decreased less under photoinhibition conditions as compared with “Xiangxian”. Under photooxidation conditions, superoxide dismutase was induced rapidly to a higher level and the active oxygen O - built up to a lower level in “Wuyujing 3” than in “Xiangxian”. At the same time, the photosynthetic rate decreased by 23% in “Wuyujing 3” vs. 64% in “Xiangxian”. Shading (20% natural light) during the booting stage caused only small decreases (7%-13%) in RuBisCO activity and the photosynthetic rate in “Wuyujing 3” but showed marked decreases (57%-64%) in “Xiangxian” which corresponded to the decreases in grain yield in the two cultivars (38% and 73%, respectively). The correlation analysis showed that the tolerance to photooxidation is mainly related to PSⅡ_D1 and that to shading is mainly related to RuBisCO activity. This study provided a simple and effective screening method and physiological basis for crop breeding in enhancing tolerance to both high and low radiation.展开更多
With annual Bischofia javanica seedlings as experimental material, the plasticity and comprehensive evaluation methods were employed to investigate the effects of different shading degrees （100% NS （natural sunshine...With annual Bischofia javanica seedlings as experimental material, the plasticity and comprehensive evaluation methods were employed to investigate the effects of different shading degrees （100% NS （natural sunshine）, 41.3% NS, 14.6% NS and 3.6% NS） on B. javanica seedlings growth, so as to obtain the shade toler- ance in B. javanica. The results showed that with the shading degree increasing, the seedling height increment, diameter increment, leaf area, fresh weights （above- ground part, underground part and whole plant） and dry weights （aboveground part, underground part and whole plant） of B. javanica seedlings all increased first and then decreased, and reached peak values under 41.3% NS, while the total root length, average root diameter, total surface area, total root volume and total root number all presented a decreasing trend. Also the comprehensive evaluation by subordinate function value method and plasticity analysis were carried out on these growth indexes. It was concluded that B. javanica seedlings have medium shade tol- erance from the comDrehensive analysis of growth indexes.展开更多
Maize is an important food crop, as well as the irreplaceable feed and industrial materials, having huge market demand in China. Southwestern region of China is the third largest main maize producing zone, and the fre...Maize is an important food crop, as well as the irreplaceable feed and industrial materials, having huge market demand in China. Southwestern region of China is the third largest main maize producing zone, and the frequent occurrence of abiotic stress conditions such as drought, heat, cold, wet shaded stress have severely affected the development of maize production, causing low and unstable corn yields, severely restricting the maize industry development in the southwest of China. This paper preliminarily describes the maize resistance to abiotic stresses in southwestem region of China, putting forward the countermeasures and the key research direction in the practice of breeding in order to provide reference for the cultivation of new varieties with high yield and stress resistance, and improving the levels of maize stress resistance breeding in southwestern region of China.展开更多
[Objective]The study was conducted to investigate the effects of shading treatments on growth of Asimina triloba （L） Dunal seedlings and provided the theoretical basis for seedling production. [Method]70 day-old A. ...[Objective]The study was conducted to investigate the effects of shading treatments on growth of Asimina triloba （L） Dunal seedlings and provided the theoretical basis for seedling production. [Method]70 day-old A. triloba seedlings had similar stem diameter and plant height and good growth vigour were taken as tested materials in 2005. 4 light gradient treatments which were the natural light with 100% light intensity, one-layer, two-layer and three-layer black shading network with the light transmittance rate of 50%, 25% and 12.5% were set up to study the effects of different shading treatments on growth of A. triloba. [ Result] With the shading treatments of one-layer and two-layer net, the plants of A. triloba seedlings grew rapidly. As the intensity of illumination decreased, the cetents of chlorophyll a （ Chl. a）, chlorophyll b （ Chl. b） and total chlorophyll increased at first and then reduced. At the same time the chlorophyll a/b value became smaller. Under natural light, the plants tended to consume more water and the soil temperature at 15：00 p. m was higher. There was a smaller difference among various treatments. [ Conclusion]The suitable shading treatment to the growth of A. triloba seedlings was under the light transmittance rate of 50% and height and stem diameter of trees increased fast. Chlorophyll a （ Chl. a）, chlorophyll b （ Chl. b） content in leaves of A. triloba seedlings were highest comparing with those in other conditions.展开更多
Muehlewbeckia complera was introduced to China in 2002 as indoor-hanging ornamental foliage plant. The experiment of the shade tolerance for this species was carried out in different light intensities (0.14–946.00 μ...Muehlewbeckia complera was introduced to China in 2002 as indoor-hanging ornamental foliage plant. The experiment of the shade tolerance for this species was carried out in different light intensities (0.14–946.00 μmol·m?2·s?1). After 40 days in experimental areas, leaf photosynthentic characteristics indexes ofM. complera in different photosynthesis active radiation (PAR) were measured with LI-COR6400 apparatus, such as the light compensation point, light saturation point, and maximum net photosynthesis rate, at the same time, the increments of total leaf area and leaf amount were measured. The results showed that the optimum light intensity range forM. complera was from 9.26 μmol·m?2·s?1 to 569.00 μmol·m?2·s?1 (463–28150 lx, relative humidity (RH) for 46–60%, temperature at 16–22°C). Under this condition, leaf photosynthetic efficiency was tiptop. AlthoughM. complera belonged to the moderate sun-adaptation plant species, the plant growth was inhibited when PAR increased to the level of 569.000 μmol·m?2·s?1 or above.M. complera could sprout new leaves in photosynthesis active radiation of 0.16–19.22 μmol·m?2·s?1 (8–961 lx), or 10 μmol·m?2·s?1 for above 6 h. Keywords Muehlewbeckia complera - Shade tolerance - Cultivation - Photosynthesis CLC number S602.1 Document code A Foundation item: This study was supported by the Research Foundation of Northeast Forestry University.Biography: YUE Hua (1962-), female, Associate professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to provide references for constructing compound ecological tea gardens. [Method] In an ecological adult-tea garden, teas shaded by Prunus cerasoides, Prunus L., and Litsea pungens were selected...[Objective] The aim was to provide references for constructing compound ecological tea gardens. [Method] In an ecological adult-tea garden, teas shaded by Prunus cerasoides, Prunus L., and Litsea pungens were selected and the teas without shades were taken as a control in order to explore effects of tree shading on photosynthesis, respiration and net photosynthetic intensities. [Result] In a growth cycle of one year, for teas shaded by Prunus cerasoides, Prunus L., and Litsea pungens, respiration intensity was significantly higher than that of the control; net photosynthetic intensity was extremely significant higher; photosynthesis intensity showed none rules. Both of net photosynthetic rate and intensity kept higher in winter of shaded teas. [Conclusion] It is of significance for high-yielding and high-quality teas to reduce respiration consumption and coordinate between photosynthesis and respiration given that tea grows well.展开更多
A linear forest is a forest whose components are paths. The linear arboricity la （G） of a graph G is the minimum number of linear forests which partition the edge set E（G） of G. The Cartesian product G□H of two g...A linear forest is a forest whose components are paths. The linear arboricity la （G） of a graph G is the minimum number of linear forests which partition the edge set E（G） of G. The Cartesian product G□H of two graphs G and H is defined as the graph with vertex set V（G□H） = {（u, v）｜ u ∈V（G）, v∈V（H） } and edge set E（G□H） = { （ u, x） （ v, Y）｜u=v and xy∈E（H）, or uv∈E（G） and x=y}. Let Pm and Cm,, respectively, denote the path and cycle on m vertices and K, denote the complete graph on n vertices. It is proved that （Km□Pm）=[n＋1/2]for m≥2,la（Km□Cm）=[n＋2/2],and la（Km□Km）=[n＋m-1/2]. The methods to decompose these graphs into linear forests are given in the proofs. Furthermore, the linear arboricity conjecture is true for these classes of graphs.展开更多
The authors designed an ecological storm water system in a residential area to replace the conventional underground channels for the collection of storm water so as to reduce the nutrients and sediments discharged. Th...The authors designed an ecological storm water system in a residential area to replace the conventional underground channels for the collection of storm water so as to reduce the nutrients and sediments discharged. This system contains natural sub-creeks as drainage channels discharging overflow to nearby creeks, an open green trench, a storage pond, and natural sub-creeks. The sub -creeks were designed to be integrated into community landscape, which not only increases the efficiency of water usage, but also improves the aesthetic qualities of the community residence area as required by Agenda 21. This research proved the feasibility of an open storm water collection and utilization system for the design of a community water system.展开更多
Coffee cultivation by using shade trees is simple of agroforestry, this system could get better ecosystem service and sustainable agricultural. The aims of this research are to study the possibility of some species of...Coffee cultivation by using shade trees is simple of agroforestry, this system could get better ecosystem service and sustainable agricultural. The aims of this research are to study the possibility of some species of industrial woods as shade trees of Coffea canephora. The research was conducted in Jember, Indonesia （45 m asl., D rainfall type according to Schmidt and Ferguson）, and arranged in split plot design. The main plots were （A） coffee-T, grandis （3 m × 2.5 m ×12 m）, （B） coffee-P, falcataria single row （2.5 m ×6 m）, （C） coffee-P, falcataria double rows （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （D） coffee-P, falcataria vat. Solomon （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （E） coffee-M, azedarach （3 m ×5 m ×22.5 m）, （F） coffee-H, macrophyllus （3 m ×5 m ×12.5 m）, and （G） coffee-Leucaena sp. （3 m × 2.5 m） as control. The sub plots were coffee clones, i.e., BP 534, BP 409, BP 936, dan BP 939. Among those timber trees, Leucaena was planted as the alternative shade trees. The result showed that in comparison with control, all of coffee agroforestry system improved carbon sequestration. Total C-stock on （B） was highest, i.e., 1,007 percent to control while the lowest one was （A） 317.44% to control. During one year observation, litter weight of H. macrophyllus was heaviest followed by T. grandis. The lightest litter was obtained from M. azedarach. Based on its mineral contents, litters of T. grandis potentially supplied back nutrients that equaled to total Urea, SP-36, KC1, Dolomite, and Kieserite as much as 574.14 g; P. falcataria 287.57 g, P. falcataria var. Solomon 453.59 g, M. azedarach 450.84 g, H. macrophyllus 877.56 g, and Leucaena 445.12 g per tree per year. Because of heavily fallen leaves of M. azedarach during dry season and conversely too dense shading of H. macrophyllus, bean yield at 4 and 5 years old by using both species were consistently lower than that under T. grandis, P. falcataria and control. At those ages, effect of clone on cherry yield was still not consistent but there was a tendency that BP 939 was most productive, while BP 534 was the less. Its outturn was not influenced by agroforestry system but by clones. The agroforestry pattern influence physical bean characters, more dense of shading, more single bean and empty bean. That bean abnormality also genetically, on BP 939 percentage of round and empty bean was highest while on BP 936 was lowest. It was concluded that coffee agroforestry improve ecology service, but M. azedarach and H. macrophyllus were not appropriate to be used as coffee shade trees. P. falcataria is recommended as an alternative shade tree beside Leucaena sp.展开更多
Covering the grapevine rows to delay maturity and thus the harvest date becomes a widespread practice at Sultana seedless vineyards. The research work was carried out with different covers to examine their effects on ...Covering the grapevine rows to delay maturity and thus the harvest date becomes a widespread practice at Sultana seedless vineyards. The research work was carried out with different covers to examine their effects on grape quality and storage life in 2009 and 2010. Grapevines were covered with three different densities （shading ratios： 35%, 55%, 75%） at the veraison period. Unshaded （0%） control grapevines and grapevines shaded under different ratios were covered with polypropylene cross-stitch just before harvest maturity. Grapes under cover were harvested nearly one month after than those maturing under open conditions. Grape clusters were packed in PE bags and pre-cooled after harvest and then SO2-generating pads has been put on top, bags were sealed. In the second year at the 120th day of the storage, decay development has been observed in all applications. Total soluble solids content, maturity index and a＊ colour value were found lower in 55% and 75% shaded grapes compared to unshaded grapevines. Still, berry removal force and hue angle value in 55% and 75% of shaded grapes were higher than unshaded grapes. Effects of shading ratios on these parameters decrease or disappear at the end of storage.展开更多
文摘Chlorophyll fluorescence emission, pigment composition and photosynthetic rate of shade-grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were measured immediately after suddenly exposing to full sunlight and at regular intervals there after within 15 d. Photoinhibition occurred in shade-grown cotton leaves immediately after exposed to full sunlight. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F-v/F-m and PhiPS II, which reflect the efficiency of PS II,obviously decreased in shade-grown leaves, much lower than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. On the contrary, F-o value was sharply increased. Neither of these parameters could completely recover till next morning. The photoinhibition was chronic and continued for about 4 d, while the F-v/F-m and the net photosynthetic rate ( P-n) continued to decline, then began to increase gradually 6 d later and turned stable after 10 - 12 d, appearing as an acclimation phenomenon. However, the final value of F-v/F-m and P-n did not reach the level as in those leaves grown in the full sunlight ever before. The final P-n was higher by 60% than that before exposure, but lower for more than 40% than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. The most notable response of chloroplast pigment composition was a pronounced increase in the pool size of carotenoids in xanthophyll cycle over a period of 3 d. The results indicated that when shade-grown cotton seedlings were suddenly transferred to the full sunlight, the decline of F-v/F-m and P-n might associate with the damage of the PS II reaction center. During the light acclimation, photoprotective mechanisms such as the xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation were increased, so that photodamage in leaves transferred from low to high light might be reduced.
文摘Thirty genotypes from rice germplasm were identified under photooxidation and shading condition and divided into four basic types : (1) cultivars tolerant to both photooxidation and shading, (2) cultivars tolerant to photooxidation but sensitive to shading, (3) cultivars tolerant to shading but sensitive to photooxidation, and (4) cultivars sensitive to photooxidation and shading. A comparative study of photosynthetic characteristics of a cultivar (cv. Wuyujing 3) that is tolerant and a cultivar (cv. Xiangxian) that is sensitive to both photoinhibition and shading showed that the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ ( F v/F m ) and the content of PSⅡ_D1 protein in the tolerant cultivar “Wuyujing 3” decreased less under photoinhibition conditions as compared with “Xiangxian”. Under photooxidation conditions, superoxide dismutase was induced rapidly to a higher level and the active oxygen O - built up to a lower level in “Wuyujing 3” than in “Xiangxian”. At the same time, the photosynthetic rate decreased by 23% in “Wuyujing 3” vs. 64% in “Xiangxian”. Shading (20% natural light) during the booting stage caused only small decreases (7%-13%) in RuBisCO activity and the photosynthetic rate in “Wuyujing 3” but showed marked decreases (57%-64%) in “Xiangxian” which corresponded to the decreases in grain yield in the two cultivars (38% and 73%, respectively). The correlation analysis showed that the tolerance to photooxidation is mainly related to PSⅡ_D1 and that to shading is mainly related to RuBisCO activity. This study provided a simple and effective screening method and physiological basis for crop breeding in enhancing tolerance to both high and low radiation.
文摘With annual Bischofia javanica seedlings as experimental material, the plasticity and comprehensive evaluation methods were employed to investigate the effects of different shading degrees （100% NS （natural sunshine）, 41.3% NS, 14.6% NS and 3.6% NS） on B. javanica seedlings growth, so as to obtain the shade toler- ance in B. javanica. The results showed that with the shading degree increasing, the seedling height increment, diameter increment, leaf area, fresh weights （above- ground part, underground part and whole plant） and dry weights （aboveground part, underground part and whole plant） of B. javanica seedlings all increased first and then decreased, and reached peak values under 41.3% NS, while the total root length, average root diameter, total surface area, total root volume and total root number all presented a decreasing trend. Also the comprehensive evaluation by subordinate function value method and plasticity analysis were carried out on these growth indexes. It was concluded that B. javanica seedlings have medium shade tol- erance from the comDrehensive analysis of growth indexes.
基金Supported by the Corn Heat-resisting Resources Exploitation and Chain Molecular Marker Development(cstc2015jcyj BX0112)the Screening and Breeding of Feeding Maize Varieties in the Hilly and Mountain Areas(cstc2016shms-ztzx80017)+5 种基金the Functional Corn Germplasm Renounces Precise Identification and Material Innovation(cstc-2016shms-ztzx80013)the Breeding of Maize CMS Materials(2013cstc-jbky-00565)the Screening and Creation of High-temperature and Drought Resisting Corn Materials(2013cstc-jbky-00564)the Creation and Application of Shade-tolerant Corn Germplasm(cstc2016shmszx0218)the Special Fund for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Social People’s Livelihood of Chongqing Municipality-Molecular Analysis of Corn Kernel Accumulated Amylose and Development and Application of Genetic Specific Markers(cstc2015shmszx80029)the Innovation of Fine Varieties of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences-Research and Application of the Combining Ability of High-efficient Retrospective Improved Corn(NKY-2016AB004)~~
文摘Maize is an important food crop, as well as the irreplaceable feed and industrial materials, having huge market demand in China. Southwestern region of China is the third largest main maize producing zone, and the frequent occurrence of abiotic stress conditions such as drought, heat, cold, wet shaded stress have severely affected the development of maize production, causing low and unstable corn yields, severely restricting the maize industry development in the southwest of China. This paper preliminarily describes the maize resistance to abiotic stresses in southwestem region of China, putting forward the countermeasures and the key research direction in the practice of breeding in order to provide reference for the cultivation of new varieties with high yield and stress resistance, and improving the levels of maize stress resistance breeding in southwestern region of China.
基金Supported by the National"948"Import Program(2001-46)~~
文摘[Objective]The study was conducted to investigate the effects of shading treatments on growth of Asimina triloba （L） Dunal seedlings and provided the theoretical basis for seedling production. [Method]70 day-old A. triloba seedlings had similar stem diameter and plant height and good growth vigour were taken as tested materials in 2005. 4 light gradient treatments which were the natural light with 100% light intensity, one-layer, two-layer and three-layer black shading network with the light transmittance rate of 50%, 25% and 12.5% were set up to study the effects of different shading treatments on growth of A. triloba. [ Result] With the shading treatments of one-layer and two-layer net, the plants of A. triloba seedlings grew rapidly. As the intensity of illumination decreased, the cetents of chlorophyll a （ Chl. a）, chlorophyll b （ Chl. b） and total chlorophyll increased at first and then reduced. At the same time the chlorophyll a/b value became smaller. Under natural light, the plants tended to consume more water and the soil temperature at 15：00 p. m was higher. There was a smaller difference among various treatments. [ Conclusion]The suitable shading treatment to the growth of A. triloba seedlings was under the light transmittance rate of 50% and height and stem diameter of trees increased fast. Chlorophyll a （ Chl. a）, chlorophyll b （ Chl. b） content in leaves of A. triloba seedlings were highest comparing with those in other conditions.
基金Supported by the Research Foundation of Northeast Forestry University.
文摘Muehlewbeckia complera was introduced to China in 2002 as indoor-hanging ornamental foliage plant. The experiment of the shade tolerance for this species was carried out in different light intensities (0.14–946.00 μmol·m?2·s?1). After 40 days in experimental areas, leaf photosynthentic characteristics indexes ofM. complera in different photosynthesis active radiation (PAR) were measured with LI-COR6400 apparatus, such as the light compensation point, light saturation point, and maximum net photosynthesis rate, at the same time, the increments of total leaf area and leaf amount were measured. The results showed that the optimum light intensity range forM. complera was from 9.26 μmol·m?2·s?1 to 569.00 μmol·m?2·s?1 (463–28150 lx, relative humidity (RH) for 46–60%, temperature at 16–22°C). Under this condition, leaf photosynthetic efficiency was tiptop. AlthoughM. complera belonged to the moderate sun-adaptation plant species, the plant growth was inhibited when PAR increased to the level of 569.000 μmol·m?2·s?1 or above.M. complera could sprout new leaves in photosynthesis active radiation of 0.16–19.22 μmol·m?2·s?1 (8–961 lx), or 10 μmol·m?2·s?1 for above 6 h. Keywords Muehlewbeckia complera - Shade tolerance - Cultivation - Photosynthesis CLC number S602.1 Document code A Foundation item: This study was supported by the Research Foundation of Northeast Forestry University.Biography: YUE Hua (1962-), female, Associate professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong
文摘[Objective] The aim was to provide references for constructing compound ecological tea gardens. [Method] In an ecological adult-tea garden, teas shaded by Prunus cerasoides, Prunus L., and Litsea pungens were selected and the teas without shades were taken as a control in order to explore effects of tree shading on photosynthesis, respiration and net photosynthetic intensities. [Result] In a growth cycle of one year, for teas shaded by Prunus cerasoides, Prunus L., and Litsea pungens, respiration intensity was significantly higher than that of the control; net photosynthetic intensity was extremely significant higher; photosynthesis intensity showed none rules. Both of net photosynthetic rate and intensity kept higher in winter of shaded teas. [Conclusion] It is of significance for high-yielding and high-quality teas to reduce respiration consumption and coordinate between photosynthesis and respiration given that tea grows well.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10971025)
文摘A linear forest is a forest whose components are paths. The linear arboricity la （G） of a graph G is the minimum number of linear forests which partition the edge set E（G） of G. The Cartesian product G□H of two graphs G and H is defined as the graph with vertex set V（G□H） = {（u, v）｜ u ∈V（G）, v∈V（H） } and edge set E（G□H） = { （ u, x） （ v, Y）｜u=v and xy∈E（H）, or uv∈E（G） and x=y}. Let Pm and Cm,, respectively, denote the path and cycle on m vertices and K, denote the complete graph on n vertices. It is proved that （Km□Pm）=[n＋1/2]for m≥2,la（Km□Cm）=[n＋2/2],and la（Km□Km）=[n＋m-1/2]. The methods to decompose these graphs into linear forests are given in the proofs. Furthermore, the linear arboricity conjecture is true for these classes of graphs.
文摘The authors designed an ecological storm water system in a residential area to replace the conventional underground channels for the collection of storm water so as to reduce the nutrients and sediments discharged. This system contains natural sub-creeks as drainage channels discharging overflow to nearby creeks, an open green trench, a storage pond, and natural sub-creeks. The sub -creeks were designed to be integrated into community landscape, which not only increases the efficiency of water usage, but also improves the aesthetic qualities of the community residence area as required by Agenda 21. This research proved the feasibility of an open storm water collection and utilization system for the design of a community water system.
文摘Coffee cultivation by using shade trees is simple of agroforestry, this system could get better ecosystem service and sustainable agricultural. The aims of this research are to study the possibility of some species of industrial woods as shade trees of Coffea canephora. The research was conducted in Jember, Indonesia （45 m asl., D rainfall type according to Schmidt and Ferguson）, and arranged in split plot design. The main plots were （A） coffee-T, grandis （3 m × 2.5 m ×12 m）, （B） coffee-P, falcataria single row （2.5 m ×6 m）, （C） coffee-P, falcataria double rows （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （D） coffee-P, falcataria vat. Solomon （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （E） coffee-M, azedarach （3 m ×5 m ×22.5 m）, （F） coffee-H, macrophyllus （3 m ×5 m ×12.5 m）, and （G） coffee-Leucaena sp. （3 m × 2.5 m） as control. The sub plots were coffee clones, i.e., BP 534, BP 409, BP 936, dan BP 939. Among those timber trees, Leucaena was planted as the alternative shade trees. The result showed that in comparison with control, all of coffee agroforestry system improved carbon sequestration. Total C-stock on （B） was highest, i.e., 1,007 percent to control while the lowest one was （A） 317.44% to control. During one year observation, litter weight of H. macrophyllus was heaviest followed by T. grandis. The lightest litter was obtained from M. azedarach. Based on its mineral contents, litters of T. grandis potentially supplied back nutrients that equaled to total Urea, SP-36, KC1, Dolomite, and Kieserite as much as 574.14 g; P. falcataria 287.57 g, P. falcataria var. Solomon 453.59 g, M. azedarach 450.84 g, H. macrophyllus 877.56 g, and Leucaena 445.12 g per tree per year. Because of heavily fallen leaves of M. azedarach during dry season and conversely too dense shading of H. macrophyllus, bean yield at 4 and 5 years old by using both species were consistently lower than that under T. grandis, P. falcataria and control. At those ages, effect of clone on cherry yield was still not consistent but there was a tendency that BP 939 was most productive, while BP 534 was the less. Its outturn was not influenced by agroforestry system but by clones. The agroforestry pattern influence physical bean characters, more dense of shading, more single bean and empty bean. That bean abnormality also genetically, on BP 939 percentage of round and empty bean was highest while on BP 936 was lowest. It was concluded that coffee agroforestry improve ecology service, but M. azedarach and H. macrophyllus were not appropriate to be used as coffee shade trees. P. falcataria is recommended as an alternative shade tree beside Leucaena sp.
文摘Covering the grapevine rows to delay maturity and thus the harvest date becomes a widespread practice at Sultana seedless vineyards. The research work was carried out with different covers to examine their effects on grape quality and storage life in 2009 and 2010. Grapevines were covered with three different densities （shading ratios： 35%, 55%, 75%） at the veraison period. Unshaded （0%） control grapevines and grapevines shaded under different ratios were covered with polypropylene cross-stitch just before harvest maturity. Grapes under cover were harvested nearly one month after than those maturing under open conditions. Grape clusters were packed in PE bags and pre-cooled after harvest and then SO2-generating pads has been put on top, bags were sealed. In the second year at the 120th day of the storage, decay development has been observed in all applications. Total soluble solids content, maturity index and a＊ colour value were found lower in 55% and 75% shaded grapes compared to unshaded grapevines. Still, berry removal force and hue angle value in 55% and 75% of shaded grapes were higher than unshaded grapes. Effects of shading ratios on these parameters decrease or disappear at the end of storage.
