Synthesis of Resveratrol and Resveratrol Trinicotinate

Aim To synthesize a new prodrug, resveratrol trinicotinate. Methods Inpresence of lithium and a catalytic amount of naphthalene, the reaction of p-methoxybenzyltrimethylsilyl ether and 3,5-dimethoxylbenzaldehyde gave resveratrol after a series of translation.Resveratrol trinicotinate was obtained by the reaction of resveratrol and nicotinoyl chloridehydrochloride. Results A mutual prodrug resveratrol trinicotinate was designed and synthesized.Conclusion A novel method for synthesis of resveratrol and resveratrol trinicotinate has beenafforded. The E-isomer is selectivily obtained by dehydration of the compound 2 with KHSO_4 .

Study on Controlling Tobacco Root-knot Nematode by Fertilizer and Pesticide Synergy

Synergism between pesticide and fertilizer in controlling root-knot nematode was investigated by field randomized block test. The results showed that the best control efficiency was shared by 0.5% abamectin and 25% mixed pesticide （abamectin and carbosulfan）, 24.1% and 28.0%, respectively. The positive effect was found by synergism between pesticide and fertiUzer in controlling reot-knot nematode. The economic benefit and agricultural benefit were gained by controlling root-knot nematodes. The results suggested that the agricultural and ecological benefit could be gained through the integration of agricultural practice and chemical technology in controlling root-knot nematode.

A Preliminary Study on the Resistance to Different Fungicides in Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the resistance to different fungicides in Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. [Method] Under indoor incubation conditions, the resistance to dimethomorph, metalaxyl-mancozeb, propamocarb and ovraclostrobin.dimethomorph in P. parasitica strain isolated from Zhenyuan County in Qiandongnan State was analyzed with colony growth measurement method. [Result] P. parasitica exhibited different levels of sensitivity to four fungicides. To be specific, P. parasitica exhibited the highest resistance to dimethomorph, and ECho reached 1.19 μg/ml. [Conclusion] In Zhenyuan tobacco-growing area, long-term single use of dimethomorph possesses certain resistance risk in prevention and control of black shank disease.

Effects of 5% Imidacloprid Oil in Preventing Myzus persicae in Different Test Sites

In the research, 5% imidacloprid oil at different doses were applied to prevent Myzus persicae in order to explore significance analysis in 3, 7, 14, and 20 d, respectively, in three fields, and the results showed that 5% imidacloprid oil per- formed significant for K326, G28 and Yunyan-87, suggesting 5% imidacloprid oil is effective in controlling Myzus persicae.

Capillary gas chromatographic determination of dimethachlon residues in fresh tobacco leaves and cut-tobacco

Simple procedures for extraction and chromatographic determination of dimethachlon residues in fresh tobacco leaves and cut-tobacco are described.The determination was carried out by capillary gas chromatography(GC) with electron capture detection(ECD) and confirmed by GC-MS.The mean recoveries and relative standard deviation(RSD) were 93.2%～112.9% and 3.5%～6.7%,respectively at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg.The limit of determination was 0.001 mg/kg.Tobacco samples in routine check were successfully analyzed using the proposed method.

Impact of a Pilot, Pharmacy-Led Tobacco Cessation Medication Protocol at Discharge in a Community Hospital

Purpose： To evaluate the implementation of a pharmacy-led tobacco cessation medication education protocol at discharge in a community hospital. Design： Single center, retrospective quality assessment study. Methods： A retrospective review of a pharmacy-led protocol was completed from November 2016 through April 2017. Data from one year prior to implementation of the protocol was analyzed against the study group. Results： A total of 607 tobacco cessation medication education interventions were made during the study period, 379 patients （62.4%） were given an OTC （Over The Counter） NRT （Nicotine Replacement Therapy） recommendation upon discharge and 148 （24.4%） were referred to the Ohio Tobacco Quit Line. TJC （The Joint Commission） TOB-3/3a measure was met in 44.1% of patients during the study period compared to 0% in the comparator group. Of the 75 patients who were reached via follow-up phone call, 23 （30.7%） purchased an OTC NRT and 22 （29.3%） completely quit using tobacco. Conclusions： Pharmacy-led tobacco cessation interventions during hospitalizations have a positive impact on TJC TOB-3/3a quality measure results and quit rates post-discharge. Our results encourage future studies in this area to further establish the importance of pharmacist involvement in tobacco cessation, specifically in the hospital setting.

Nicotinic acid: Do we know how it works after 55 years of clinical experience?

Nicotinic acid （NA） comprises the oldest hypolipidemic drug, in use since 1955. Despite its established broad spectrum effect on lipid profle and the associated re-duction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, the mechanisms by which NA achieves its benefcial effects remain elusive. Regarding the NA-associated reduction in triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, data are controversial. The prevailing view which suggested that NA inhibits lipolysis and decreases free fatty acid （FFA） release both via activation of adipose tissue G-protein receptor-109A （GPR109A） and via inhibition of hepatic triglyceride synthesis is currently debated by the observation that the initially decreased FFA levels rebound during long-term NA treatment even though the benefcial NA effects on lipid metabo-lism are preserved, while other mechanisms involving modulation of transcription and translation pathways are emerging. In addition, NA has been demonstrated to affect high density lipoprotein （HDL） particles remod-eling in a number of ways, including reducing choles-terol ester transfer protein levels and activity, increas-ing apolipoprotein A-I levels, eliminating HDL hepatic uptake, increasing cholesterol efflux via ATP-binding cassette A1, inhibiting hepatic lipase, thereby overall in-creasing the plasma residence time of HDL and apoA-I with retention of cholesterol esters in HDL. Focus of this article is to present the mechanisms by which NA exerts its broad spectrum hypolipidemic actions.

Determination of potassium content as principal components in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach （ICP-OES）

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach（1CP-OES） is used to determine the potassium content as principal component in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers. Element of potassium is conunonly found in potassium nitrate and potassium perchlorate in pyrotechnic compositions in fireworks and firecrackers. Statistical analysis shows that potassium nitrate content in pyrotechnics is between 10% to 60% and the potassium perchlorate content is between 20% to 70%,which counted in the content of potassium element is between 4% to 23%. Concept of this method： considering the weight of the sample is 400rag,constant volume is 1L and the concentration of potassium is between 10 mg/L to 90 mg/L in sample solution, the determination scope of the method for the potassium content would be between 1% to 23%.Further experiments proved that the fitting correlation coefficient of potassium calibration curve is 0.9997 or higher, recovery is 89.15%-100.23%.The allowable differential value is 0.4% between two single tests under repeatable conditions. This method can completely satisfy the requirements of the fireworks and firecrackers industry with high accuracy and good precision.

Determination of magnesium and aluminum content as principal components in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach （ICP-OES）

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach（ICP-OES）is used to determine the magnesium and aluminum content as principal components in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers. Elements of magnesium and aluminum are commonly found in aluminum powder or magnesium-aluminum alloy powder in pyrotechnic compositions in fireworks and firecrackers. Statistical analysis shows that the magnesium content in pyrotechnics is between 8% to 30% and the aluminum content is between 8% to 35%（roughly）.Concept of this method： suppose the weight of the sample is 400rag,constant volume is IL and the concentlation of magnesium and aluminum is between 12mg/L to 160mg/L in sample solution, the determination scope of the method for magnesium and aluminum content would be between 3% to 40%.Further experiments proved that the fitting correlation coefficient of the magnesium calibration curve is 0.9999 or higher, recovery is 101.01% -101.96%.The fitting correlation coefficient of the aluminum calibration curve is 0.9999 or higher, recovery is 99.36%-103.07%. The allowable differential value is 0.4% between two single tests under repeatable conditions. This method can completely satisfy the requirements of the fireworks and firecrackers industry with high accuracy and good precision.

Chewing substances with or without tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease in Asia:a meta-analysis

Objective:To assess whether people who ever use any form of chewing substance in Asia are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD).Methods:PubMed and ISI Web of Science were searched for relevant studies,with no limitation on language or study year.Studies were included if they provided quantitative estimate of the association between ever use of chewing substance and the occurrence of CVD.Two authors independently implemented inclusion criteria,abstracted study characteristics,and performed meta-analysis.Summary relative risks were estimated on the basis of a random effect model.We used Q statistic and Egger's test to examine heterogeneity across studies and potential publication bias,respectively.Results:Eight eligible studies were included.The relative risk of CVD for ever using chewing substances with or without tobacco was 1.26(95% confidence interval(CI) 1.12-1.40),which was unchanged when restricted to cohort studies [1.25(1.08-1.42)] or cohort studies in Taiwan [1.31(1.12-1.51)].The summary relative risk for ischemic heart disease was 1.27(1.02-1.52),and was lowered to 1.26(0.85-1.67) after exclusion of a cross-sectional study.The overall relative risk for cerebrovascular disease was 1.32(1.08-1.56).On the basis of the Taiwan data,the summary relative risk of CVD for betel(Areca catechu) chewing was 1.30(1.17-1.44).Data on dose-response were limited to betel chewing in Taiwan,suggesting a relationship between risk of CVD and cumulative exposure.Two large cohorts in Taiwan reported a greater risk of CVD with betel chewing than with smoking.Conclusions:An association was detected between betel chewing with or without tobacco and the risk of CVD.Betel chewing may impose a greater CVD risk than smoking.More effort is needed in developing betel chewing cessation programmes.The relationship between betel chewing and subgroups of CVD requires further investigation.