“蔬菜”和“菜蔬”的成词与演变

同素逆序词不仅在汉语词汇中出现,作为一种特殊的语言现象,它也出现在“汉字文化圈”的其他国家。以韩语中“菜蔬”一词的使用为例,探讨同素逆序词“蔬菜”与“菜蔬”的成词过程、历史演变,解读二者在不同时期的使用状况。在这一基础上,探究现代汉语中“蔬菜”逐步取代“菜蔬”、而日韩仍然使用“菜蔬”的原因。

Effect of Highly Efficient Nutrient Solution of Biogas Slurry on Yield and Quality of Vegetables

[Objective] The paper aimed to study highly efficient utilization of biogas slurry and the effect of highly efficient biogas slurry on vegetables,so as to provide basis for wide and effective application of biogas slurry.[Method] Using secondary aerobic fermentation technology,a small amount of humic acid was added to biogas slurry to enhance the biological activity of biogas slurry.Through greenhouse experiment,the effect of highly efficient nutrient solution of biogas slurry on yield and quality of green pepper,tomato and cucumber was studied.[Result] Compared with control and traditional application of biogas slurry,application of highly efficient nutrient solution of biogas slurry increased the yield of green pepper,tomato and cucumber,and the increase extents were 12.4%,47.4%,19.9% and 2.7%,15.9%,9.1%,respectively.Compared with traditional application of biogas slurry,application of highly efficient nutrient solution of biogas slurry significantly increased Vc content of green pepper and cucumber with the increase extent of 16.8% and 43.8%,respectively.[Conclusion] Application of highly efficient nutrient solution of biogas slurry can effectively promote the yield of green pepper,tomato and cucumber and change the qualities of vegetables,and significantly enhance the biological activity of biogas slurry.

Effect of Intercropping and Nitrogen Regulation on Nitrate and Apparent Loss of Nitrogen in Soil

[Objective] The aim was to investigate effect of intercropping and nitrogen regulation on nitrate and apparent loss of nitrogen, providing theoretical references for reasonable fertilization and pollution reduction. [Method] In the research, deeprooted eggplants and shallow-rooted scallions were intercropped with nitrogen regulat- ed to study on effect of the cropping system on temporal and spatial changes of ni- trate nitrogen and apparent loss of nitrogen. [Result] When the fertilizers were re- duced, contents of nitrate were less in intercropped field than that in mono-cropped one, indicating that eluviation of nitrate would be blocked and nitrate accumulation would be lowered effectively by intercropped eggplants and scallions. With intercrop- ping adopted, the reduced fertilizers would lower nitrate content in soil, deep soil in particular, and nitrate was significantly lower than that fertilized with conventional quantity during vegetable growth period. In addition, nitrate accumulation in soil profiles was also significantly shorter in field applied with reduced fertilizers than that with conventional one. It was shown that intercropping and fertilizer reduction would both cut apparent loss of nitrate down in varying degrees. [Conclusion] The research lays basis for high production of vegetables, reasonable fertilization and pollution reduction.

Migration and transfer of chromium in soil-vegetable system and associated health risks in vicinity of ferro-alloy manufactory

Study was carried out to analyze the distribution and migration patterns,soil-to-plant transfer and potential health risks of chromium in soil-vegetable system in areas near a ferro-alloy manufactory in Hunan province.The results show that soils near sewer outlet,sewer channel and in control area are averaged 2 239.5,995.33 and 104.9 mg/kg,respectively.The total Cr has a relative accumulation in soil depth of 200-400 mm near the sewer outlet,mainly enriches in the surface layer（0-200 mm） near the sewer channel and decreases gradually in unpolluted soils.The differential concentration level of enrichment between layers is little.The results also indicate that the three vegetables of celery,lettuce and Chinese cabbage are able to convert the potentially toxic Cr（Ⅵ） species into the non-toxic Cr（Ⅲ） species,and the chromium contents in the edible parts of the vegetables are averaged 11.95 mg/kg.The transfer factors of the three vegetables follow the order：Chinese cabbage lettuce celery.The estimated total daily intake of chromium substantially exceeds the dietary allowable value,which may pose health risks to local population.

Review on the Pollution-free,Green and Organic Vegetables

This article reviews the concepts, origin and development of pollution-free, green and organic vegetables; then discusses the certification methods, production standard and development orientation of them, which has greatly directive significance for vegetable production and consumption.

Effects of Music Acoustic Frequency on Indoleacetic Acid in Plants

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of music acoustic frequency on the contents of indoleacetic acid（IAA） in 6 species of vegetables.[Method] Music acoustic frequency group and control group were designed to determine the related growth indicators of unified managed 6 species of vegetables regularly.The contents of indoleacetic acid were detected by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography（HPLC）.[Result] The music acoustic frequency had significantly increased the contents of indoleacetic acid in 6 species of vegetables,which were significantly higher than that in the control.[Conclusion] The music acoustic frequency could stimulate the IAA secretion in plants.

Study on the Comparison of Arthropod Communities in Three Kinds of Cruciferous Vegetable Fields at High Mountainous Area

[Objective]This research aimed to compare arthropod communities in different cruciferous vegetable fields at high mountainous area and provide guidance for pest control. [Method] The main arthropod species in 3 kinds of erueiferous vegetable fields at high mountainous area were investigated, the composition of arthropod community in different vegetable fields were analyzed. [Result] The main arthropod species in erueiferous vegetables fields at high mountainous area were similar, but had different quantity compositions. The richness was the highest in radish field. [Conclusion] Crop species had great influence on biological community; we should focus on the main pests in the process of pest control.

Effect of Interaction of Potassium, Calcium and Sodium on Cabbage Growth and Nutrient Absorption

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effect of the interactions among potassium （K）, calcium （Ca） and sodium （Na） on cabbage growth and nutrient absorption. MethodA total of 11 treatments with different levels of K, Ca and Na were set in the pot experiment to measure the nutrient content and uptake in cabbage plants. ResultThe use of K or the combined use of K and Ca improved the cabbage absorption on K and Ca. In addition, K and Ca presented an interaction as that appropriate amount of Ca promoted K uptake while excessive Ca inhibited the uptake. The treatment of Ca 2 K 3 with 0.33 g/pot of Ca and 0.67 g/pot of K could significantly increase the quantity of dry matter accumulation and absorption of Ca and K in cabbage, was the best among all treatments. ConclusionApplication of suitable amount of Ca could release the Na stress on cabbage growth at the low level of Na in soil.

Effects of Insect Acoustic and Music Acoustic Frequency on the Growth of 6 Kinds of Vegetables

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of different acoustic frequency of insect sound （IS） and insect-music mixed sound （MS） treatment on the growth of 6 kinds of vegetables.[Method] The insect acoustic group,insect-music mixed group and normal control group were designed to determine the related indices of 6 kinds of vegetables in unified management regularly.[Result] After different acoustic frequency treatment,besides soybean plant height,dry root weight of cabbage and greengrocery,there was significant difference of plant height,fresh weight and dry weight between the other vegetables and control.Under acoustic frequency treatment,the growth situations of six kinds of vegetables were better than control.In the growth period,acoustic frequency treatment could promote height growth （except soybean） and edible part yield.[Conclusion] Both of IS and MS could promote the plant growth,but their effects had difference.

Information Description of Vegetable Planting Metadata Model

[Objective] To study the information description of vegetable planting metadata model. [Method] On the basis of analyzing the data involved in every as- pect of vegetable planting, this paper put forward description schemes of vegetable planting metadata and constructed vegetable planting metadata model by the means of XML/XML schema. [Result] Metadata model of vegetable planting was established, and information description of vegetable planting metadata model was realized by the using of XML Schema. The whole metadata model consists of 7 first-class classifica- tions, including more than 800 information description points which could completely record vegetable planting-related information. [Conclusion] Standards for data collec- tion, management and sharing were provided for the agriculture applications in indus- tries like GAP management of vegetable planting, facility vegetable, food quality traceability, etc.

Effects of Superphosphate Addition on NH_3 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions During Vegetable Waste Composting

To study the effects of superphosphate（SP） on the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions,vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls,five vegetable waste mixtures（0.77m^3 each） were treated with different amounts of the SP additive, namely, 5%, 10%,15%, 20% and 25%. The ammonia volatilization loss and greenhouse gas emissions were measured during composting.Results indicated that the SP additive significantly decreased the ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions during vegetable waste composting. The additive reduced the total NH_3 emission by 4.0% to 16.7%. The total greenhouse gas emissions（CO_2-eq） of all treatments with SP additives were decreased by 10.2% to 20.8%, as compared with the controls. The NH_3 emission during vegetable waste composting had the highest contribution to the greenhouse effect caused by the four different gases.The amount of NH_3（CO_2-eq）from each treatment ranged from 59.90 to 81.58 kg/t; NH_3（CO_2-eq） accounted for 69% to 77% of the total emissions from the four gases. Therefore, SP is a cost-effective phosphorus-based fertilizer that can be used as an additive during vegetable waste composting to reduce the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions as well as to improve the value of compost as a fertilizer.

Discussion on the Prevention and Control Countermeasures of Sudden Disasters on Protected Vegetable in Hebei Province

Protected vegetable production made the traditional agriculture gradually get rid of the shackles of nature, broke the seasonal traditional agriculture and realized the anti season list of agricultural products. While protected vegetables often encountered sudden disasters in production and were restricted with the conditions of low temperature and weak light. Aimed at the sudden disasters of protected vegetable production in Hebei Province,the countermeasures for disaster prevention and control were put forward from the aspects of variety selection, seedling treatment technology,grafting technique,cultivation and management,flower and fruit retention technology,application of exogenous substance,rational fertilization,transgenic technology and so on,in order to reduce production risks and cut loss,realize that protected vegetable production is safe,good-quality and efficient.

Development of Vegetable Industry in Summer in Cool Areas in Qinghai Plateau

The research surveyed advantages of summer vegetabIe production and status quo of summer vegetabIe industry in Qinghal PIateau, analyzed comparative advantages and existing probIems of summer vegetabIe production, and proposed suggestions of summer vegetabIe deveIopment in Qinghal Province according to market demands.

Phosphorus Balance in the Main Crop Production Systems in Beijing Suburb——Case in Shunyi District

[Objective] The research aimed to evaluate the phosphorus balances in the main crop production systems in Shunyi District of Beijing City.[Method] By using the nutrient budget method,the phosphorus balances in the main crop production systems（field crops,orchard and open-field vegetables） in Shunyi District of Beijing City were evaluated.Moreover,the main influence elements of phosphorus surplus in the farmland were analyzed.[Result] The positive phosphorus balances were found across all three crop production systems in the study period.The amount of phosphorus surplus [491.8 kg/（hm2·a）] in vegetables production system was significantly higher than that in field crops [82.7 kg/（hm2·a）] and orchard [129.5 kg/（hm2·a）] production systems（P0.05）.But the amount of phosphorus surplus between the latter two had no significant difference（P0.05）.Phosphorus surpluses in the production systems of field crops and vegetables respectively presented the extremely significant and positive relationship with the phosphorus input from chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer（r was respectively 0.987 7 and 0.970 1）.The phosphorus input from chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in the orchard production system both presented the extremely significant and positive relationship with the phosphorus surplus in the farmland（r was respectively 0.836 3 and 0.625 2）.However,the phosphorus harvested by crops didn＇t significantly correlated to the phosphorus surplus in the farmland for all three crop production systems（P0.05）.[Conclusion] The risk of phosphorus pollution potential in all three crop production system of Shunyi Distirct was high,especially in the vegetable production system.The phosphorus surpluses in the production systems of field crops and vegetables were mainly from the inputs of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer,respectively.However,the inputs of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer both significantly affected the phosphorus surplus in the orchard production system.

Effects of Different Vegetable Planting Modes on Soil Microbial Flora and Enzyme Activity

To investigate the effects of different vegetable growing regions and planting modes on soil quality,soils in high,medium and low altitude areas of Guizhou were respectively sampled under different vegetable efficient planting modes,and the variations of soil microbial flora and enzyme activities were analyzed. The soil microbial count and total bacteria of the vegetable efficient cultivation mode were significantly higher than that of the control （traditional planting mode） in each planting area,and the microbial diversity index was also improved to varying de- grees.The soil phosphatase,catalase and urease activities of the vegetable efficient planting mode were higher than that of the control.The soil catalase and urease activities were higher than that of the control by 1.37-1.44 and 1.51-2.80 times. Application of vegetable efficient planting mode in different regions will help to im- prove the soil quality in a given period.

Tolerance and Cumulative Effect of Zinc Pollution of Three Vegetables in Central China

[Objective] The aim was to study the differences of tolerance and cultivate effect of Zn pollution in three vegetables in central China. [Method] Seed germination tests and pot experiments of radish （Raphanus Sativus L.）,pakchoi（Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis） and edible amaranth （Amaranthus mangostanus） under Zn stress with different concentrations were carried out,to study the effects of different treatments on seed germination rates,seedling growth,biomass and Zn contents of vegetables. [Result] Zn stress with concentration of 2 000 mg/L had no significant influence on seed germination rates of pakchoi and radish,but had significant influences on seed germination rate of amaranth. Zn stress with concentrations of 500 and 2 000 mg/L had significant influence on seedling growth of the three vegetables. The tolerance of radish to excessive Zn toxicity was stronger than that of pakchoi and amaranth. In addition,Zn contents in edible part of the 3 vegetables in each treatment were lower than standard of food hygiene of China. When the added Zn was 100-1 000 mg/kg soil,the Zn contents in radish shoot and root parts were both lower than that in pakchoi and amaranth. [Conclusion] Radish had better tolerance on Zn pollution than pakchoi and amaranth,and was more suitable to be planted in Zn-contaminated soils than the other two vegetables in central China to reduce Zn contamination risk in food chain.

Status and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables

[Objective] This study aimed to protect people＇s food hygiene safety and improve the quality of vegetables. [Method] The residual contents of heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr） in the vegetables purchased from local market of Yuhui District, Bengbu City were determined. According to the standard limits of the International Commission on Radiological Protection （ICRP）, the health risk of vegetables with excessive heavy metal residues was assessed. [Result] The Pb content in some commercially purchased vegetables exceeded the national standard. The health risk of the vegetables contaminated by Pb was 4.467×10^-7a^-1, which was lower than the standard limit （5.0×10^-5a^-1） of the ICPR. Thus, the vegetables posed no significant risk to human health. [Conclusion] The risk of commercially purchased vegetables to human health was low.

Temporal-spatial Distribution Model of Cold Chain Logistics for Vegetables

[Objective] The aim was to study on temporal-spatial distribution model of cold chain logistics for vegetables. [Method] Broccoli was taken as an example. Detailedly, time-space distribution model of cold chain logistics for broccoli was proposed from standpoints of costs and benefits based on changes of time and space, and a comprehensive evaluation was made on timeliness, efficiency, risks, added- value of products and satisfaction of information in cold-chain logistics. [Result] The efficiency of cold chain logistics for vegetable can be greatly improved by temporal- spatial distribution model of cold chain logistics. [Conclusion] Costs and benefits of vegetables in temporal-apstial distribution could be evaluated by the model.

Efficient Cultivation Mode and Benefit Analysis on Sweet Corn

[Objective] In order to research differences of economic benefits among 5planting patterns of sweet corn. [Method] Planting benefit of five kinds of planting patterns of Ditian6 were studied. They were one cropping of sweet corn per year,two cropping of sweet corn per year, multiple sowing of wheat and sweet corn, intercropping of sweet corn and vegetables（potatoes, peppers）. [Result] Planting benefit of two cropping of sweet corn in a year, multiple sowing of wheat and sweet,intercropping of sweet corn and vegetables（potatoes, peppers） were higher than that of sweet corn monoculture. The benefit of two cropping of sweet corn per year was the highest, which was 93 937.5 yuan/hm^2. The pure income increase was 41 610 yuan if the average investment of 18 480 yuan/hm^2 was eliminated. Compared with wheat monoculture, the benefit of multiple sowing of wheat and sweet increased39 060 yuan/hm^2. The pure income increase was 25 500 yuan if the average investment of 13 560 yuan/hm^2 was eliminated. The planting benefit of intercropping of sweet corn and potato was 71 460 yuan, and that of intercropping of sweet corn and pepper was 63 750 yuan. [Conclusion] There were extremely significant differences among the economic benefits of 5 planting patterns of sweet corn. According to local actual situation, farmers can choose the most suitable pattern to improve the planting efficiency of the sweet corn.

The Development Status quo and Strategy of Aquatic Vegetables in Hunan

This paper reviews the development of aquatic vegetable production and research in Hunan. The advantages of aquatic vegetable industry in Hunan are discussed in detail on its location, brand, market, planting and processing. And the development strategies of the above-mentioned industry are further analyzed in the paper, such as variety resources, breeding and industrialization.