Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated...Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated to only the athletic arena, as non-athletic mechanisms （e.g., motor vehicle accidents） are more common causes of traumatic brain injuries （TBI） among teenagers. Notwithstanding, as many as 1.6 to 3.8 million TBI result from sports and recreation each year in the United States alone. These injuries are extremely costly to the global health care system, and make TBI among the most expensive conditions to treat in children. This article serves to define common brain injuries in sport; describe their prevalence, what happens to the brain following injury, how to recognize and manage these injuries, and what you can expect as the athlete recovers. Some return-to-activity considerations for the brain-injured athlete will also be discussed.展开更多
This paper reports on the levels of 8 organochlorine pesticide residues and metabolites in three fish species; Tilapia （Oreochromis leucostictus）. Common carp （Cyprinus carpio） and Mirror carp （Cuprinus spectacul...This paper reports on the levels of 8 organochlorine pesticide residues and metabolites in three fish species; Tilapia （Oreochromis leucostictus）. Common carp （Cyprinus carpio） and Mirror carp （Cuprinus spectacularlus） from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. p,p＇-DDT, p,p＇-DDE, p,p＇-DDD, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and methoxychlor were analyzed in fish specimens collected from Lake Naivasha during the months of November - December in 2008. The pesticide concentrations （in ~ag/Kg, wet weight） ranged within 0.42-4.185 p,g/Kg, for Heptachlor, BDL-0.291 Heptachlor epoxide, 0.433-4.733 Aldrin, BDL -0.341 Dieldrin, p,p＇ DDT, BDL-6.691 p,p＇ DDE, BDL-27.153 p,p＇ DDD, and BDL-28.867 methoxychlor. The pesticide residue levels varied widely between and within species. C. spectacularhts showed high pesticide levels followed by C. carpio and O. leueostictus respectively; this was attributed to the trophic position and age/size of fish. The occurrences of the pesticides indicate recent use in the catchment. The mean values and ranges of residues found in fish ware below the FAO/WHO maximum acceptable limits in fish and sea food however increased monitoring is recommended to detect any changes.展开更多
Since reform and opening, China＇ s medical system reform has achieved remarkable success, but also brought a lot of problems, such as： hospitals are ill-defined in for-profit and nonprofit, the Office of the Ministr...Since reform and opening, China＇ s medical system reform has achieved remarkable success, but also brought a lot of problems, such as： hospitals are ill-defined in for-profit and nonprofit, the Office of the Ministry of Health hospitals and managed hospital are also ill- defined, solving our health care reform issue is urgent, the crux is the government and market positioning and how to build a service-oriented government, provide medical supplies, establish fair and equitable health care system which is the basic duty of government, are also urgent needs for building a socialist harmonious society.展开更多
Forest disturbance plays a vital role in modulating carbon storage,biodiversity and climate change.Yearly Landsat imagery from 1986 to 2015 of a typical plantation region in the northern Guangdong province of southern...Forest disturbance plays a vital role in modulating carbon storage,biodiversity and climate change.Yearly Landsat imagery from 1986 to 2015 of a typical plantation region in the northern Guangdong province of southern China was used as a case study.A Landsat time series stack(LTSS) was fed to the vegetation change tracker model(VCT) to map long-term changes in plantation forests' disturbance and recovery,followed by an intensive validation and a continuous 27-yr change analysis on disturbance locations,magnitudes and rates of plantations' disturbance and recovery.And the validation results of the disturbance year maps derived from five randomly identified sample plots with 25 km^2 located at the four corners and the center of the scene showed the majority of the spatial agreement measures ranged from 60% to 83%.A confusion matrix summary of the accuracy measures for all four validation sites in Fogang County showed that the disturbance year maps had an overall accuracy estimate of 71.70%.Forest disturbance rates' change trend was characterized by a decline first,followed by an increase,then giving way to a decline again.An undulated and gentle decreasing trend of disturbance rates from the highest value of 3.95% to the lowest value of 0.76% occurred between 1988 and 2001,disturbance rate of 4.51% in 1994 was a notable anomaly,while after 2001 there was a sharp ascending change,forest disturbance rate spiked in 2007(5.84%).After that,there was a significant decreasing trend up to the lowest value of 1.96% in 2011 and a slight ascending trend from 2011 to 2015(2.59%).Two obvious spikes in post-disturbance recovery rates occurred in 1995(0.26%) and 2008(0.41%).Overall,forest recovery rates were lower than forest disturbance rates.Moreover,forest disturbance and recovery detection based on VCT and the Landsat-based detections of trends in disturbance and recovery(LandT rendr) algorithms in Fogang County have been conducted,with LandT rendr finding mostly much more disturbance than VCT.Overall,disturbances and recoveries in northern Guangdong were triggered mostly by timber needs,policies and decisions of the local governments.This study highlights that a better understanding about plantations' changes would provide a critical foundation for local forest management decisions in the southern China.展开更多
In this paper, we tried to give health services marketing mix and raise patients＇ interest in health services with the contribution to highlighting the possible application mechanisms of different marketing policies ...In this paper, we tried to give health services marketing mix and raise patients＇ interest in health services with the contribution to highlighting the possible application mechanisms of different marketing policies on health services in Algeria. Because we see that, health foundations in Algeria like other foundations live in an environment marked with constantly economic, social, politic, and cultural changes. And to respond to change requirements, especially with the appearance of health services market liberation signs, these foundations are obliged to adapt to ensure their existence and development by giving best services to meet the patients＇ needs in order to gain their satisfaction and loyalty. These ones, who became more conscious about the quality of services they are given quantitatively, qualitatively, and timely.展开更多
At hospital, nutrition represents an important value of care, particularly for patients at risk. However, it is observed that for various reasons, the restoration of the hospitalized patients is often neglected in the...At hospital, nutrition represents an important value of care, particularly for patients at risk. However, it is observed that for various reasons, the restoration of the hospitalized patients is often neglected in the privileges of the medical care. The establishment of a Liaison Committee of Food and Nutrition （LCFN） within a health establishment has shown according to several works, its positive impact in improving the hygienic quality and nutritional dishes served to patients. In this framework, we conducted a quasi-experimental study into CHU F hached Sousse of Tunisia type （before/after, creation LCFN） in order to assess the role of such structure （LCFN） in the qualification and the improvement of patients＇ food. Our study was based during the two phases （2007/2010） on the same methodology. Thus we have conducted an audit of observation of hygiene practices along the distribution chain of patient＇s meals and the samples for microbiological analyzes from food, surfaces, equipment and personnel＇s hands.The results obtained have shown, in one hand, a degradation of the average rate of contamination for the bacteriological analyzes, and in the other hand, an evolution of the rate of hygiene standards respected. According to this study, the role played by the LCFN is becoming more and clearer in the improvement of the hygienic quality of patients＇ dishes without forgetting the impact of improving the nutritional quality and Hedonics.展开更多
As part of the design process of the Sidab Coastguard harbour in Oman, 2-dimensional wave transformation modelling was carried out to generate inshore wave conditions （outside the harbour） using the MIKE21 Spectral ...As part of the design process of the Sidab Coastguard harbour in Oman, 2-dimensional wave transformation modelling was carried out to generate inshore wave conditions （outside the harbour） using the MIKE21 Spectral Wave （SW） model of DHI （Danish Hydraulic Institute）. The MIKE21 Boussinesq Wave （BW） model was then used to simulate the wave penetration so that acceptable wave conditions were achieved inside the harbour. Tide levels and currents （speeds and directions） inside and outside the harbour were simulated using the MIKE21 Hydrodynamic （HD） model. Finally, the MIKE21 model was used to simulate the flushing mechanism to ensure good water quality inside the harbour. Both the existing and proposed harbour layouts were modelled for operational and extreme conditions. The influence of cyclones on the design was also considered. An acceptable harbour layout was determined which provided good shelter from waves and with an exchange rate of water between the harbour and the sea which was high enough to prevent eutrophication and to allow removal of man-made pollutants such as accidental oil spills. The paper compares the findings of the present study with a range of internationally used guidelines on harbour flushing. Finally, the paper demonstrates the value of using numerical modelling technique in optimising the layout of a new harbour.展开更多
This article analyzes the development of an activity-based costing （ABC） system in a private Italian healthcare firm. Findings shed light on the role of the cost accounting system in price assessment： It outlines n...This article analyzes the development of an activity-based costing （ABC） system in a private Italian healthcare firm. Findings shed light on the role of the cost accounting system in price assessment： It outlines new opportunities for the identification of the service mix offered as well as for price optimization. Because private companies provide services both within the public system--where the National Health System （NHS） provides fixed reimbursement fees--and within the private system--where prices are defined by each company. Accurate cost information is extremely important to support managers in the analysis of the service mix profitability offered in each system. For the business segment in which companies do not have flexibility in setting prices, cost information enables managers to identify services which may present profitability problems. For the business segment where price flexibility exists, cost information supports the identification of pricing errors so that charges can be better defined.展开更多
文摘Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated to only the athletic arena, as non-athletic mechanisms （e.g., motor vehicle accidents） are more common causes of traumatic brain injuries （TBI） among teenagers. Notwithstanding, as many as 1.6 to 3.8 million TBI result from sports and recreation each year in the United States alone. These injuries are extremely costly to the global health care system, and make TBI among the most expensive conditions to treat in children. This article serves to define common brain injuries in sport; describe their prevalence, what happens to the brain following injury, how to recognize and manage these injuries, and what you can expect as the athlete recovers. Some return-to-activity considerations for the brain-injured athlete will also be discussed.
文摘This paper reports on the levels of 8 organochlorine pesticide residues and metabolites in three fish species; Tilapia （Oreochromis leucostictus）. Common carp （Cyprinus carpio） and Mirror carp （Cuprinus spectacularlus） from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. p,p＇-DDT, p,p＇-DDE, p,p＇-DDD, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and methoxychlor were analyzed in fish specimens collected from Lake Naivasha during the months of November - December in 2008. The pesticide concentrations （in ~ag/Kg, wet weight） ranged within 0.42-4.185 p,g/Kg, for Heptachlor, BDL-0.291 Heptachlor epoxide, 0.433-4.733 Aldrin, BDL -0.341 Dieldrin, p,p＇ DDT, BDL-6.691 p,p＇ DDE, BDL-27.153 p,p＇ DDD, and BDL-28.867 methoxychlor. The pesticide residue levels varied widely between and within species. C. spectacularhts showed high pesticide levels followed by C. carpio and O. leueostictus respectively; this was attributed to the trophic position and age/size of fish. The occurrences of the pesticides indicate recent use in the catchment. The mean values and ranges of residues found in fish ware below the FAO/WHO maximum acceptable limits in fish and sea food however increased monitoring is recommended to detect any changes.
文摘Since reform and opening, China＇ s medical system reform has achieved remarkable success, but also brought a lot of problems, such as： hospitals are ill-defined in for-profit and nonprofit, the Office of the Ministry of Health hospitals and managed hospital are also ill- defined, solving our health care reform issue is urgent, the crux is the government and market positioning and how to build a service-oriented government, provide medical supplies, establish fair and equitable health care system which is the basic duty of government, are also urgent needs for building a socialist harmonious society.
基金Under the auspices of the‘948’Project sponsored by the State Forestry Administration(SFA)of China(No.2014-4-25)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31670552,31270587)Doctorate Fellowship Foundation of Nanjing Forestry University,the PAPD(Priority Academic Program Development)of Jiangsu Provincial Universities,Graduate Research and Innovation Projects in Jiangsu Province(No.KYLX15_0908)
文摘Forest disturbance plays a vital role in modulating carbon storage,biodiversity and climate change.Yearly Landsat imagery from 1986 to 2015 of a typical plantation region in the northern Guangdong province of southern China was used as a case study.A Landsat time series stack(LTSS) was fed to the vegetation change tracker model(VCT) to map long-term changes in plantation forests' disturbance and recovery,followed by an intensive validation and a continuous 27-yr change analysis on disturbance locations,magnitudes and rates of plantations' disturbance and recovery.And the validation results of the disturbance year maps derived from five randomly identified sample plots with 25 km^2 located at the four corners and the center of the scene showed the majority of the spatial agreement measures ranged from 60% to 83%.A confusion matrix summary of the accuracy measures for all four validation sites in Fogang County showed that the disturbance year maps had an overall accuracy estimate of 71.70%.Forest disturbance rates' change trend was characterized by a decline first,followed by an increase,then giving way to a decline again.An undulated and gentle decreasing trend of disturbance rates from the highest value of 3.95% to the lowest value of 0.76% occurred between 1988 and 2001,disturbance rate of 4.51% in 1994 was a notable anomaly,while after 2001 there was a sharp ascending change,forest disturbance rate spiked in 2007(5.84%).After that,there was a significant decreasing trend up to the lowest value of 1.96% in 2011 and a slight ascending trend from 2011 to 2015(2.59%).Two obvious spikes in post-disturbance recovery rates occurred in 1995(0.26%) and 2008(0.41%).Overall,forest recovery rates were lower than forest disturbance rates.Moreover,forest disturbance and recovery detection based on VCT and the Landsat-based detections of trends in disturbance and recovery(LandT rendr) algorithms in Fogang County have been conducted,with LandT rendr finding mostly much more disturbance than VCT.Overall,disturbances and recoveries in northern Guangdong were triggered mostly by timber needs,policies and decisions of the local governments.This study highlights that a better understanding about plantations' changes would provide a critical foundation for local forest management decisions in the southern China.
文摘In this paper, we tried to give health services marketing mix and raise patients＇ interest in health services with the contribution to highlighting the possible application mechanisms of different marketing policies on health services in Algeria. Because we see that, health foundations in Algeria like other foundations live in an environment marked with constantly economic, social, politic, and cultural changes. And to respond to change requirements, especially with the appearance of health services market liberation signs, these foundations are obliged to adapt to ensure their existence and development by giving best services to meet the patients＇ needs in order to gain their satisfaction and loyalty. These ones, who became more conscious about the quality of services they are given quantitatively, qualitatively, and timely.
文摘At hospital, nutrition represents an important value of care, particularly for patients at risk. However, it is observed that for various reasons, the restoration of the hospitalized patients is often neglected in the privileges of the medical care. The establishment of a Liaison Committee of Food and Nutrition （LCFN） within a health establishment has shown according to several works, its positive impact in improving the hygienic quality and nutritional dishes served to patients. In this framework, we conducted a quasi-experimental study into CHU F hached Sousse of Tunisia type （before/after, creation LCFN） in order to assess the role of such structure （LCFN） in the qualification and the improvement of patients＇ food. Our study was based during the two phases （2007/2010） on the same methodology. Thus we have conducted an audit of observation of hygiene practices along the distribution chain of patient＇s meals and the samples for microbiological analyzes from food, surfaces, equipment and personnel＇s hands.The results obtained have shown, in one hand, a degradation of the average rate of contamination for the bacteriological analyzes, and in the other hand, an evolution of the rate of hygiene standards respected. According to this study, the role played by the LCFN is becoming more and clearer in the improvement of the hygienic quality of patients＇ dishes without forgetting the impact of improving the nutritional quality and Hedonics.
文摘As part of the design process of the Sidab Coastguard harbour in Oman, 2-dimensional wave transformation modelling was carried out to generate inshore wave conditions （outside the harbour） using the MIKE21 Spectral Wave （SW） model of DHI （Danish Hydraulic Institute）. The MIKE21 Boussinesq Wave （BW） model was then used to simulate the wave penetration so that acceptable wave conditions were achieved inside the harbour. Tide levels and currents （speeds and directions） inside and outside the harbour were simulated using the MIKE21 Hydrodynamic （HD） model. Finally, the MIKE21 model was used to simulate the flushing mechanism to ensure good water quality inside the harbour. Both the existing and proposed harbour layouts were modelled for operational and extreme conditions. The influence of cyclones on the design was also considered. An acceptable harbour layout was determined which provided good shelter from waves and with an exchange rate of water between the harbour and the sea which was high enough to prevent eutrophication and to allow removal of man-made pollutants such as accidental oil spills. The paper compares the findings of the present study with a range of internationally used guidelines on harbour flushing. Finally, the paper demonstrates the value of using numerical modelling technique in optimising the layout of a new harbour.
文摘This article analyzes the development of an activity-based costing （ABC） system in a private Italian healthcare firm. Findings shed light on the role of the cost accounting system in price assessment： It outlines new opportunities for the identification of the service mix offered as well as for price optimization. Because private companies provide services both within the public system--where the National Health System （NHS） provides fixed reimbursement fees--and within the private system--where prices are defined by each company. Accurate cost information is extremely important to support managers in the analysis of the service mix profitability offered in each system. For the business segment in which companies do not have flexibility in setting prices, cost information enables managers to identify services which may present profitability problems. For the business segment where price flexibility exists, cost information supports the identification of pricing errors so that charges can be better defined.
