唐五代“屯田”与“营田”的关系辨析

在唐五代，“屯田”和“营田”是封建土地制度中两项重要内容。对于它们之间的关系，史学界长期争议不决。本文以丰富翔实的史料，分阶段理清了两者的关系，认为在唐前期，“营田”泛指经营土地，“屯田”是一种特殊的官营土地制度。唐后期至五代，出现户部营田务管领的营田，乃是与屯田并行的另一种官田系统。文章还否定了唐后期屯田转化为营田的说法。

唐代前期的屯田

唐代前期屯田在唐代屯田中占有重要地位,本文拟对此作一简要探讨。 (一) 探讨唐代前期屯田,首先要弄清两个问题。 一、在有关唐代屯田的记载中,有“屯田”和“营田”两种称谓。很多学者都认为屯田不同于营田。我认为屯田和营田在唐代尤其在唐代前期指的是同一件事。如《新唐书·食货志》所讲的:“唐开军府以捍要冲,因隙地置营田”,显然来自《白氏长庆集·策林》记白居易上策:“夫欲分兵权,存戎备,助军食,则在乎复府兵,置屯田而已。……太宗既定天下……

说说我国古代的屯田

说说我国古代的屯田民勤县一中闫竹英，李卫国屯田是汉以后历代政府为取得军队给养或税粮，利用军土和农民垦种荒废土地的形式。它对政府巩固边防、安置散民、增加税收有着极其重要的作用。因而自汉以来，历代沿袭，长久不衰。一、屯田的分类及演变屯田按其耕作对象的不同...

Controlling factors of high-quality volcanic reservoirs of Yingcheng Formation in the Songnan gas field

Predicting high-quality volcanic reservoirs is one of the key issues for oil and gas exploration in the Songnan gas field.Core,seismic,and measurement data were used to study the lithologies,facies,reservoir porosity,and reservoir types of the volcanic rocks in the Songnan gas field.The primary controlling factors and characteristics of the high-quality volcanic reservoirs of the Yingcheng Formation in the Songnan gas field were investigated,including the volcanic eruptive stage,edifice,edifice facies,cooling unit,lithology,facies,and diagenesis.Stages with more volatile content can form more high-quality reservoirs.The effusive rhyolite,explosive tuff,and tuff lava that formed in the crater,near-crater,and proximal facies and in the high-volatility cooling units of large acidic-lava volcanic edifices are the most favorable locations for the development of the high-quality reservoirs in the Songnan gas field.Diagenesis dissolution,which is controlled by tectonic action,can increase the size of secondary pores in reservoirs.Studying the controlling factors of the high-quality reservoirs can provide a theoretical basis for the prediction and analysis of high-quality volcanic reservoirs.

Relative Feed Value of Different Varieties of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis

The aim of this paper is to analyze fluctuation in nutritional value of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis varieties grown on mineral and organic soil. Moreover, the paper deals with analysis of their nutritional value in terms of animal feeding. This paper has drawn on two field experiments set up and carried out between 2010 and 2013 by the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Slupia Wielka. The experiment was conducted in two experimental stations： one in the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Krzyzewo and the other in the Experimental Stations for Variety Testing in Uhinin, being a branch of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Cicibor Duzy. The experiment was arranged and conducted according to COBORU guidelines. The experimental plots were sown with varieties of Dactylis glornerata： Niva, Tukan, Amila, Crown Royale and with varieties of Festuca pratensis： Limosa, Pasja, Anturka, Amelka （d. AND 1009）. In the experimental plots with the varieties of Dactylis glornerata the grass was harvested six times a year and chemical analysis of the biomass was done taking dry matter only from five cuts. The varieties of Festuca pratensis were harvested four times. The RFV （relative feed value） was determined using the Linn and Martin method. Linn and Martin＇s test proved that Festuca pratensis had better nutritional value than Dactylis glomerata. For Dactylis glomerata, no matter what the variety and location was, the relative feed value ranged from 125 to 151, which puts that grass species in II quality class, good enough to feed high production dairy cows and heirs selected for replacements. The analysis of the relative feed value proved that no matter from which cut, the biomass ofDactylis glornerata belonged in Ill quality class, （RFV between 103 and 124） and it can be used to feed good beef cattle, older heifers and, in small quantities, dairy cows.

Effect of Land Use Conversion from Rice Paddies to Vegetable Fields on Soil Phosphorus Fractions

Excess phosphorus （P） from agricultural soils contributes to eutrophication in water bodies. Samples （n = 60） were taken from sites where rice paddies have been converted to vegetable fields for 0, 〈 10, 10-20, and 〉 20 years and analyzed for five inorganic P （Pi） fractions, three organic P （Po） fractions, and several soil parameters to investigate how land use conversion affects Pi and Po fractions in a peri-urban area of China with soils characteristic of many agricultural areas of Asia. Significant increases of 33, 281, 293, and 438 mg kg-i were found for soluble and loosely bound Pi （SL-Pi）, aluminum-bound Pi （Al-Pi）, calcium-bound Pi （Ca-Pi）, and iron-bound Pi （Fe-Pi）, respectively, after conversion from rice paddies to vegetable fields. Most of the increase in Pi was in the form of Fe-Pi, which increased from 8% of total P （TP） on paddy soil to 31% on the soil with 〉 20-year vegetable cultivation, followed by Al-Pi, which increased from 2% to 19% of TP. For Po fractions, there was no significant change in P concentrations. The conversion of land use from paddy fields to high intensity vegetable fields was causing significant changes in soil P fractious. Management practices were causing a buildup of soil P, primarily in the Fe-Pi fraction, followed by Ca-Pi and Al-Pi fractions. If current trends continue, a 30%-70% increase in TP could be expected in the next 20 years. Farmers in the area should reduce P application and use to maximize P uptake.

Effect of Land Reclamation on Nutrient Distribution in Reclaimed Farmlands Overlying Xuzhou Underground Coal Mines *1

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of the reclamation procedure with respect to soil fertility and nutrient distribution pattern in the reprecipitated reclaimed soil. Although there was an obvious indication of low levels of essential nutrients in the reclaimed farmlands (organic matter=0.32 g kg -1 ,total N=380.8 mg kg -1 , available P=4.7 mg kg -1 ), compared to the undisturbed farmlands (organic matter=2.5 g kg -1 , total N=1 220 g kg -1 , available P=20.8 mg kg -1 ), the uneven pattern of nutrient distribution was also shown to have been the major limitation to successful reclamation. Further improvement can be achieved through the integration of intensive eco farming systems using proper fertilizer field correction (PFFC) and organic manure for successful reestablishment and management of newly reclaimed farmlands overlying the Xuzhou coal mine subsidence.

Interactions between intruders and residents in the mole vole Ellobius talpinus

We studied the behavioral and endocrine responses of the fossorial s ocial rodent, mole vole Ellobius talpinus Pall., to intrusions of strangers int o burrow systems that were occupied by intact families. Both in reproductive and non-reproductive seasons, all intruders disappeared from the burrow systems of residents within two days of introduction, whereas 4 of 7 individuals introduced into empty burrows remained there at least for two days. Introduction of strang ers led to the concentration of residents at the point of release and to an incr ease of plasma corticosterone in both residents and intruders. During the breedi ng season, introduction of strangers was also accompanied by an increase of plas ma testosterone of residents on the day of introduction. Thus, simulation of int rusion of strangers demonstrated the efficient social fence of resident mole vol es that seems to be an important mechanism of stabilization of size and structur e of mole vole families. Encounters of residents and intruders resulted in activ ation of physiological mechanisms of stress, especially during the breeding seas on .

Pollutants and fish predator/prey behavior： A review of laboratory and field approaches

Fish behavior can be altered by contaminants. There is an extensive literature on laboratory behavioral assays, with many chemicals impairing feeding or predator avoidance. However, there is not extensive work on fishes that live in contami- nated environments. Therefore, we then review our recent research on feeding and trophic relations of populations from contami- nated estuaries compared with relatively unpolluted sites. The mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus, is a non-migratory fish; those from more contaminated areas are poor predators and slower to capture active prey （grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio）. In the field, they consume much detritus and sediment, which is not nutritious. They are less active than fish from cleaner sites and more vulnerable to predation. They have altered thyroid glands and neurotransmitter levels, which may underlie altered behaviors Fish from the reference site kept in tanks with sediment and food from the polluted site showed bioaccumulation and reduced prey capture after two months, although fish from the polluted site did not show significant improvement when maintained in a clean environment. Poor nutrition and predator avoidance may be responsible for their being smaller and having a shorter life span than reference fish. Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix, are a marine species in which the young-of-the-year spend their first summer in es- tuaries. We found bioaccumulation of contaminants and reduced activity, schooling, and feeding in young-of-the-year bluefish from a relatively unpolluted site that were fed prey fish from a contaminated site. They also had altered thyroid glands and neuro- transmitter levels. Many field-caught specimens had empty stomachs, which is rare in this species. In the fall, when they migrate back out to the ocean, they are smaller, slower, and more likely to starve or to be eaten than those that spent their summer in cleaner estuaries [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 9-20, 2012].