从社会学视野看“虫经济”

“虫经济”是适应山东省宁阳自然资源与增加当地农民收入的需要 ,而生长发育起来的一种特色区域经济现象。“小虫”蟋蟀催生了宁阳的百万富翁 ,富裕了宁阳农民 ,提高了宁阳人的生活与思想文化水平。“虫经济”给宁阳带来了巨大的经济。

Effects of Rice-duck Mutualism on Diseases Insect Pests and Weeds and Economic Benefits

[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.

Constructed Model of Cost/Benefit Analysis Strategy for Stem Corn Borer Sesamia cretica

An integrated pest management model of Cost/Benefit analysis strategy was constructed for stem corn borer Sesamia cretica using complementary control measures of different resistant genotypes of corn with the chemical insecticide diazinon 60%. Based on Cost/Benefit analysis result, the resistant genotype （SAKHA 9433） provides maximum economic value of production at the model point where no spray of insecticide is applied. The applications of one or two sprays do not justify the use of chemical insecticide but rather result in economic loss since the reduction in borer damage value, due to diazinon use, is lower than the cost of control （spray）. However, the applications of one spray for the moderate resistant genotype （IPA 2052） and two sprays for the sensitive genotype （CML 323） during corn growing season would be of value to cover the cost of control （spray） but do not achieve similar economic value of revenue comparing with the resistant genotype.

Current Status of Population Density of Mediterranean Fruit Fly （Ceratitis capitata） in Fruit Orchards in Central Iraq

In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 2009 and 2010 and made field survey of the insect in four types of orchards （Citrus, Apricot, Figs ＆ Citrus and A mixture of fruit trees） and used for this purpose Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate （DDVP）. The present preliminary study has shown that the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata has a year round presence in fruit orchards in central Iraq and reached its highest ntunerical density of the pest in citrus orchards during of November and December were 345 and 363 insect/trap per month in citrus orchards and the least numerical density during of January and February while the highest numerical density of the insect in orchards of Apricot in March 2010, Figs ＆ Citrus in August 2009 and a Mixture of fruit trees in November 2009 were 45, 116, 311 insect/trap per month respectively. The population density of the pest was highest is started 2010 compared with 2009, but the high temperature degree （46-51℃） in August 2010 caused decreasing the population density of this pest. C. capitata caused highly economic losses in citrus reached 68% and 71% of the Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively Currently in Iraq to fight no control method to reduce the economic losses caused by this pest except the use of pesticides GF-120.

Collecting Ophiocordyceps sinensis:an emerging livelihood strategy in the Garhwal,Indian Himalaya

In the Garhwal of Uttarakhand, India, the Bhotiya, an ethnically and culturally distinct tribal group, were historically engaged in seasonal migration(i.e. transhumance) to take advantage of scarce mountain resources and trade relations with Tibet. This livelihood practice has all but disappeared.Households are adapting to these changing circumstances by engaging in the collection and sale of the valuable alpine medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, widely known as Cordyceps. The collection of this fungus has exploded, emerging as a lucrative yet high-risk livelihood strategy for many Bhotiya communities.The Bhotiyas' historic herding and trade-based interactions and knowledge of these alpine environments where Cordyceps are found uniquely positions them to access this valuable biological resource. Elsewhere in the Himalayan region, some households are earning as much as two-thirds of their income from the collection of Cordyceps; in China Cordyceps is now listed as an endangered species due to intense over-exploitation in the Tibetan Plateau.This paper seeks to fill the void in the scientific literature on the social, ecological and economic aspects of the emerging Cordyceps trade in the Garhwal. Our study investigates the socio-spatial dimensions of Cordyceps collection in the high alpine meadows. We document how a fusion of local knowledge and practice with alpine mountain systems has served to reinvigorate the economic integrity of mountain communities at a time of rapid socioeconomic change and to reimagine a new relationship between alpine resources and community well-being.The article offers suggestions to address the sustainability of both Cordyceps collection and livelihood activities which hinge on this fungus population. We find a need for(1) community-based conservation measures that are rooted in(2) secure resource access rights for local communities to continue sustainable collection and sale of Cordyceps and(3) participatory-and science-based processes for determining appropriate local collection numbers.

The Main Insect Pests of Safflower on Various Plant Parts in Iran

Safflower （Carthamus tinctorius） has its own limited factors, especially insect pests. There are several injurious insect pests reported from various safflower growing areas in Iran, causing severe and economical losses on various parts of safflower plants. They are safflower Budfly and capsulfly （Acanthiophilus helianthi）, aphid （Uroleucon carthami）, green leafhopper （Empoasca decipiens）, ground bug （Oxycarneus pallens）, grampod borer and capsule borer or bordered straw （Heliothis （and or Heliocaverpa） peltigera）, red spider mite and two spotted spider mite （Tetranychus urtica）, beet armyworm （Spodoptera exigua）, scarab beetle （Tropinota （and or Epicometis） hirta）, Egyptian cotton leaf （Spodoptera littoralis）, cotton boll worm （Heliothi absouleta） and so on. The other reported safflower insect pests from other countries are wireworms （Limonius spp.）, lygus bugs （Lygus hesperus）, flower thrips （Eastern or Western） or onion thrips （Thrips tabaci）, and seed corn maggots （Delia platura）, sunflower moths （Helianthus annuus） and Caterpillar （Perigaea capensis） are the serious pests of this crop. The other reports showed that some stored-product insects are capable of establishing infestations in safflower seeds and seed meal under suitable conditions. Only Lasiaderma serricorne, Stegobium penliceum, and the four species of Trogodema were to be as the infectious pests. Safflower is also attractive to several beneficial insects, including lady beetles and lacewings that may provide insect control in surrounding fields.

THE DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR OF NON-SMOOTH SYSTEM WITH IMPULSIVE CONTROL STRATEGIES

Non-smooth system including impulsive strategies at both fixed and unfixed times are analyzed. For the model with fixed impulsive effects, the global stability of pest eradi- cation periodic solution and the dominance of dynamic behavior are investigated. This indicates that the model with fixed moments has the potential to protect the natural enemies from extinction, but under some conditions may also serve to extinction of the pest. The second model is constructed according to the practices of IPM, that is, when the pest population reaches the economic injury level, a combination of biological, cultural, and chemical tactics that reduce pests to tolerable levels is used. Numerical investigations imply that there are several different types of periodic solutions and their maximum amplitudes are always less than the given economic threshold. The results also show that the time series at which the IPM strategies are applied are quite complex, which means that the application and realization of IPM in practice are very difficult.