“橐”、“囊”/“袋”的历时更替考

本文论述了"橐"、"囊"、"袋"的历时更替过程。先秦主要用"橐"、"囊";两汉时,则只用"囊"不用"橐",同时开始出现了"袋";魏晋至明,"袋"不断发展;到清代,"袋"完成了对"囊"的替换,成为当时的通用词,一直沿用至今。

参柏祛毒袋泡剂抗炎镇痛抑菌和药物安全性研究

目的观察参柏祛毒袋泡剂抗炎镇痛抑菌药效学和药物安全性情况。方法(1)抗炎实验:采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法,选取昆明小鼠60只,体质量18~24 g,按体质量分层使用随机数字表分为空白组、参柏高剂量组(1.750 g生药/mL)、参柏中剂量组(0.875 g生药/mL)、参柏低剂量组(0.438 g生药/mL)、阿司匹林组(100 mg/kg)5组,每组12只。涂抹70μL二甲苯在预先给药的小鼠右耳上,处死后对比左右耳片重量,计算肿胀度。(2)镇痛实验:采用热板致痛法,选取昆明小鼠48只,雌性,体质量18~24 g,按体质量分层使用随机数字表随机分成空白组、参柏高剂量组(1.750 g生药/mL)、参柏中剂量组(0.875 g生药/mL)、参柏低剂量组(0.438 g生药/mL)4组,每组12只。测定小鼠基础痛阈,再以40℃药浴各组分别泡足20 min,测量给药后5个时间点小鼠痛阈,计算痛阈提高百分率。(3)体外抑菌实验:将观察药制备成原液、1∶1、1∶2、1∶4、1∶85个浓度梯度,分别加入5种共25菌株,培养后读取各组最低抑菌浓度值。(4)安全性实验:采用家兔皮肤刺激性实验,选取健康大耳白家兔16只,使用随机数字表随机分为单次给药正常皮肤组、破损皮肤组及多次给药正常皮肤组、破损皮肤组4组,造模破损皮肤组,一侧去毛区涂参柏祛毒袋泡剂0.5 mL,另一侧对照区涂等量蒸馏水作空白对照,单次给药(1次/d)和多次给药(1次/d,连续7 d)进行对比,观察皮肤刺激性。采用实验家兔皮肤急毒实验,选取新西兰家兔24只,使用随机数字表随机分为完整组和破损皮肤组,每组再随机分为参柏高、低剂量及空白组,共6组,药物均匀涂抹于家兔背部除毛区,于去掉受试药物后1、24、48、72 h至14 d,每日观察动物皮肤及全身情况做出评价。结果(1)抗炎实验结果提示,参柏祛毒袋泡剂对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀有显著抑制作用,参柏高、中剂量组小鼠耳廓肿胀度低于空白组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(2)镇痛实验结果提示,参柏祛毒袋泡剂对热刺激所致小鼠疼痛有明显的镇痛作用,参柏高剂量组给药后0.5~4.5 h较空白组小鼠痛阈高(P<0.05,P<0.01),参柏中剂量组给药后1.5~3.5 h较空白组小鼠痛阈高(P<0.05)。(3)体外抑菌实验结果提示,参柏祛毒袋泡剂对铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌有不同程度的抑制作用,且对铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最强。(4)安全性实验结果提示,参柏祛毒袋泡剂对家兔正常皮肤和破损皮肤,单次给药和多次给药均无皮肤刺激性,与空白组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对家兔完整皮肤和破损皮肤组给药,观察至14 d,均无不良反应,参柏高、低剂量组与空白组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论参柏祛毒袋泡剂具有明显的抗炎、镇痛、抑菌作用,且药物外用安全。

“袋袋本”:引发“个别化关注”——以《清平乐村居》为例

在小班化理念指引下,关注每个儿童的个性成长,让个性化学习成为常态,是课堂变革的方向。依托个性化学习“袋袋本”,灵活调整教学目标,适时改变教学策略,能够真正引发“个别化关注”。具体的实施策略为：依托“袋袋本”,鼓励个性化预习,关注学生的“发现”“问题”和“探究”,并据此制订个性化教学目标,进而生成个性化教学策略：依“学生发现”设计“教师追问”,依“关键提问”触发“生生互动”,依“个别提问”推送“助学资料”。

让个性化学习成为常态——以“袋袋本”“袋袋簿”为载体的课堂改革

设计和开发“袋袋本”“袋袋簿”，使之成为学生个性化学习的有效载体，催生了一系列课堂之变。遵循“学为教本”“教为学设”“依学而教”“以学定教”的教学理念，使“袋袋本”成为学生自主学习的“发现本”，使“袋袋簿”成为教师教学现场的“发现簿”。以“袋袋本”“袋袋簿”为载体推进学生个性化学习，设置个性化学习目标，关注个性化学习探究，形成个性化学习方式，重构个性化学习课程，优化个性化学习环境，真正实现教学人本化，提升学生学习力，发展教师科研力。

Effect of Metaxenia on Volatile Compounds in Bagged Apple Fruit of Fuji

In the present study, the effect of pollen grain sources on volatile com- pounds in bagged apple fruit of Yan Fuji 3, grown at two experiment sites and pol- linated by pollens of other five cultivars was evaluated, to select appropriate poll- enizer cultivars for Fuji, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the flavor and aroma of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The results proved the significant metaxe- nia effect of the five pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The numbers of both volatile compounds and characteristic aroma com- pounds in bagged apple fruit pollinated by Golden Delicious were larger and those of the fruit pollinated by Gala were smaller at both experiment sites. However, there were differences in the numbers of volatile compounds and characteristic aroma compounds among the fruits pollinated by Starkrimson, Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby at both experimental sites. The differences were caused by 12 compounds that only existed at a low level in certain samples. All of them were not the aroma contribu- tors except ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. The content of alcohols in bagged Fuji fruit was largely increased by Starkrimson and Ruby pollination; the content of aldehydes was obviously increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Gala pollination; the con- tents of esters and terpenes were significantly increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Ruby pollination. Jinxiuhaitang pollination showed no significant ef- fects for improving the content of four categories of volatile compounds. The metax- enia of the pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds in bagged Fuji fruit was stable at the two experimental sites.

Research Progress in Effect of Bagging,Reflective Film and Greenhouse Film on Fruit Size of Peach

Referring to a large number of literatures, the effects of bagging, reflective film and greenhouse film on fruit size of peach were reviewed in this paper so as to provide basis for conducting relevant researches and producing larger fruits. The effects of different types of bags on fruit size of peach were analyzed. The weight variation of single fruit after bagged was investigated, and the relevant reasons were analyzed. In addition, the complexity of effect of greenhouse film on fruit size was also discussed. It is proposed that further comprehensive study on effect of bagging on fruit size should be carried out.

Effect of Freshness Protection Package on Storage and Preservation of Chinese Cabbage

The effect of freshness protection package on Chinese cabbage placed in the self-made shelf in ventilated storage was investigated, and the physiological-qual-ity indexes change were determined during the storage period. The results showed that the losses of weight and vitamin C were significantly reduced. The accumula-tion of crude fiber was effectively inhibited. But protein content was maintained at a low level and the rotting more serious of Chinese cabbage at the end of the stor-age packaged with the fresh keeping bags.

Effects of Bagging on Aroma of ‘Qi xia daxiangshui' Pear Fruit

In order to investigate the effect of bagging on aroma components of ＇Qi xia daxiangshui＇ pear fruit, an experiment was performed, and the ingredients and contents of aroma volatile compounds of bagged and non-bagged fruit of ＇Qi xia daxiangshui＇ pear were studied by using heads space solid-phase microextraction （HS-SPME） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The results showed that： there were significant differences in the aroma varieties and contents of bagging and non-bagged fruit. In bagging treatment, 34 different varieties of volatiles were detected in ＇Qi xia daxiangshui＇ pear fruit; the total contents of aro- ma volatiles were 2 671.53 ng/g, while 42 ingredients of volatiles were detected in the non-bagged fruit; the total contents of aroma volatiles were 10 040.14 rig/g. Bagging significantly reduced the varieties and the contents of aroma volatiles in ＇Qi xia daxiangshui＇ pear fruit.

A Study of Rabbit Lens Epithelial Cells Survival and Growth on the Rabbit Capsular Bag in Vitro

Objective: To study the proliferation, migration and metaplasm of residual rabbit lens epithelial cells (LECs) after extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE)based on the rabbit capsular bag model in vitro. Methods: Sham cataract surgery, including anterior capsulorhexis, nucleus hydroexpression and aspiration of lens fibers, was performed on 20 rabbit lens. The capsular bags were isolated and pinned to sterile non-toxic silicone rings on petri dishes. The capsular bags were incubated with Eagle's minimum essential medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and monitored for 3 weeks by phase-contrast microscopy, after which light microscopy was performed on them.Results: After a latent period of 2-3 d, outgrowth was observed across the posterior capsule. Growth proceeded rapidly so that the posterior capsule was totally covered by a confluent monolayer of cell at 6-8 day. Capsular wrinkles became increasingly apparent as time progressed, causing a marked rise in light scatter. An increase in capsular tension also came.Conclusion: This model exhibits many of the in vito characteristics of the lens capsule after extracapsular surgery and may prove useful in further elucidating the cellular mechanisms of posterior capsule opacification and developing strategies for inhibiting cell growth with this system.

Effects of Bagging with Paper Bags and Non-woven Bags on Flavor Compounds of Feicheng Peach

With Hongli Feicheng Peach as the test material, the effects of bagging with 4 kinds of paper bags and 3 kinds of non-woven bags on the soluble sugar, organic acids and aroma compounds in peach fruits were investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with gas chromatogra- phy-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The results showed that there were significant differences in sugar and acids contents of peach fruits between different bagging treatments. The sugar con- tent of peach fruits was increased when bagged with single-layer inner-black outer- yellow paper bags and double-layer inner-white outer-yellow paper bags. The organ- ic acid content in peach fruits bagged with all the types of bags except the single- layer inner-black outer-yellow paper bag was increased greatly. The count and rela- tive content of aroma compounds were all decreased after bagging. Combined with the detection results of soluble sugar, organic acids and aroma compounds, the sin- gle-layer inner-black outer-yellow paper bag was suitable for bagging of Hongli Fe- icheng peach.

Effects of Previous Crop and Bag Color on Growth of Tomato Cultivated in Bags

[Objective] This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the further development of bag culture in production of facility vegetables. [Method] The effects of different previous crops and bag colors on the growth and development, yield and quality of tomato were investigated under the condition of substrate bag culture. [Result] The plant growth of tomato cultivated in bag was close to that of the tomato growing in soil. Under the condition of substrate bag culture, the yield of tomato was increased by as high as 4%, the irrigation water was saved by 39.6%, the fertilizer for drip irrigation was saved by 77.5%, the vitamin C content and the flavor of tomato were improved, and the content of nitrate in tomato was reduced compared with soil cultivation. [Conclusion] Substrate bag culture of tomato could achieve better economic benefits.

Process Analysis of Mobile Fermentation of Spent White Hypsizygus marmoreus Substrate with Self-made Mobile Fermentation Bag

The self-made mobile fermentation bag for spent white Hypsizygus marmoreus substrate was developed, and the relevant fermentation process was studied. The results showed that under the condition of single addition of Lactobacillus,nitrogen-free extract was degraded into lactic acid, leading to decreased pH value.On day 10, the fermentation effect reached the best with Lactobacillus abundance of 5.12×10~7/ml, lactic acid content of 0.48% and strong acid flavor. At this time, the fermentation material was moist without mildew and agglomeration, and was suitable for livestock and poultry. However, after 10 days, undesirable acids and mildew generated, a large amount of lactic acid bacteria died, and the fermentation material turned black and agglomerated, and became unsuitable for feeding livestock and poultry. Throughout the fermentation process, the pH value first decreased continuously until to 4.0, and then remained stable. During the fermentation of spent white H. marmoreus substrate, the nitrogen-free extract and crude fiber contents decreased, the crude protein content increased, while other indicators remained unchanged.

生命与生物高分子

生命是反映“活”的状态的各种功能的总概括.在赋于生命的物质群中存在着生物高分子.生物体内的高分子从广义上又可分为结构高分子和功能高分子.结构高分子是指具备能够形成结构功能的高分子;功能高分子也就是狭义的生物高分子,它们不仅仅形成生物体本身结构,更本质的意义在于它们与生命活动密切相关.本文从几个最具有代表性的生命高分子,分别阐述了结构高分与功能高分子及其与生命的联系.

Study on Prediction of Pesticide Residues Based on Fuzzy System

This study was aimed to do the prediction of pesticide residues based on fuzzy system. Taking chlorpyrifos as an example, the Mathematic Fuzzy System was established by using the MRL values （maximum residue limits of all kinds of pesticides in food） of the Matlab Fuzzy Toolbox to analyze and predict the degra- dation degree of pesticide residues of the same crop at different time periods of bagging treatment, with the aim to provide some theoretical guidances for solving practical problems in real life.

Removal of PCDDs/Fs from municipal solid waste incineration by entrained-flow adsorption technology

Entrained flow adsorption using activated carbon as the adsorbent is widely adopted for PCDDs/Fs-abatement in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) process. The effects of operating parameters including flue gas temperature, feeding rate of activated carbon, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) concentration at the inlet of the air pollution control device (APCD), filter materials, pressure drop on PCDDs/Fs removal efficiency are reviewed and commented upon in this paper. Evaluation on the various mechanistic models for entrained flow adsorption is carried out based on the computational simulation in terms of the actual operating condition and theoretical analysis. Finally, an advancement of en- trained flow adsorption in combination of dual bag filter is introduced.

Fecal microbiota in pouchitis and ulcerative colitis

AIM To investigate the changes in microbiota in feces of patients with ulcerative colitis(UC) and pouchitis using genomic technology.METHODS Fecal samples were obtained from UC patients with or without an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis(IPAA) procedure, as well as healthy controls. The touchdown polymerase chain reaction technique was used to amplify the whole V3 region of the 16 S r RNA gene, which was transcribed from DNA extracted from fecal samples. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to separate the amplicons. The band profiles and similarity indices were analyzed digitally. The predominant microbiota in different groups was confirmed by sequencing the 16 S rR NA gene. RESULTS Microbial biodiversity in the healthy controls was significantly higher compared with the UC groups(P < 0.001) and IPAA groups(P < 0.001). Compared with healthy controls, the UC patients in remission and those in the mildly active stage, the predominant species in patients with moderately and severely active UC changed obviously. In addition, the proportion of the dominant microbiota, which was negatively correlated with the disease activity of UC(r =-6.591, P < 0.01),was decreased in pouchitis patients. The numbers of two types of bacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium rectale, were reduced in UC. Patients with pouchitis had an altered microbiota composition compared with UC patients. The microbiota from pouchitis patients was less diverse than that from severely active UC patients. Sequencing results showed that similar microbiota, such as Clostridium perfringens, were shared in both UC and pouchitis.CONCLUSION Less diverse fecal microbiota was present in patients with UC and pouchitis. Increased C. perfringens in feces suggest its role in the exacerbation of UC and pouchitis.

Colonic J-pouch anal anastomosis after ultralow anterior resection with upper sphincter excision for low-lying rectal cancer

AIM:There is some evidence of functional superiority of colonic J-pouch over straight coloanal anastomosis (CM) in ultralow anterior resection (ULAR) or intersphincteric resection. On the assumption that colonic J-pouch anal anastomosis is superior to straight CM in ULAR with upper sphincter excision (USE: excision of the upper part of the internal sphincter) for low-lying rectal cancer, we compare functional outcome of colonic J-pouch vsthe straight CM. METHODS: Fifty patients of one hundred and thirty-three rectal cancer patients in whom lower margin of the tumors were located between 3 and 5 cm from the anal verge received ULAR including USE from September 1998 to January 2002. Patients were randomized for reconstruction using either a straight (n = 26) or a colonic J-pouch anastomosis (n = 24) with a temporary diverting-loop ileostomy. All patients were followed-up prospectively by a standardized questionnaire [Fecal Inco-ntinence Severity Index (FISI) scores and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FIQL) scales]. RESULTS: We found that, compared to straight anastomosis patients, the frequency of defecation was significantly lower in J-pouch anastomosis patients for 10 mo after ileostomy takedown. The FISI scores and FIQL scales were significantly better in J-pouch patients than in straight patients at both 3 and 12 mo after ileostomy takedown. Furthermore, we found that FISI scores highly correlated with FIQL scales. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that colonic J-pouch anal anastomosis decreases the severity of fecal incontinence and improves the quality of life for 10 mo after ileostomy takedown in patients undergoing ULAR with USE for low-lying rectal cancer.

Effects of Bagging and Bag Removal at Different Times on Quality of Applepear

[Objective] The aim was to investigate effects of bagging and bag-removing times on quality of applepear. [Method] The seven-year-old applepears were taken as materials to explore effects of bagging and bag-removing times on external and internal quality of applepear. [Result] Scientific timing of either bagging or bag removing will improve fruit quality, color expressed by anthocyanin pigments and coloring index, and reduce chlorophyll content, pericarp thickness and fruit dots. [Conclusion] It has determined that the scientific times of applepear bagging and bag removing are 55 d after peak flowering and 13 d prior to harvesting in Fuxin, Liaoning Province.

Gardner's syndrome: A case report and review of the literature

Gardner's syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the presence of colonic polyposis,osteomas and a multitude of soft tissue tumors. The syndrome may present at any age from 2 mo to 70 years with a variety of symptoms, either colonic or extracolonic.We present a case of a 11-year-old female patient with Gardner's syndrome who presented with a lumbar area desmoid tumor and treated with resection of the desmoid,restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis,A review of the current literature has been performed.

FEM simulation of aluminum extrusion process in porthole die with pockets

In order to investigate the effects of pockets in the porthole die on the metal flow,temperature at the die bearing exit and the extrusion load were contrasted with the traditional die design without the pockets in the lower die.Two different multi-hole porthole dies with and without pockets in lower die were designed.And the extrusion process was simulated based on the commercial software DEFORM-3D.The simulation results show that the pockets could be used to effectively adjust the metal flow and especially benefit to the metal flow under the legs.In addition,the maximum temperature at the die bearing and the peak extrusion load decrease,which indicates the possibility of increasing the extrusion speed and productivity.