从“西语”到“西学”:京师同文馆课程改革的历史探赜

京师同文馆作为晚清第一所官办的外语专门学校,在科学、语言和教育等方面对我国的影响较大。京师同文馆自创办之初将“西语”引入课程殿堂之时就已然遇到了生源危机、师资匮乏等问题。此后随着洋务运动的推进,京师同文馆试图将“西学”课程融入“中学”之体系,以此来实现从“西语”到“西学”的课程改革。然而,此次课程改革虽然进一步加强了中国教育的近代化,但是仍遭遇了生源质量不高,师生之间语言不通等诸多困境,这些阻碍和困境存在的主要原因是中西文化之间存在差异。因此,从历史考察的角度来审视京师同文馆从“西语”到“西学”课程改革的意义,能够为百年未有之大变局下我国当代课程改革提供历史参照与经验教训,获得医治“现代课程改革病症”的良方,并以史为鉴来打开课程改革的全新局面。

“西语指南”视域下西语口译课程设计的思考

2022年4月“普通高等学校本科西班牙语专业教学指南”的出台对于全国高校西班牙语专业建设与发展具有里程碑意义。根据这一“西语指南”,从课程定位、课程目标与教学内容、教学活动与评价体系4个维度探讨西语口译课程的设计。

Thinking differences and language output： Lexical problems arising from non-English majored graduate writing

Non-English majored learners are poor in language out. It is pointed out the widespread problem reflected in their writing is that the learners are lack of the consciousness of the thinking differences between Chinese and English, and a negative Chinese transfer brings about expressing barriers. Five main lexical problems are presented to illustrate. It is suggested that the learners＇ awareness of the thinking differences be raised so as to improve language output.

《中西译语妙法》与19世纪末上海话语法研究

晏玛太的《中西译语妙法》是一本为了帮助外籍人士学习和使用上海方言的工具书。此书主要是以印欧语法为框架来探讨19世纪中后期的上海话语法现象,在语音、词汇等方面均具有独特的学术价值。运用历史比较语言学的方法,论述《中西译语妙法》的内容特点与不足之处,并探讨此书的价值与意义。

PIK3CA gene mutations in Northwest Chinese esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AIM To evaluate PIK3 CA gene mutational status in Northwest Chinese esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC) patients, and examine the associations of PIK3 CA gene mutations with clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome.METHODS A total of 210 patients with ESCC who underwent curative resection were enrolled in this study. Pyrosequencing was applied to investigate mutations in exons 9 and 20 of PIK3 CA gene in 210 Northwest Chinese ESCCs. The associations of PIK3 CA gene mutations with clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome were examined.RESULTS PIK3 CA gene mutations in exon 9 were detected in 48 cases(22.9%) of a non-biased database of 210 curatively resected Northwest Chinese ESCCs. PIK3 CA gene mutations were not associated with sex, tobacco use, alcohol use, tumor location, stage, or local recurrence. When compared with wild-type PIK3 CA gene cases, patients with PIK3 CA gene mutations in exons 9 experienced significantly better disease-free survival and overall survival rates.CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that PIK3 CA gene mutations could act as a prognostic biomarker in Northwest Chinese ESCC patients.

Clinical usefulness of adherence to gastro-esophageal reflux disease guideline by Spanish gastroenterologists

AIM:To investigate usefulness of adherence to gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) guideline established by the Spanish Association of Gastroenterology.METHODS:Prospective,observational and multicentre study of 301 patients with typical symptoms of GERD who should be managed in accordance with guidelines and were attended by gastroenterologists in daily practice.Patients(aged > 18 years) were eligible for inclusion if they had typical symptoms of GERD(heartburn and/or acid regurgitation) as the major complaint in the presence or absence of accompanying atypical symptoms,such as dyspeptic symptoms and/or supraesophageal symptoms.Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions should be made based on specific recommendations of the Spanish clinical practice guideline for GERD which is a widely disseminated and well known instrument among Spanish in digestive disease specialists.RESULTS:Endoscopy was indicated in 123(41%) patients:50 with alarm symptoms,32 with age > 50 years without alarm symptom.Seventy-two patients(58.5%) had esophagitis(grade A,23,grade B,28,grade C,18,grade D,3).In the presence of alarm symptoms,endoscopy was indicated consistently with recommendations in 98% of cases.However,in the absence of alarm symptoms,endoscopy was indicated in 33% of patients > 50 years(not recommended by the guideline).Adherence for proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) therapy was 80%,but doses prescribed were lower(half) in 5% of cases and higher(double) in 15%.Adherence regarding duration of PPI therapy was 69%;duration was shorter than recommended in 1%(4 wk in esophagitis grades C-D) or longer in 30%(8 wk in esophagitis grades A-B or in patients without endoscopy).Treatment response was higher when PPI doses were consistent with guidelines,although differences were not significant(95% vs 85%).CONCLUSION:GERD guideline compliance was quite good although endoscopy was over indicated in patients > 50 years without alarm symptoms;PPIs were prescribed at higher doses and longer duration.

Interculturality and Socio-Linguistic Identity in the Learning of English and Spanish in Mexico

In the current field of action of the pedagogy of languages, efficient, inclusive and dynamic teaching methods are needed; just this work will present the intercultural method through didactic evidences （pedagogical sequences） that have proved their functionality in the teaching rooms of the English in a Spanish-speaking context, as is Mexico. Without forgetting that interculturality is defined according to Cassany （2016） as an ideological current that is that each language of the world is a representative tool at the service of a culture and that said culture in a society is a mental and attitudinal representation to the world where a certain society is based. Then interculturality seeks to develop intercultural skills in the users of languages （Anglo-Hispanic）.

Does Time Studying of Spanish Make Learners More Cognizant of Their Learning Styles？ Evidence From Novice and Senior L2 Spanish Learners

This study explored the perceptual learning style preferences in L2 （second language） Spanish. A group of first-semester and fifth-semester university students participated. The aim was to verify whether time studying of Spanish would strengthen learning preferences making senior students more cognizant of their preferred styles. Senior students were, therefore, more expected to self-report major （i.e., strong） style preferences than novice students. The participants completed a style questionnaire and named preferred in-class language activities. Results showed that the novice rather than the senior students, self-reported strong style preferences. The senior students consistently reported minor preferences and named activities that favored peer collaboration over perceptual styles. It is likely that after several semesters of learning Spanish, senior students were less certain as to whether language learning relies on strong style preferences. Instead, they probably learned to acknowledge the benefits of a flexible disposition, integrating several minor style preferences for a successful learning of Spanish.

Manabi as an Altemative Concept of Learning in Educational Discourses

This paper considers a theory and practices of Japanese manabi （学） as an alternative concept of learning in the era of post-globalization. Although the term manabi is widely used as the translation of learning and Lernen in the field of pedagogy and in Japanese schools, it is important to understand its meaning, since the meaning of manabi is a comprehensive concept that differs semantically from the words learning, Lernen, and Bildung in the Western words. Faced with the globalization in the 21st century, there has been a tendency to promote educational reform and curriculum policies that could be characterized as ＂learnification＂ in which ＂21st century skills,＂ ＂competency-based learning,＂ and ＂learner-centered education＂ are emphasized. While the Western idea of learning that highlights active self is attractive to change classroom practices from the transmission of knowledge to an innovative style of active, collaborative, communicative learning, and problem-solving, Japanese education sustains traditional values that derive from selflessness and nothingness in Eastern philosophy.

The Video-Making Project： Why Students Love It？

It has been proven that ICT （information and communication technologies） affect the teaching and learning of a language, be it positive or negative. One of the examples of ICT that is used to enhance learners＇ creativity is the use of video. Although the use of ICT is encouraged in the learning and teaching of a language, it is still minimally applied in UMS （University Malaysia Sabah）, especially in the teaching and learning of a language. In this study, video-making is used as one of the assessments to measure learners＇ proficiency in the target language, which in this case, the Spanish Language. The video-making project was found to be able to improve learners＇ communication skills and knowledge building capabilities, as well as enhances learners＇ interest in the learning of the Spanish Language. It is found that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, nature of the course, lecturers＇ positive support as well as students＇ positive determination to obtain good grades are among the factors contributing to the students＇ positive performance in the Spanish Language.

Buddhism-Among the Theory and Practice

The article tries to bring the issues related to problematic aspects of conceptualization of Buddhism into words closer. The author pays attention to Japanese output of 19th century Japanese idea that grasped Buddhism into the theoretical frames of western philosophy. The attempt of translating Buddhism with terminology taken from European philosophy allowed not only to refresh the general look at Buddhism, but also to bring it closer to western man. By analyzing the western philosophy, we may often come across many aspects closed to Buddhist idea although we must bear in mind the fact that those similarities can often enough create a misrepresentation. The present article as an attempt is to answer the questions： To what degree can we really speak of knowledge of Buddhism being closed in language frames？ Is it possible to get to know Buddhism without its practice, based only on the philosophical studies？

Loan Words in Modem English and Their Features

English language, as a global language, is exerting greater influence on the world. It has been enlarging along with the development of the society, the progress of science and technology by the way of borrowing from other languages such as French, German, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic in the fields of politics, culture, education, economics, science, and technology. Borrowing or loan word has become an important part in the process of English vocabulary acquisition. This paper studies modem English loan words, summarizes types of loan words, and makes a tentative analysis of their features with the attempt to facilitate English learning in an effective way.

On Language, Culture and Diversity in Spain

The Iberian Peninsula was first inhabited by Celts, Iberians, Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, and later Berbers. How is it possible that in a spam of only 50 years, the Berbers were able to go pass the Pyrenees and practically ruled what today is Portugal, Spain, and region of France？ This article attempts to uncover the sociological aspects that helped the Berbers and Arabs rule the Iberian Peninsula quite rapidly. It was due to the commonalities and not the differences that Spain＇s political leaders went from Arian Visigoths to Muslims for the next 800 years. Ignacio Olague＇s book La Revoluci6n Isldmica en Occidente （The Islamic Revolution in the West）, also translated as Les Arabes N＇ont Jamais Envahi l＇Espagne （The Arabs Never Invaded Spain）, serves as one instrument to shed light to how this historical event took place. The result of this fusion of cultures not only created a rich civilization that would planted the seeds of the Renaissance three centuries before it began in Italy, but also contributed to the formation of a new language （between 720-750 AD）： El castellano o espahol （Spanish language）, which today is the official language in 21 st countries.

Using the Chinese-Spanish Dictionary by Video： Methodological Guidelines for the Design

The purpose of this paper is to present and analyze the methodological guidelines that directed the design, production, and use of the video program 衹要功夫深,铁棒磨成针 or How to Use the Chinese Dictionary： Beginners＇ Level, as well as expose the development phases of the program and its use by teachers in the classrooms of Chinese as a foreign language. This program is part of a series of videos about the use of dictionaries in different languages, which have been designed, produced, used, and assessed in the framework of the project ＂Diseno y produccion de material didctico en video para la ensefianza de lenguas en la UNAM＂ （Design and Production of Didactic Materials on Video for the Teaching of Languages at UNAM）, just as presented at the II Congreso Internacional de Lexicografia Hispanica （II International Congress of Hispanic Lexicography） （2006）. The topic Of this paper is the use of Chinese-Spanish bilingual dictionary. The method used was descriptive and systematic analysis methodological guidelines for creation derived from the design model proposed.

Growth Modeling of Charolais and Serrana Soriana Native Spanish Beef Cattle

The alternative productions, increasingly importance, are based on the rational utilization of the resources, on agreement with the environment and the use of autochthonous breeds that many cases are found in danger of disappearance, due to the tact that their suckling is not economically profitable. A way of predicting and knowing the growth of the animals is using mathematical models. This work presented the results of the estimate of the growth according to the Gompertz-Laird model of males of the atttochthonous breed Serrana Soriana and Charolais. The weight to the birth of the breed calfs Charolais （45.14 kg）, was superior to those of Serrana Soriana （40.13 kg）, and presented a greater relative growth （9.9%） before the inflection point of the growth curve： furthermore it ~as also superior to the maximum decline relative after this point （6%）, Serrana Soriana reached 7 days after the maximum growth point but with a smaller weight （315.05 kg vs 384.76 kg）. It was calculated a weight to the maturity of 1 ,（176.91） kg for Charolais and 856.40 kg for Serrana Soriana.

Preparing EFL Learners for Native English-Speaking Context Through Vocabulary Learning： Two Chinese Cases in New Zealand

While numerous studies in English as a second/foreign language （EFL） have examined vocabulary learning and teaching in the perspective of theories and practical tips, there is a paucity of research on the impact of high-frequency words learning on preparing new EFL residents for the life in English-speaking countries. In order to fill this gap, this study draws on the experience of two EFL learners in New Zealand （NZ）, so as to explore the effectiveness of a 16-week daily-English-focused vocabulary learning program, which might generate useful implications about the effective adaption of new EFL residents to their target countries.

The Design and Construction of Jiangxi Red Tourism Resource E-C/C-E Bilingual Parallel Corpus

On the basis of description of the necessity in construction of the Jiangxi red tourism resource E-C/C-E bilingual parallel corpus, this paper discusses the design and construction of the corpus. In its design, it describes the general design and the framework of the corpus, then it describes its construction including data collection, the standard for the sorted data, data selection, data digitalization, data tagging and data aligning. With the construction, it will not only realize purposes and functions of the corpus, but also provide others with ways or means to use the corpus and to establish such kind of corpus.

Conversing in Spanish at a Seniors Center： A Brief Experience of Community-Based and Foreign-Language Learning

This pilot study explored the linguistic gains of intermediate level Spanish learners who completed community-based learning at a Spanish-speaking seniors center. Leamers had the opportunity, rare in foreign-language instruction, to discuss topics from their textbook in authentic native/non-native dyads. The interactions also allowed the seniors to fulfill an identified community needed by socializing in Spanish. Analyses of a post-service survey revealed that learners assessed the experience positively, because they spoke Spanish creatively. Seniors were described as cooperative and fun interlocutors, suggesting that age difference minimally affected the interactions. Direct observation revealed that learners managed to produce L2 Spanish output in connected speech for an extended period of time. Likewise, the seniors enjoyed a moment of socialization and first language use while sharing their views on the topics of discussion with the young visitors. Seniors＇ active participation likely encouraged learners to cope with sudden switches of topics that required negotiating for meaning and pushing the still limited interlanguages. A new service leaming study proposes to investigate the use of native/non-native dyads in Spanish in fulfilling a dual function： socialization and first language maintenance for the seniors at the center and language learning for the students.

The Description of Motion in Tunisian Arabic： A Thinking-for-Speaking Approach

Motion event typology predicts that languages can be divided into either satellite-framed, verb-framed or serial-framed languages. However, an increasing number of studies show that languages within the same type predispose their speakers to describe motion events differently. Based on the narrative behavior of 15 native speakers, we provide evidence that suggests Tunisian Arabic （TA） is an untypical verb-framed language. One the one hand, TA conflates motion and path meanings in the main verb, and native speakers adhere to the boundary-crossing constraint. On the other hand, the availability of a rich manner verb lexicon combined with the availability of mono-verbal clauses ready to be coordinated asyndetically, encourages TA speakers to attend to the manner of motion more often than reported for a typical verb-framed language （e.g., Spanish）. Based on these fmdings, we conclude that predictions based on motion event typology are best considered as guidelines, and not as an accurate reflection of how motion meanings may be lexicalized and expressed in individual languages

Metonymy Research in Cognitive Linguistics

Centuries of rhetorical and literary studies have strongly been influencing the cognitive understanding of metonymy. Many different classifications of tropes have been proposed. Some subsume metonymy and synecdoche under metaphor while the other classify it under synecdoche. The paper overviews the main researches on metonymy in west countries and in China since 1980s from cognitive perspective.