《骑着一匹》与东北方言记音词

《骑着一匹》作为朝鲜时代的汉语教科书,是研究明清时期汉语口语的重要语料。文章讨论了三例《骑着一匹》中的东北方言记音词。其中,“治得”当是“济得”的音变,“见光”是“沾光”的音变,“记声儿”是“吱声儿”的音变,它们反映了东北方言翘舌音通常读作不翘舌音的语言实际状况。

中小企业融资现象之我见

改革开放二十多年来,中国的中小企业,尤其是民营经济已经成为国民经济的重要组成部分,但与此同时,我们也看到目前绝大部分中小企业规模偏小,虽然在改革开放的商机中掘到了第一桶金,目前手中也不乏有好的项目,亦有稳健的运营基础和优秀的管理团队,但要更上一层楼,寻求企业的快速发展和壮大,资金的短缺已成为企业发展的主要制约因素。我想就这个问题多说几句。

Recent advances in bismuth-containing photocatalysts with heterojunctions

Photocatalysis has received much attention owing to current energy and environmental crises. The use of an appropriate photocatalyst is important to a photocatalytic process. The development of photocatalysts that absorb light over a wide range of wavelengths and efficiently separate charge carriers remains a challenge and hot research topic. With strong visible-light-absorption ability, bismuth-containing photocatalysts are of great interest to scientists. However, measures have to be taken to enhance the light absorption efficiency and to lessen the problem of the recombination of charge carriers. Known approaches are the formation of heterojunctions through（1） loading of a noble metal,（2） semiconductor combination,（3） metal and nonmetal doping,（4） carbon-based material modification, and（5） Bi metal loading. The present review summarizes recent advances in this respect. Finally, the future development and potential applications of bismuth-containing photocatalysts with heterojunctions are briefly discussed.

TiO2/BiVO4, a Heterojuncted Microfiber with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for Methylene Blue under Visible Light Irradiation

Novel TiO2/BiVO4 microfiber heterojunctions were constructed using cotton as biomorphic templates. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and photocatalytic experiment. The morphology of the as-synthesized TiO2/BiVO4 composites was consisted of a large quantity of microfiber structures with diameter from 2.5 gm to 5 μm, and the surface of samples became more coarse and compact with the increase of weight ratio of TiO2. The TiO2/BiVO4 samples with proper content （10.00wt%） showed the highest pho- tocatalytic degradation activity for methylene blue （MB） degradation among all the samples under visible light, and 88.58%MB could be degraded within 150 min. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the formation of n-n heterojunction at the contact interface of TiO2 and BiVO4, which not only narrowed the band gap of BiVO4 for extending the absorption range of visible light, but also promoted the transfer of charge carriers across interface. A possible photodegradation mechanism of MB in the presence of TiO2/BiVO4 microfibrous photocatalyst was proposed.

Ag_3PO_4/Ag_2CO_3 p–n heterojunction composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light

Formation of a p–n heterojunction rather than p-type or n-type semiconductors can enhance the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes and increase the quantum efficiency of photocatalytic reactions owing to the difference of the electric potential in the inner electric field near the junction,pointing from n toward p. n-Ag3PO4/p-Ag2CO3 p–n heterojunction composites are prepared through a facile coprecipitation process. The obtained Ag3PO4/Ag2CO3 p–n heterojunctions exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance in the removal of rhodamine B（RhB） compared with Ag3PO4 and Ag2CO3. The 40%-Ag3PO4/Ag2CO3 composite photocatalyst（40 mol% Ag3PO4 and 60 mol% Ag2CO3） exhibits the best photocatalytic activity under visible light,demonstrating the ability to completely degrade RhB within 15 min. Transient photovoltage characterization and an active species trapping experiment further indicate that the formation of a p–n heterojunction structure can greatly enhance the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and produce more free h＋active species,which is the predominant contributor for RhB removal.

Facile synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic H_2-evolution performance of NiS_2-modified g-C_3N_4 photocatalysts

NiS2 is a promising cocatalyst to improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 for the production of H2.However,the synthesis of the NiS2 cocatalyst usually requires harsh conditions,which risks destroying the microstructures of the g-C3N4 photocatalysts.In this study,a facile and low-temperature（80 ℃） impregnation method was developed to prepare NiS2/g-C3N4 photocatalysts.First,the g-C3N4 powders were processed by the hydrothermal method in order to introduce oxygen-containing functional groups（such as-OH and-C0NH-） to the surface of g-C3N4.Then,the Ni^2＋ ions could be adsorbed near the g-C3N4 via strong electrostatic interaction between g-C3N4 and Ni^2＋ ions upon the addition of Ni（NO3）2 solution.Finally,NiS2 nanoparticles were formed on the surface of g-C3N4 upon the addition of TAA.It was found that the NiS2 nanoparticles were solidly and homogeneously grafted on the surface of g-C3N4,resulting in greatly improved photocatalytic H2production.When the amount of NiS2 was 3 wt%,the resultant NiS2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst showed the highest H2 evolution rate（116.343 μmol h^-1 g^-1）,which is significantly higher than that of the pure g-C3N4（3 μmol h^-1 g^-1）.Moreover,the results of a recycling test for the NiS2/g-C3N4（3 wt%）sample showed that this sample could maintain a stable and effective photocatalytic H2-evolution performance under visible-light irradiation.Based on the above results,a possible mechanism of the improved photocatalytic performance was proposed for the presented NiS2/g-C3N4 photocatalysts,in which the photogenerated electrons of g-C3N4 can be rapidly transferred to the NiS2 nanoparticles via the close and continuous contact between them;then,the photogenerated electrons rapidly react with H2O adsorbed on the surface of NiS2,which has a surficial metallic character and high catalytic activity,to produce H2.Considering the mild and facile synthesis method,the presented low-cost and highly efficient NiS2-modified g-C3N4 photocatalysts would have great potential for practical use in photocatalytic H2 production.

Facile synthesis of Ag_2O-TiO_2/sepiolite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic properties

Ag2O-TiO 2/sepiolite heterostructure composites were synthesized by a simple two-step method at low temperatures（100–450 °C）. Acid red G aqueous solution and gaseous formaldehyde were chosen as model organic pollutants to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared composites. The results showed that the Ag2O-TiO 2/sepiolite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity over pure Ag2O-TiO 2,TiO 2/sepiolite,and Ag2O/sepiolite under visible-light irradiation（λ 420 nm）. The excellent photocatalytic efficiency of these composites can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between the heterojunction and the porous structure of the clay layers,which induced high adsorption and efficient charge separation. In addition,the active species involved in the degradation reaction have been investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy and quenching experiments. A possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of acid red G dye by the Ag2O-TiO 2/sepiolite composite is also discussed.

Preparation of spherical activated carbon-supported and Er^(3+):YAlO_3-doped TiO_2 photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation under visible light

In order to develop the high photocatalytic activity of TiO2 under visible light as that under ultraviolet light and make it easy to be separated from treated liquor, a visible light response and spherical activated carbon （SAC） supported photocatalyst doped with upconversion luminescence agent Er3＋：YAlO3 was prepared by immobilizing Er3＋：YAlO3/TiO2, which was obtained by combination of Er3＋：YAlO3 and TiO2 using sol-gel method, on the surface of SAC. The crystal phase composition, surface structure and element distribution, and light absorption of the new photocatalysts were examined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, energy dispersive X-ray spectra （EDS） analysis, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and fluorescence spectra analysis （FSA）. The photocatalytic oxidation activity of the photocatalysts was also evaluated by the photodegradation of methyl orange （MO） in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation from a LED lamp （λ400 nm）. The results showed that Er3＋：YAlO3 could perform as the upconversion luminescence agent which converts the visible light up to ultraviolet light. The Er3＋：YAlO3/TiO2 calcinated at 700 °C revealed the highest photocatalytic activity. The apparent reaction rate constant could reach 0.0197 min-1 under visible light irradiation.

Ternary Ag/AgCl/BiOIO_3 composites for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalysis

Ternary Ag/AgC l/BiO IO3 composite photocatalysts are prepared by a facile method. Enhanced visible-light absorption and charge carrier separation are achieved after the introduction of Ag/AgC l particles into BiO IO3 systems,as revealed by ultraviolet-visible diffuse-reflectance spectrometry,photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Ag/AgC l/BiO IO3 composites are applied to the visible-light photocatalytic oxidization of NO in air and exhibit an enhanced activity for NO removal in comparison with Ag/AgC l and pure BiO IO3. A possible photocatalytic mechanism for Ag/AgC l/BiO IO3 is proposed,which is related to the surface plasmon resonance effects of Ag metal and the effective carrier separation ability of BiO IO3. This work provides insight into the design and preparation of BiO IO3-based materials with enhanced visible-light photocatalysis ability.

Heterostructured BiOI@La(OH)_3 nanorods with enhanced visible light photocatalytic NO removal

Heterostructured BiOI@La（OH）3 nanorod photocatalysts were prepared by a facile chemical impregnation method.The enhanced visible light absorption and charge carrier separation can be simultaneously realized after the introduction of BiOI particles into La（OH）3 nanorods.The BiOI@La（OH）3 composites were applied for visible light photocatalytic oxidization of NO in air and exhibited an enhanced activity compared with BiOI and pure La（OH）3 nanorods.The results show that the energy levels between the La（OH）3 and BiOI phases matched well with each other,thus forming a heterojunctioned BiOI@La（OH）3 structure.This band structure matching could promote the separation and transfer of photoinduced electron-hole pairs at the interface,resulting in enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation.The photocatalytic performance of BiOI@La（OH）3 is shown to be dependent on the mass ratio of BiOI to La（OH）3.The highest photocatalytic performance can be achieved when the mass ratio of BiOI to La（OH）3 is controlled at 1.5.A further increase of the mass ratio of BiOI weakened the redox abilities of the photogenerated charge carriers.A new photocatalytic mechanism for BiOI@La（OH）3 heterostructures is proposed,which is directly related to the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers by the heterojunction.Importantly,the as-prepared BiOI@La（OH）3 heterostructures exhibited a high photochemical stability after multiple reaction runs.Our findings demonstrate that BiOI is an effective component for the formation of a heterostructure with the properties of a wide bandgap semiconductor,which is of great importance for extending the light absorption and photocatalytic activity of wide bandgap semiconductors into visible light region.

Synthesis of C-Cl-codoped titania/attapulgite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

We demonstrate the synthesis of C-Cl-codoped titania/attapulgite（TiO2/ATT） composites containing a mixture of TiO2 phases by a facile sol-gel method at 70 ℃ using titanium tetraisopropoxide as the TiO2 precursor and ATT as a support for the TiO2 nanoparticles.The photocatalytic activity of the C-Cl-codoped TiO2/ATT composites with mixed anatase/brookite/rutile phases obtained at pH= 3.0 was much higher than that of commercially available Degussa P25 for the photocatalytic degradation of acid red G under visible-light irradiation.The excellent photocatalytic activity of the developed composite originates from the nonmetal codoping,which extends the absorption edge of TiO2 into visible region,and the presence of multiple phases,which slow the recombination of photoexcited electron/hole pairs.The formation of hydroxyl radicals during the photocatalytic degradation process was detected by photoluminescence probing using terephthalic acid.A mechanism for photocatalysis over the C-Cl-codoped TiO2/ATT composites was proposed.

Recent developments in visible-light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics

With the significant discharge of antibiotic wastewater into the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, antibiotic pollution has become a serious problem and presents a hazardous risk to the environment. To address such issues, various investigations on the removal of antibiotics have been undertaken. Photocatalysis has received tremendous attention owing to its great potential in removing antibiotics from aqueous solutions via a green, economic, and effective process. However, such a technology employing traditional photocatalysts suffers from major drawbacks such as light absorption being restricted to the UV spectrum only and fast charge recombination. To overcome these issues, considerable effort has been directed towards the development of advanced visible light-driven photocatalysts. This mini review summarises recent research progress in the state-of-the-art design and fabrication of photocatalysts with visible-light response for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic wastewater. Such design strategies involve the doping of metal and non-metal into ultraviolet light-driven photocatalysts, development of new semiconductor photocatalysts, construction of heterojunction photocatalysts, and fabrication of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photocatalytic systems. Additionally, some perspectives on the challenges and future developments in the area of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics are provided.

Three-dimensional MoS_2/reduced graphene oxide aerogel as a macroscopic visible-light photocatalyst

Photocatalysis is regarded as an ideal technology for solving the urgent environmental and energy issues that we face today.Among the reported photocatalysts,molybdenum disulfide（MoS2） is very promising for applications in hydrogen production and pollutant photodegradation.However,its lack of active sites and the difficulty of recovering catalysts in powder form have hindered its wide application.Here,we report the successful preparation of a macroscopic visible-light responsive MoS2/reduced graphene oxide（MoS2/RGO） aerogel.The obtained MoS2/RGO aerogel exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity towards hydrogen production and photoreduction of Cr（Ⅵ） in comparison with the MoS2 powder.In addition,the low density（56.1 mg/cm^3） of the MoS2/RGO aerogel enables it to be used as an efficient adsorption material for organic pollutants.Our results demonstrate that this very promising multifunctional aerogel has potential applications in environmental remediation and clean energy production.

Strong visible absorption and excellent photocatalytic performance of brown TiO_2 nanoparticles synthesized using one-step low-temperature process

particle size （5.0 nm）, large specific surface area （213.45 m1 2/g）, and efficient response to broadband light over the entire ultraviolet-visible spectrum with a narrow band gap of 1.84 eV. In addition, TiO2 -180℃ exhibited the optimal reaction rate constant for the degradation of methylene blue （0.08287 mg/（Lmin））, which is six times higher than that of the mixed rutile/anatase phase TiO2 photocatalytic standard P25 （0.01342 mg/（L min））. Furthermore, cycling photodegradation ex-periments confirmed the stability and reusability of this catalyst. The unique physicochemical properties resulting from the low-temperature preparation of TiO2 -180℃, including its broadband visible absorption associated with a high concentration of oxygen vacancies, large surface area, and enriched surface -OH/H2O may be responsible for this excellent photocatalytic performance. The use of as-prepared TiO2 -180℃ for practical applications is expected after further optimization.

Solvent-assisted synthesis of porous g-C_3N_4 with efficient visible-light photocatalvtic performance for NO removal

Graphitic carbon nitride（g-C3N4） with efficient photocatalytic activity was synthesized through thermal polymerization of thiourea with the addition of water（CN-W） or ethanol（CN-E） at 550 ℃for 2 h.The physicochemical properties of the g-C3N4 were investigated by X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,photoluminescence spectroscopy,diffuse-reflection spectroscopy,BET and BJH surface area characterization,and elemental analysis.The carbon content was found to have self-doped into the g-C3N4 matrix during the thermal polymerization of thiourea and ethanol.CN-W and CN-E showed considerably enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity,with NO removal percentages of 37.2%and 48.3%,respectively.Compared with pure g-C3N4,both the short and long lifetimes of the charge carriers in CN-W and CN-E were found to be prolonged.The mechanism of improved visible-light photocatalytic activity was deduced.The present work may provide a facile route to optimize the microstructure of g-C3N4photocatalysts for high-performance environmental and energy applications.

Electrodeposition of Cu_2O/g-C_3N_4 heterojunction film on an FTO substrate for enhancing visible light photoelectrochemical water splitting

An immobilized Cu2O/g-C3N4 heterojunction film was successfully made on an FTO substrate by electrophoretic deposition of g-C3N4 on a Cu2O thin film.The photoelectrochemical（PEC） performance for water splitting by the Cu2O/g-C3N4 film was better than pure g-C3N4 and pure Cu2O film.Under-0.4 V external bias and visible light irradiation,the photocurrent density and PEC hydrogen evolution efficiency of the optimized Cu2O/g-C3N4 film was-1.38 mA/cm^2 and 0.48 mL h^-1 cm^-2,respectively.The enhanced PEC performance of Cu2O/g-C3N4 was attributed to the synergistic effect of light coupling and a matching energy band structure between g-C3N4 and Cu2O as well as the external bias.

Substrate-dependent photoreactivities of BiOBr nanoplates prepared at different pH values

In this study,we showed that BiO Br nanoplates prepared at different pH values have substratedependent photocatalytic activities under visible-light irradiation. The BiO Br nanoplates synthesized at pH 1（BOB-1） degraded salicylic acid more effectively than did those obtained at pH 3（BOB-3）,but the order of their photocatalytic activities in rhodamine B（RhB） degradation were reversed. Electrochemical Mott–Schottky and zeta-potential measurements showed that BOB-1 had a more positive valence band and lower surface charge,leading to superior photocatalytic activity in salicylic acid degradation under visible light. However,BOB-3 was more powerful in RhB degradation because larger numbers of superoxide radicals were generated via electron injection from the excited RhB to its more negative conduction band under visible-light irradiation; this was confirmed using active oxygen species measurements and electron spin resonance analysis. This study deepens our understanding of the origins of organic-pollutant-dependent photoreactivities of semiconductors,and will help in designing highly active photocatalysts for environmental remediation.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Disk-Like Bi2WO6-BiPO4 Heterojunctions and Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for Rhodamine B Degradation

Novel Bi2WO6-BiPO4 photocatalysts with heterojunction structure were fabricated through a facile hydrothermal route. The photocatalytic properties of Bi2WO6-BiPO4 composites were evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B （Rh B） under simulated sunlight irradiation. The results showed that Bi2WO6-BiPO4 photocatalysts displayed much higher photocatalytic performances for Rh B degradation than the single BiPO4 and Bi2WO6. The best photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6-BiPO4 with nearly 100% Rh B degradation located at molar ratio of 1：1 after 20 min irradiation. The enhanced photo-catalytic performance could be mainly ascribed to the formation of heterojunction interface in Bi2WO6-BiPO4 which facilitated the transfer and separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, as well as the strong visible light absorption originating from the sensitization role of Bi2WO6 to BiPO4. It was also found that the photodegradation of Rh B molecules was mainly attributed to the oxidation action of the generated O2^· - radicals and partly to the action of hvb^＋ via direct hole oxidation process.

Synthesis of CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 Conjugated Microspheres and its Photocatalytic Activity

The metal complex 5-（4-aminophenyl）-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin copper （CuAPTPP） was covalently linked on the surface of TiO2 microspheres by using toluene disocyanate （TDI） as a bridging bond unit. The hydroxyl group （-OH） of TiO2 microspheres surface and the amino group （-NH2） of CuAPTPP reacted respectively with the active -NCO groups of TDI to form a surface conjugated microsphere CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 that was confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 microspheres were characterized with UV-visible, elemental analysis, XRD, SEM, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The effect of amounts of linked TDI on the performance of photocatalytic microspheres was discussed, and the optimal molar ratio of TDI：TiO2 was established. The photocatalytic activity of CuAPTPP- TDI-TiO2 was evaluated using the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue （MB） under visible-light irradiation. The results showed that, TDI, as a bond unit, was used to form a steady chemical brigdging bond linking CuAPTPP and the surface of TiO2 microspheres, and the prepared catalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation for MB degradation. The degradation rate of 20 mg/L MB could reach 98.7% under Xe- lamp （150 W） irradiation in 120 rain. The degradation of MB followed the first-order reaction model under visible light irradiation, and the rate constant of 5.1× 10^-2 min-1 and the half- life of 11.3 min were achieved. And the new photocatalyst can be recycled for 4 times, remaining 90.0% MB degradation rate.

Isolation of a Prodigiosin-producing Strain and Analysis of It's Pigments

[Objective] The aim was to isolate a prodigiosin producing strain and study its pigment fractions.[Method] Red pigment-producing bacteria was identified by physiological and biochemical characteristics after isolation in plate.By using column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography,pigment fractions were separated and purified from the extractives of the strain after fermentation in flask,and then pigment fractions were analyzed via UV-Vis and LC/MS.[Result] A red pigment-producing Serratia marcescens strain NS-17 sampled from soil of Nanchang was isolated and identified.2 pigment fractions showing similar UV-Vis and LC/MS characters were separated and purified,the characters of fraction 1 were identical to those of prodigiosin,while fraction 2 showed a special UV-Vis absorption spectrum that had not been reported.[Conclusion] A prodigiosin-producing Serratia marcescens strain NS-17 and its 2 pigment fractions were isolated.