中国教育近代化的“观念”变革:严复的探究与推进

19世纪末20世纪初,面对亡国灭种的民族危机,严复依托源于西方的社会进化论和经验科学方法论,立足中西文化宏观比较,揭橥“力、智、德”并重、提升全体国民素质;倡导“西学格致”、变化士民“心习”;突破“中体西用”、实现中西汇通等应对思量,赋予“教育救国”理念深层蕴涵,彰显教育变迁的时代气息,助推中国教育近代化迈向“观念”变革的新阶段。尽管他的探究似有避重就轻之嫌,但瑕不掩瑜。其中,“三育”模式奠定的人的质量规格的近代化因子;注重科学方法训练与科学精神陶冶;不论新旧、不问中西,汲取精华冶为一炉等主张,对于当今教育改革仍有启示。

唯物史观研究的“方法论”探新与“问题域”转换

唯物史观的现实解释力和理论效力需给予当代阐释。唯物史观本身的价值正在于其面对现实社会不断出现的新问题并对其进行富有历史感和时代感的理论思考。唯物史观的研究必须扩展理论探讨空间和凸显其问题意识,必须积极关注当代世界和中国社会发展的现实问题和发展趋势,进而在更为广阔的历史视域层面秉承其理论主旨、洞悉其理论逻辑,彰显其理论特质。帕森斯、萨特和吉登斯等现代西方社会理论家对马克思社会历史观的解读给予当下学界阐释历史唯物主义学说提供了一条可资借鉴的理论路径。

严复译、叙,研发近世西学和黑格尔辩证法研介的历史功绩与疏漏

严复(1852-1921)是向西方求真理的先进中国思想家。他早年赴英习海军,学贯中西。他站在变法图强的维新变法的立场上,鼎力倡言近世西方自然科学的"求真学"重实验的精神。他提倡重实验观察的"新学风",弃绝误国害民的中土八股取士的旧学。他对近世西方穆勒名学,培根的科学归纳法进行了科学的陈述,尤其是他能摆脱西方实证主义和新黑格尔派对黑格尔辩证法的偏见,站在变革求新的新视角首次向国人推荐《天演论》与黑格尔的进步辩证法。

Herland An All-female Women＇s Utopia

Charlotte Gilman＇s utopian masterpiece Herland （1915） dramatizes a confrontation between three men and an all-female society. Gilman not only creates a political vacuum, where the whole patriarchal civilization, including patriarchal system, superstructure, ideology, influence, and consciousness have ceased to exist, but also men are done away with all together. Most reviews claim that Herland criticizes the patriarchal tradition and manifests concern for humanity and some even regard Herland as the first truly feminist work in the American tradition. But this supposedly utopian world is actually static, without possibilities of growth and even inhuman, gothic, and nightmarish. And this is because Gilman constructs the women＇s utopia out of the conviction in women＇s superiority over men. Herland is a little paradise that is designed too perfect. Women＇s utopias still need to promote social change in the real world