地方政府创新制度扩散中的“观望”行为与治理策略——以租赁房制度为例

地方政府创新制度扩散是某项创新制度在大范围内进行传播与推广的过程,其有助于国家整体创新能力与治理能力提升。但地方政府创新制度扩散过程中经常会出现“观望”行为,即地方政府官员主观性地延迟制度扩展,当创新制度的社会效益高于经济效益,且中央重视度不足时,地方政府的“理性经济人”属性就会侵蚀创新制度的社会属性,这是“观望”行为产生的一般逻辑。地方政府创新制度扩散中的“观望”行为有违人民利益与社会福祉,因此需要对其进行治理。一把手要实现政绩观纠偏与主动学习,同时还要完善创新制度扩散的激励机制、增强创新制度扩散的竞争效应、强化创新制度扩散的监督与巡视,使创新制度能够得到有效扩散,推动国家治理目标实现。

金融衍生品交易中“观望权”现象研究

"观望权"是指金融衍生品交易一方当对手方发生破产等违约事件时,为了避险或套利在"瑕疵资产"与"终止净额结算"制度之间进行选择,从而发生的一种观望事态发展、使待履行交易处于停滞状态的现象。"观望权"现象的存在给金融衍生品交易带来了极大的不确定性,而英美法院在相关案件中所持的不同态度又使交易主协议的域外效力面临巨大的法律风险。"观望权"在本质上是当事人的一种制度选择行为,它通常因交易主协议本身的制度缺陷及其法律漏洞而引起。解决由此引发的法律问题应从完善主协议入手,包括对先决条件设置存续期间,避免"无限度"的拒绝履行,同时通过补充协议澄清主协议文本的含义,以弥补法律漏洞并加强制度衔接。

Children's expectancy beliefs and subjective task values through two years of school-based program and associated links to physical education enjoyment and physical activity

Purpose：The present study examined the patterns of children＇s expectancy beliefs and subjective task values through the Physical Activity as Civil Skill Program and associated links to physical education enjoyment and total physical activity.Methods：The sample comprised 401 children aged 9–13 years from 3 small towns located in North-East Finland.All children received school-based activities across 2-year program from Grades 5 to 7.The present data were collected using questionnaires across 3 measurement phases during 2012–2014.Results：The levels of expectancy beliefs and subjective task values indicated to be relatively high and the development was stable through the program,especially in terms of expectancy beliefs,attainment value,and cost.In contrast,interest value and utility value decreased over the particular period of time.Boys believed they are physically more competent when compared to other students and valued physical education classes more important than girls.In addition,the higher the physical activity level the children reported,the higher the physical education enjoyment they perceived.Conclusion：The current program including actions to increase physical activity through manipulation of psychological and physical school environment modification indicated to be an effective strategy to prohibit declining levels of children＇s expectancy beliefs and task values.

Development and Prospect of Study on Soil Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics under Strong-Motion

Ground motions are significantly influenced by dynamic characteristics of overburden soil layers near ground surface,as thick and soft soil layers would obviously amplify the ground motion strength. The conventional research method on soil nonlinear dynamic characteristics under strong motions is based on experiments in laboratories for the deficiency of observation data,but it is difficult to reliably simulate the complex factors of soils in actual earthquake durations,including loading paths,boundary conditions,and drainage conditions. The incremental data of the vertical downhole observation array,which is comprised of at least one observation point on ground surface and one observation point in a downhole rock base, makes it possible to study soil nonlinear dynamics according to in situ observation data,and provides new basic data and development opportunities to soil nonlinear dynamics studies.

From the Definition of the Consumers' Expectations to the Instrumental Validation: How to Objectivize Perceptions in Conception Products ?

In answer to the important technological deployment, consumers express a need of physical reassuring and tangible contact. The perceived quality exceeds the role of brand image’s vector by perceptions’ differentiation to constitute an irrational link between objective characteristics (power engine, resistance) and subjective perceptions (facilitated hand grip, hardness of a steering wheel). The emotional expectations’ controls turn out many fields. It supposed to know and understand the perceptions of its customers. Its feelings must be objectively identified and quantified to be reproduced. The touch is the most solicited sense after the sight during the exploration of a product but it still undertaken in account. After an explication of sensory data’s integration to products’ conception, we resume different techniques to objectivize perceptions and how to link them to consumers’ preference. Then we present a new philosophy Touch design, which attest that the characterisation of the tactile feeling transmitted by a product is an important challenge. At least, we insist on the necessary coordination between design and technical engineering leading to the development of sensory communication tools and sensory-instrumental correlations.

Long Time Series Observations from Antarctica with the International Concordia Explorer Telescope （ICE-T）

The Intemational Concordia explorer telescope （ICE-T） is a f/1.1 Schmidt telescope, 61 cm aperture, with two optical tubes equipped with identical charged coupled devices 10.3× 10.3 k, 9μ pixel size, ultra-wide-fieldwith a total FOV of 65 square degrees. Its aim is to operate at Dome C, the French-Italian Antarctic Station, taking advantage of the long winter night for continuous observations. It is optimized for high precision photometry in two separate filters Sloan g and Sloan i ranging from 100 mmag to 10 mmag （from 9 to16 mag）. Among the scientific tasks there are the detection of hot Jupiters and Super Earths with the transit method, and related magnetic activity of the hosting stars. The 4m Radom dome for ICE-T together with 3 foundation pillars and the cables bundle have been already successfully installed in January 2009.

Lunar project ILOM:application of the analytical theory of Lunar physical libration for the simulation of star observations

This study briefly describes the targets and problems of the future Japanese project In situ Lunar Orientation Measurement(ILOM),which is planned for the year 2017.One of the important parts of the project is to place a small optical telescope on the Lunar surface with the purpose to detect the Lunar physical libration with unprecedented accuracy 0.001 arcsec.At the present stage of research the computer simulation of future observations is going on,aiming to determine the moments of transition of a star through the first meridian and the polar distance of the star.Rotation of the Moon is being calculated under the analytical theory developed in the frame of a theme of the grant.A list of stars brighter than 12 m,whose coordinates are close to the Lunar precession pole motion,was constructed on the basis of several star catalogues.On average,for each moment of observation in the field of view of the telescope(1°) there are approximately 20-25 stars.Analyses of simulated stellar tracks observable from the Lunar surface(in a polar zone) reveal the significant difference from daily parallels of stars in comparison with the Earth.During one Lunar "day" equal 237 terrestrial days,a star moves on a spiral.However,depending on a longitude of a star,these spirals can be untwisted or twisted.In the latter case a star can describe a loop in the sky of the Moon during the period of supervision.Such an unusual astrometric phenomenon combined with the slow rotation of the Moon is compared with the Earth and the fast precession motion of the Lunar pole(in comparison with the precession motion of a terrestrial pole).

Plinthite and Its Associated Evolutionary Forms in Soils and Landscapes:A Review

At elevated temperature regimes and abundant precipitation, mobilization and accretion of weathered iron oxides are promoted especially in a reduced environments in the tropics. This may lead to the formation of plinthite, which hardens irreversibly upon repeated wetting and drying to form petroplinthite. The need for this review stems from the seemingly dearth of information on the subject and a need to clarify different terms used in describing plinthite. We review various research works on plinthite and its associated pedogenic forms in the tropics. Furthermore, we proffer recommendations as to the most appropriate land use management practices that could help minimise the environmental and agronomic problems associated with plinthite and its related pedogenic forms. Parent material, temperature, seasonality and geomorphology are critical factors that influence soil water regime which in turn affect the pedogenesis of plinthite. Soil pH and mineralogy are additional factors that could also promote plinthite formation. Fossil plinthic soils are potential proxies for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Measures used in the management of plinthic soils include mechanically breaking the hardpans and the use of organic and inorganic amendments to modify the structure and chemistry of the soils. Avoidance of practices that would predispose soils to erosion would also prevent plinthization. We call for the relinquishment of the term ＂[aterite＂ which is a generM term for all forms of iron oxide-enriched earthy materials as used for plinthite. Plinthic horizon should also be incorporated into the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy in view of its growing importance in soils.

Constraints of f(R) gravity in Palatini approach with observational Hubble data

We use the newly released observational H(z) data (OHD), the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) shift parameter, and the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements data to constrain cosmological parameters of f(R) gravity in Palatini formalism in which the f(R) form is defined as f(R) = R β/Rn. Under the assumption of a spatially flat FRW universe, we get the best fitting results of the free parameters (Ωm0, n). In the calculation, we marginalize the likelihood function over H0 by integrating the probability density P ∝ e-χ2/2 to obtain the best fitting results and the confidence regions in the Ωm0-n plane. The constraints results of (Ωm0, n) = (0.33, 0.41) by OHD only and (Ωm0, n) = (0.23, 0.08) by the combination of OHD+CMB+BAO both indicate that the universe goes through three last phases, i.e., radiation dominated, matter-dominated, and late time accelerated expansion without introduction of dark energy.

Simultaneous multicolor photometry of fast-moving objects using the 1-meter telescope at Xinglong Observatory

Simultaneous multicolor photometry of fast-moving objects is discussed in this paper. In conventional astronomical photometry, the accuracy of flux and color indices of fast-moving objects is affected by the variations of the targets and weather conditions in space and time domains.We optimize related techniques and methods of observation and data reduction, including image cal- ibration, background fitting, targets detection and location, isophotal photometry, and flux calibration by using background stars from different fields. We consider that simultaneous multicolor data acquisition and differential flux calibration are critical for improving photometric accuracy of fast-moving objects. Our results show the photometric accuracy is better than 5% based on the observations carried out by a 1-meter telescope under ordinary, non-photometric conditions.

Constraining the lattice fluid dark energy from SNe Ia,BAO and OHD

Sanchez and Lacombe have developed a lattice fluid theory based on a well-defined statistical mechanical model.Taking the lattice fluid as a candidate of dark energy,we investigate the cosmic evolution of this fluid.Using the combined observational data of Type Ia Supernova(SNe Ia) Union2.1,Baryon Acoustic Oscillations(BAO) data from 6dFGS,SDSS and WiggleZ survey,and Observational Hubble Data(OHD),we find the best fit value of the parameters:A = 0.3 ± 0.2(1σ) ± 0.4(2σ) ± 0.8(3σ) and Ω m = 0.31 ± 0.02(1σ) ± 0.05(2σ) ± 0.07(3σ).The cosmological implications of the model are presented.

Exploration of Galactic γ-ray supernova remnants

New generational very-high-energy telescope arrays have been detecting more than 120 TeV γ-ray sources. Multi-wavelength observations on these z-ray sources have proven to be robust in shedding light on their nature. The coming radio telescope arrays like ASKAP and FAST may find more faint （extended） radio sources due to their better sensitivities and resolutions, might identify more previously un-identified γ-ray sources and set many new targets for future deep surveys by very-highenergy ground-based telescopes like LHAASO. We in the paper summarize a list of known Galactic γ-ray Supernova Remnants （SNRs） with or without radio emissions so far, which includes some SNRs deserving top priority for future multi-wavelength observations.

Microstructures of the interlayer in Mo/Si multilayers induced by proton irradiation

In this work,the microstructure and optical properties of the Mo/Si multilayers mirror for the space extreme-ultraviolet solar telescope before and after 100 keV proton irradiation have been investigated.EUV/soft X-ray reflectometer(EXRR) results showed that,after proton irradiation,the reflectivity of the Mo/Si multilayer decreased from 12.20% to 8.34% and the center wavelength revealed red shift of 0.38 nm,as compared with those before proton irradiation.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) observations revealed the presence of MoSi 2,Mo 3 Si and Mo 5 Si 3 in Mo-on-Si interlayers before irradiation.The preferred orientation such as MoSi 2 with(101) texture and Mo 5 Si 3 with(310) texture was formed in Mo-on-Si interlayers after proton irradiation,which led to the increase of thickness in the interlayers.It is suggested that the changes of microstructures in Mo/Si multilayers under proton irradiation could cause optical properties degradation.

Relationships between Genetic Diversity of Vascular Plant Species and Climate Factors

Genetic diversity is crucial for plants to respond to global climate change,and exploring relationships between genetic diversity and climatic factors may help predict how global climate change will shape the genetic diversity of plants in the future.So far,however,the extent and magnitude of the impact of climatic factors on the genetic diversity of plants has not been clarified.We collected data from 68published papers on two widely used measures of genetic diversity of populations (average expected heterozygosity (He)and average observed heterozygosity (Ho))and on localities of populations of 79vascular plants,and extracted data on 19 climatic factors from WorldClim.We then explored the relationships between measures of genetic diversity and climatic factors using linear regressions.He of plant populations was significantly correlated with climatic factors in 58.7%(44)of the 75 species that used He as a measure of genetic diversity,and Ho was correlated with climatic factors in 65.1% (41)of the 63 species that used this genetic diversity measure.In general,Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, Precipitation Seasonality,Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Temperature Seasonality played a vital role in shaping He,and Ho was mostly correlated with Precipitation of Warmest Quarter,Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Precipitation of Driest Month.Also,the proportion of the significant correlations between genetic diversity of populations and climatic factors was higher for woody than for herbaceous species, and different climatic factors played different roles in shaping genetic diversity of these two growth forms.Our results suggest that climate may play an important role in shaping genetic diversity of plant populations,that climatic change in the future may alter genetic diversity of plants,and that genetic diversity of different plant forms may respond to climatic change differently.

Is the possible fine-structure constant drift also a test of a time-dependent Planck constant?

The recent publication of spatial and distance variation of the fine-structure constant, α, derived from astronomical data of quasar emissions (QE) is exciting. The decreasing value of α over time, derived from data obtained from the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, encourages the search for other possible running constants. We surmise that emissions from distant supernovae, type Ia (SNe Ia), which are more blue than predictions are best explained by a decreasing Planck constant with increasing lookback time. We present some results from our theoretical work and comparison to the astronomical observations and suggest that both α and h might be running constants. More data are required to answer several questions about the origin of the "drifting" α and the possible time dependence of h. Astronomical tools such as SNe and QE may be the best means to secure the exacting data needed to confirm or deny these hypotheses.

Zitterbewegung in Bogoliubov's System

We show that Bogoliubov＇s quasiparticle in superfluid 3He-B undergoes the Zitterbewegung, as a free relativistic Dirac＇s electron does. The expectation value of position, as well as spin, of the quasiparticle is obtained and compared with that of the Dirac＇s electron, In particular, the Zitterbewegung of Bogoliubov＇s quasiparticle has a frequency approximately 105 lower than that of an electron, rendering a more promising experimented observation.