“解手”来源纠谬

排便义"解手",既不是"解溲"音近而讹,也不是缘于排便义"解"的双音化,跟明清时期的移民传说也无关,而是由唐宋时期解决义"解手"引申发展而来,是一个婉辞用法。

“解手”

在古时候是指朋友相逢高兴的“携手”，等于现在的握手，离别时称“解手”。 可是到了明代，这个充满友情的词，就变成了另一种含意了。明洪武永乐年间，发现许多省份，有地广人稀，地狭人稠的现象，因此太祖、成祖多次下令，将人稠之地人民迁往人稀之地。

上厕所为何也叫“解手”？

大小便同“解手”有什么关系呢？据说也是来自于古大槐树下迁民，是从那时候才开始的。迁民是强制性的，人们用各种方法反抗着。移民官员和押解的差人，怕他们半路逃跑，在编队定员之后，便把他们捆绑起来，才肯上路。先是大绑，即绑住两条胳膊，行动起来很不方便。后来又改用“小绑”，每人只绑一只胳膊，几十个人连在一条绳子上，相互牵连在一起，一人要动，牵动别人，谁也跑不脱。因此，无论在行路当中，还是晚上歇息的时候，如果其中有人要大便或者小便，就要恳求押解的差人，给他们捆在胳膊上的绳子解开。

为什么把上厕所称为“解手”

把大便、小便，说戒“解手”，在我国许多地方都是这样。太小便同“解手”有什么关系呢？据说这说法来自于古夹槐树迂民，是从那时候才开始的。迁民是强制性的，穷家难舍故土难离，人们用各种方法反抗着迁移。移民官员和押解的差人，怕他们半路逃跑，在编队定员乏后，

Theoretical Study on Destruction Mechanism of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by O3 and NO3

In order to improve the destruction efficiency of dioxins and also for developing new dioxin control technology, the destruction mechanisms of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin （2,3,7,8-TCDD） by O3 and NO3, were investigated employing quantum chemical calculations. For involved reactions, the microcosmic reaction processes were analyzed and depicted in detail based on geometry optimizations made by the B3LYP/6-31G（d） method. At the same time, the reaction activation energies were also calculated at the MP2/6- 311G（d,p）//B3LYP/6-31G（d） level. Configuration analysis indicated that 2,3,7,8-TCDD could be destroyed by 03 and NO3 in two different ways. The destruction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by 03 proceeded via the addition of 03 and the cleavage of C=C while the destruction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by NO3 proceeded via the substitution of chlorine by NO3. Calculated results show that, the activation energy of the destruction reaction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by NO3 （267.48 kJ/mol） is much larger than that of the destruction reaction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by O3 （51.20 kJ/mol）. This indicated that the destruction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by 03 is much more efficient than that of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by NO3. The reason why the activation energy for the destruction reaction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by NO3 is so large, is also discussed.

Surgical Significance of the Aortic Root and its Neighbouring Structure Relationships

Objective: To measure the calibration of different levels in aortic root andevaluate the relationships between the aortic sinuses and its neighbouring structure. Methods:Thirty heart specimens from cadaver of normal adult were studied. The dimensions of four levels inaortic root were measured and the relationships between the aortic sinues and its neighbouringstructure were observed. Results: The dimensions of four levels in aortic root obtained as follows;Sinus > STJ1 > STJ0 > Base (P < 0.05) . The dimensions of the aortic valve leaflets were measured.The right coronary leaflet was larger than those of the left coronary and noncor-onary leaflets .But there was no statistical signiftcane (P > 0.05) . The relationships between the middle axis ofthe anterior valve of the bicuspid valve and the aortic sinuses were examined. The middle axis ofthe anterior valve in 26 specimens (86.6%) located between the left coronary sinus and thenoncoronary sinus . The relationship between the aortic prominence of the right atrium and theaortic sinuses was examined. The aortic prominence was formed from noncoronary sinus in 22 specimens(73.3%) . The relationship between the middle point of the right and left pulmonary valves and theaortic sinuses was examined. The middle point of the right and left pulmonary valves in 24 specimens(80%) was faced to the point between the right and left aortic sinuses . Conclusion: The dimensionof the four levels in aortic root is as follows, sinus > STJ1 > STJ0 > Base (P < 0.05) . There wasno statistical significance in the size of the three aortic valve leaflets (P > 0.05).

Lateral-torsional buckling of box beam with corrugated steel webs

Corrugated steel web is folded along the longitudinal direction and has the mechanical properties such as axial compression stiffness corrugation effect, shear modulus corrugation effect, similar to that of an accordion. In order to study the lateral-torsional buckling of box beams with corrugated steel webs (BBCSW) under the action of bending moment load, the neutral equilibrium equation of BBCSW under the action of bending moment load is derived through the stationary value theory of total potential energy and further, along with taking Kollbrunner-Hajdin correction method and the mechanical properties of the corrugated web into consideration. The analytical calculation formula of lateral-torsional buckling critical bending moment of BBCSW is then obtained. The lateral-torsional buckling critical bending moment of 96 BBCSW test specimens with different geometry dimensions are then calculated using both the analytical calculation method and ANSYS finite element method. The results show that the analytical calculation results agree well with the numerical calculation results using ANSYS, thus proving the accuracy of the analytical calculation method and model simplification hypothesis proposed in this paper. Also, compared with the box beams with flat steel webs (BBFSW) with the same geometry dimensions as BBCSW, within the common range of web space-depth ratio and web span-depth ratio, BBCSW’s lateral-torsional buckling critical bending moment is larger than that of BBFSW. Moreover, the advantages of BBCSW’s stability are even more significant with the increase of web space-depth ratio and web depth-thickness ratio.

Postoperative bleeding in patients on antithrombotic therapy after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection

To investigated the relationship between postoperative bleeding following gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and individual antithrombotic agents. METHODSA total of 2488 gastric neoplasms in 2148 consecutive patients treated between May 2001 and June 2016 were studied. The antithrombotic agents were categorized into antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and other antithrombotic agents, and we included combination therapies [e.g., dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)]. The risk factors associated with post-ESD bleeding, namely, antithrombotic agents overall, individual antithrombotic agents, withdrawal or continuation of antithrombotic agents, and bleeding onset period (during the first six days or thereafter), were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTSThe en bloc resection and complete curative resection rates were 99.2% and 91.9%, respectively. Postoperative bleeding occurred in 5.1% cases. Bleeding occurred in 10.3% of the patients administered antithrombotic agents. Being male (P = 0.007), specimen size (P < 0.001), and antithrombotic agent used (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for postoperative bleeding. Heparin bridging therapy (HBT) (P = 0.002) and DAPT/multidrug combinations (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors associated with postoperative bleeding. The bleeding rate of the antithrombotic agent continuation group was significantly higher than that of the withdrawal group (P < 0.01). Bleeding within postoperative day (POD) 6 was significantly higher in warfarin (P = 0.015), and bleeding after POD 7 was significantly higher in DAPT/multidrug combinations (P = 0.007). No thromboembolic events were reported. CONCLUSIONWe must closely monitor patients administered HBT and DAPT/multidrug combinations after gastric ESD, particularly those administered multidrug combinations after discharge.

Factors Influencing Pleural Effusion after Fontan Operation:an Analysis with 95 Patients

Objective To investigate the association between preoperative,operative,and postoperative factors and persistent pleural effusion after the extracardiac Fontan procedure. Methods Ninety-five consecutive patients diagnosed with univentricular heart underwent extracardiac connection using Gore-Tax conduits at the Department of Children’s Heart Centre,Justus-Liebig-University Giessen in Germany from June 1996 to July 2007. The outcome measures were duration and volume of chest tube drainage after surgical intervention. The investigated factors included age and weight at the time of operation,anatomical diagnosis,preoperative oxygen saturation,mean pulmonary artery pressure,ventricular end-diastolic pressure,fenestration,cardiopulmonary bypass time,conduit size,postoperative pulmonary artery pressure,administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,and postoperative infection. Associations between these factors and persistent pleural effusion after the extracardiac Fontan procedure were analyzed. Results Every patient suffered postoperative effusion. The median duration of postoperative chest tube drainage was 9 days (range,3-69 days),and the median volume was 12 mL·kg-1·d-1 (range,2.0-37.5 mL·kg-1·d-1). Thirty-seven (38.9%) patients had pleural drainage for more than 15 days,and the volume in 35 (36.8%) patients exceeded 25 mL·kg-1·d-1. Nineteen (20%) patients required placement of additional chest tubes for re-accumulation of pleural effusion after removal of previous chest tubes. Fifteen (17.8%) patients were hospitalized again due to pleural effusion after discharge. The median length of hospital stay after the operation was 14 days (range,4-78 days). Multivariate analysis results showed that non-fenestration,low preoperative oxygen saturation,and postoperative infections were independent risk factors for prolonged duration of pleural drainage (P<0.05). Long cardiopulmonary bypass time,non-fenestration,small conduit size,and low preoperative oxygen saturation were independent risk factors for excessive volume of pleural drainage (P<0.05).Conclusions For reduing postoperative duration and volume of pleural drainage following Fontan procedure,it seems to be important to improve the preoperative oxygen saturation,use large size of conduit,shorten cardiopulmonary bypass time,and make fenestration during the operation,as well as avoid postoperative infections.

PREOPERATIVE SEGMENTAL LOCALIZATION OF FOCAL HEPATIC LESION ON MRI

In order to evaluate the accuracy of preoperative segmental localization of hepatic mass lesions,68 cases were prospectively studied and evaluated by the correlation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical findings. Right, middle and left hepatic veins were seen in 100%, 97% and 94% of the subjects respectively on MRI. The right and left portal veins were seen in 100% and 95.6% respectively. The accuracy in determining the segmental location of hepatic lesions was 89.7%. The accuracy could be increased to 91. 3% if the lesion was located at single segment whereas it was only 86. 4% when the lesion extended across several segments. It is possible to say that MRI is an important modality in the preoperative segmental localization of masses.

Enantioselective Degradation of Rac-Metolachlor and S-Metolachlor in Soil

Separation of chiral enantiomers and the dissipation of rac-metolachlor and S-metolachlor in soil were evaluated using achiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and chiral gas chromatography (GC) methods. Under the experimental conditions the possible metabolite was considered to be N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-acetamide. Because of the presence of two chiral elements (asymmetrically substituted carbon and chiral axis), the baseline separation of metolachlor enantiomers was not achieved. S-metolachlor degraded faster in soil than rac-metolachlor. After a 42-day incubation, 73.4% of rac-metolachlor and 90.0% of S-metolachlor were degraded. However, due to the absence of biological processes the degradation process in sterilized soil showed no enantioselectivity. The results indicated that enantioselective degradations could greatly affect the environmental fate of metolachlor and should be considered when the environmental behavior of these compounds was assessed.

Clinical Treatment and Anatomy Study of Maxillary First Molars with Five Root Canals

THE purpose of root canal treatment is to thoroughly clean the root canal system and fill it in all its dimensions.I To achieve this goal, the entire root canal system must be adequately debrided and completely filled. In clinical practice, variations in the canal morphology pose a constant challenge to endodontists in deciding on accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Knowledge of these variations is crucial for a successful endodontic treatment, especially in absence of an operating microscope or cone-beam computered tomography （CBCT）.

Autopsy study of anatomical features of the posterior gastric artery for surgical contribution

AIM： To investigate features of the posterior gastric arten/（PGA） with respect to incidence, location and size by using autopsy subjects. METHODS： Autopsies were performed on 72 cadavers of adults with no history of abdominal operations. The localization of the PGA, the distance between the root of the splenic artery and the origin of the PGA, and the external diameter of the PGA were examined. RESULTS： The PGA was recognized in all patients. In 70 （97.2%） cadavers, the PGA branched from the splenic artery, and one female in this group had two PGAs. In 1 （1.4%） patient, the PGA originated from the root of the celiac trunk and in another （1.4%） patient, the PGA branched from the superior polar artery. Overall, the PGA extended for a length of 5.8-12.2 （mean, 8.4） cm from the root of the splenic artery, and the external diameter of the PGA was 1.2-3.2 （mean, 2） mm. CONCLUSION： The anatomical features of the PGA can be readily observed and characterized by autopsy. This study has provided valuable information on the features of the PGA useful in the planning of surgical treatment.

Preoperative assessment of vascular anatomy of inferior mesenteric artery by volume-rendered 3D-CT for laparoscopic lymph node dissection with left colic artery preservation in lower sigmoid and rectal cancer

AIM： To determine the distance between the branching point of the left colic artery （LCA） and the inferior mesenteric artery （IMA） by computed tomography （CT） scanning, for preoperative evaluation before laparoscopic colorectal operation. METHODS： From February 2004 to May 2005, 100 patients （63 men, 37 women） underwent angiography performed with a 16-scanner multi-detector row CT unit （Toshiba, Aquilion 16）. All images were analyzed on a workstation （AZE Ltd, Virtual Place Advance 300）. The distance from the root of the IMA to the bifurcation of the LCA was measured by curved multi-planar reconstruction on a workstation. RESULTS： The IMA could be visualized in all the cases, but the LCA was missing in two patients. The mean distance from the root of the IMA to the root of the LCA was 42.0 mm （range, 23.2-75.0 mm）. There were no differences in gender, arterial branching types, body weight, height, and body mass index. CONCLUSION： Volume-rendered 3D-CT is helpful to assess the vascular branching anatomy for laparoscopic surgery.

New Changes of Mobile Banking Industry and Mobile Terminal-Bank Account Problem Solving Model in the Digital Era

In the digital era, the mobile-empowered customers have new power in the palms of their hands, which means that their shoppingand buying behaviors are being totally transformed by the ability to buy anything at any time from any place. Bank account is the base camp ofmoney in economic activity, therefore who wins the mobile terminal who embraces bank accounts, who embraces bank accounts who achievesthe world, for the winner can master customer resource and business foundation. This passage focuses on the issue that how to create bankaccounts on mobile terminal for mobile banking industry in the digital era, introduced the developing background of mobile banking industry,analyzed the main challenges mobile banking industry faces, and finally concluded a workable mobile terminal-bank account problem solvingmodel from strategy level, technical level and marketing level.

Air in the main pancreatic duct:A case of innocent air

Air in the main pancreatic duct has been reported only rarely and might be associated with either a spontane- ous or a surgically induced alteration of the anatomy of the biliary tract. We report a case of ＂innocent＂ air found incidentally in the main pancreatic duct. To our knowledge, this is only the third such case reported. A 54-year-old woman presented with hemoptysis that had lasted for 3 d. She underwent a chest computed tomography scan, which revealed not only focal bron- chiectasis in the left lower lobe, but also air in the main pancreatic duct and dilatation of the common bile duct. She was managed conservatively for the hemop- blsis and no further problems developed. She had no specific gastrointestinal symptoms and had no history of surgery or medication. Her laboratory parameters were normal. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancrea- tography also demonstrated air in the main pancreatic duct and a dilated common bile duct （CBD）. Duode- noscopy revealed separate biliary and pancreatic ori-rices with patulous openings and some air bubbles ap- pearing in the pancreatic orifice. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） showed the dilated CBD and pancreatic duct with some air bubbles, but no other abnormal lesions. She was discharged with no further problems. Most patients with air in the main pancreatic duct have had a pancreatobiliary disease, or a history of pancreatobiliary disease, pancreatobiliary surgery or sphincterotomy. If the air is innocent, as in our case, ERCP should be performed to evaluate any altered sphincteric function or anatomy such as patu- Ious openings.

Asymptotic Behavior of Soliton Solutions with a Double Spectral Parameter for Principal Chiral Field

The soliton solutions with a double spectral parameter for the principal chiral field are derived by Darboux transformation. The asymptotic behavior of the solutions as time tends to infinity is obtained and the speeds of the peaks in the asymptotic solutions are not constants.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9:A deleterious link between hepatic ischemia-reperfusion and colorectal cancer

Despite the advent of improved surgical techniques and the development of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents useful for the treatment of colorectal cancer,the primary clinical challenge remains that of preventing and combating metastatic spread.Surgical resection is the best treatment for colorectal metastases isolated to the liver.However,in rodent models,the hepatic ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) applied during the surgery accelerates the outgrowth of implanted tumors.Among the adverse effects of I/R on cellular function,several studies have demonstrated an over expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) in the ischemic liver.Since several studies showed high local levels of expression and activity of this proteolytic enzyme in the primary colorectal adenocarcinoma,the role of MMP-9 might be considered as a potential common mediator,favoring both growth of local tumor and the dissemination of colorectal carcinoma metastases.

A Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the Views and Constructs for Knowledge Management in India

For a modem organization, KM （Knowledge Management） plays a critical role in terms of strategy development. Key determinants of KM lead to better understanding of various influences that enable and organisation to face competitors. For this reason, sharing and managing knowledge in an organization involves a series of activities that are related to the specific functional aspects of that organisation. In order to foster KM in an organisation, these functional aspects must be understood properly, and within the context of a given organisation, its geographical location and the cultural aspects of the given organisation. This was the premise on which this study was conducted with Indian organisations. A mixed method approach was used to understand the views of Indian region towards KM in this study, be selecting 400 participants in four major each cities. A second order regression model was built using Structural Equation Model to arrive at nine constructs that are relevant to KM in an organisation.

Cross the chasm from the immediate execution of death penalty to the death sentence with a reprieve --- Interpretation of the ＂not to execute immediately＂

Retaining the death penalty and strict restricting the application of the death penalty is now a basic criminal policy in China, and from the judicial level, the key to the restriction of the death penalty is to study what lenient sentencing discretion the criminal has to constitute ＂not to execute immediately＂ when he has reached the standard of the immediate execution of the death penalty, to cross the chasm from the immediate execution of the death penalty to the death sentence with a reprieve. The basic process of the sentencing is to establish a baseline punishment on the basis of the social harmfulness of the activities of the criminal, and then measure the profits and losses according to the offender＇s personal danger. Therefore, although the social harmfulness of the activities of the criminal reaches the standard of the ＂most heinous crimes＂, due to the existence of the fault of the victim, active compensation for the victim, and the motives of the small blames and other lenient sentencing discretions, the criminal＇s danger has not reached the degree of ＂flagrance＂. Apply the death sentence with a two-year reprieve and even the life imprisonment generally. If there are some strict sentencing discretions, such as ＂the crime means is extremely cruel＂, carefully consider the use of the immediate execution of the death penalty. Under the circumstances of the concurrence of the sentencing, carry on the overall consideration based on the comprehensive measurement of various circumstances of the sentencing.