基于《灵枢》“解结”理论探析温通针法治疗原发性痛经

“结”是气血与邪气结聚的一种病理状态,“解结”为“疏通郁结,通达经气”之意。原发性痛经由于气血的周期性变化,经期容易感邪,导致冲任气血不畅,邪结于胞宫不得通下而作痛,加之经期气血外溢,平素气血亏虚、肝肾不足者,血气化生不足,易出现虚结。温通针法温煦气血、化寒湿、散瘀血、解邪结,可改变气血郁滞不通的病理状态,使瘀血得祛,郁结得通。常用处方有温经散寒方、疏肝理气方、补益气血方、补益肝肾方等。准确取穴,双手配合是实施针刺手法的先决条件。该针法不仅可以治疗原发性痛经,也适用于因气滞、寒湿、瘀血、痰凝之结闭阻经脉、气血的虚实夹杂类疾病。

文化系统:“解结”民俗在乡风文明建设中的影响、转化与发展

渝西农村地区“解结”民俗原有“延生解结”和“阴解结”两种,如今大多作为整体的一部分嵌入到临终仪式中。“解结”民俗中含纳众多历史典故,彰显丰富的孝道伦理文化和社会公德文化。仪式蕴含强烈持久的情感和动机,阐明了普遍的道德秩序,当其披上实在性气味的外衣以后,即成为文化系统的民间信俗。通过分析“解结”民俗的当下功用及影响,进一步探讨该民俗文化创造性转化和创新性发展的可能性方式,以期更好地助推乡风文明建设。

Characterization of the dissociation pathways of dichloromethane and glutathione in dichloromethane dehalogenase

Dichloromethane(DCM)dehalogenase stands as a crucial enzyme implicated in the degradation of methylene chloride across diverse environmental and biological contexts.However,the unbinding pathways of ligands from DCM dehalogenase remain unexplored.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the binding sites and dissociation pathways of dichloromethane(DCM)and glutathione(GSH)from the DCM dehalogenase,random accelerated molecular dynamics(RAMD)simulations were performed,in which DCM and GSH were forced to leave the active site.The protein structure was predicted using Alphafold2,and the conformations of GSH and DCM in the binding pocket were predicted by docking.A long equilibrium simulation was conducted to validate the structure of the complex.The results show that GSH is most commonly observed in three main pathways,one of which is more important than the other two.In addition,DCM was observed to escape along a unique pathway.The key residues and protein helices of each pathway were identified.The results can provide a theoretical foundation for the subsequent dissociation mechanism of DCM dehalogenase.

Optimization of Channel Structure of Alkaline Water Electrolyzer by Using an Expanded Mesh as a Bipolar Plate

Alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)is the most mature technology for hydrogen production by water electrolysis.Alkaline water electrolyzer consists of multiple electrolysis cells,and a single cell consists of a diaphragm,electrodes,bipolar plates and end plates,etc.The existing industrial bipolar plate channel is concave-convex structure,which is manufactured by complicated and high-cost mold punching.This structure still results in uneven electrolyte flow and low current density in the electrolytic cell,further increasing in energy consumption and cost of AWE.Thereby,in this article,the electrochemical and flow model is firstly constructed,based on the existing industrial concave and convex flow channel structure of bipolar plate,to study the current density,electrolyte flow and bubble distribution in the electrolysis cell.The reliability of the model was verified by comparison with experimental data in literature.Among which,the electrochemical current density affects the bubble yield,on the other hand,the generated bubbles cover the electrode surface,affecting the active specific surface area and ohmic resistance,which in turn affects the electrochemical reaction.The result indicates that the flow velocity near the bottom of the concave ball approaches zero,while the flow velocity on the convex ball surface is significantly higher.Additionally,vortices are observed within the flow channel structure,leading to an uneven distribution of electrolyte.Next,modelling is used to optimize the bipolar plate structure of AWE by simulating the electrochemistry and fluid flow performances of four kinds of structures,namely,concave and convex,rhombus,wedge and expanded mesh,in the bipolar plate of alkaline water electrolyzer.The results show that the expanded mesh channel structure has the largest current density of 3330 A/m^(2)and electrolyte flow velocity of 0.507 m/s in the electrolytic cell.Under the same current density,the electrolytic cell with the expanded mesh runner structure has the smallest potential and energy consumption.This work provides a useful guide for the comprehensive understanding and optimization of channel structures,and a theoretical basis for the design of large-scale electrolyzer.

In-situ building of multiscale porous NiFeZn/NiZn-Ni heterojunction for superior overall water splitting

The development of efficient nonprecious bifunctional electrocatalysts for water electrolysis is crucial to enhance the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).A self-supporting,multiscale porous NiFeZn/NiZn-Ni catalyst with a triple interface heterojunction on nickel foam(NF)(NiFeZn/NiZn-Ni/NF)was in-situ fabricated using an electroplating-annealing-etching strategy.The unique multiinterface engineering and three-dimensional porous scaffold significantly modify the mass transport and electron interaction,resulting in superior bifunctional electrocatalytic performance for water splitting.The NiFeZn/NiZn-Ni/NF catalyst demonstrates low overpotentials of 187 m V for HER and 320 mV for OER at a current density of 600 mA/cm^(2),along with high durability over 150 h in alkaline solution.Furthermore,an electrolytic cell assembled with NiFeZn/NiZn-Ni/NF as both the cathode and anode achieves the current densities of 600 and 1000 m A/cm^(2) at cell voltages of 1.796 and 1.901 V,respectively,maintaining the high stability at 50 mA/cm^(2) for over 100 h.These findings highlight the potential of NiFeZn/NiZn-Ni/NF as a cost-effective and highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting.

Amorphous core-shell NiMoP@CuNWs rod-like structure with hydrophilicity feature for efficient hydrogen production in neutral media

Using interface engineering,a highly efficient catalyst with a shell@core structure was successfully synthesized by growing an amorphous material composed of Ni,Mo,and P on Cu nanowires(Ni-MoP@CuNWs).This catalyst only requires an overpotential of 35 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).The exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity is attributed to the unique amorphous rod-like nature of NiMoP@CuNWs,which possesses a special hydrophilic feature,en-hances mass transfer,promotes effective contact between the electrode and electrolyte solution,and exposes more active sites during the catalytic process.Density functional theory revealed that the introduction of Mo weakens the binding strength of the Ni site on the catalyst surface with the H atom and promotes the desorption process of the H_(2) product significantly.Owing to its facile syn-thesis,low cost,and high catalytic performance,this electrocatalyst is a promising option for com-mercial applications as a water electrolysis catalyst.

A dendritic Cu/Cu_(2)O structure with high curvature enables rapid and efficient reduction of carbon dioxide to C_(2) in an H-cell

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)(CO_(2)RR)to multicarbon products is an efficient approach for ad-dressing the energy crisis and achieving carbon neutrality.In H-cells,achieving high-current C_(2)products is challenging because of the inefficient mass transfer of the catalyst and the presence of the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).In this study,dendritic Cu/Cu_(2)O with abundant Cu^(0)/Cu^(+)interfaces and numerous dendritic curves was synthesized in a CO_(2)atmosphere,resulting in the high selectivity and current density of the C_(2)products.Dendritic Cu/Cu_(2)O achieved a C_(2)Faradaic efficiency of 69.8%and a C_(2)partial current density of 129.5 mA cm^(-2)in an H-cell.Finite element simulations showed that a dendritic structure with a high curvature generates a strong electric field,leading to a localized CO_(2)concentration.Additionally,DRT analysis showed that a dendritic struc-ture with a high curvature actively adsorbed the surrounding high concentration of CO_(2),enhancing the mass transfer rate and achieving a high current density.During the experiment,the impact of the electronic structure on the performance of the catalyst was investigated by varying the atomic ratio of Cu^(0)/Cu^(+) on the catalyst surface,which resulted in improved ethylene selectivity.Under the optimal atomic ratio of Cu^(0)/Cu^(+),the charge transfer resistance was minimized,and the desorption rate of the intermediates was low,favoring C_(2) generation.Density functional theory calculations indicated that the Cu^(0)/Cu^(+) interfaces exhibited a lower Gibbs free energy for the rate-determining step,enhancing C_(2)H_(4) formation.The Cu/Cu_(2)O catalyst also exhibited a low Cu d-band center,which enhanced the adsorption stability of *CO on the surface and facilitated C_(2)formation.This observa-tion explained the higher yield of C_(2) products at the Cu^(0)/Cu^(+) interface than that of H_(2) under rapid mass transfer.The results of the net present value model showed that the H-cell holds promising industrial prospects,contingent upon it being a catalyst with both high selectivity and high current density.This approach of integrating the structure and composition provides new insights for ad-vancing the CO_(2)RR towards high-current C_(2) products.

Morphological,Anatomical and Genetic Analysis for a Rice Mutant with Abnormal Hull

A mutant with abnormal hull was first discovered from a twin-seedling strain W2555 in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The mutant had sparse branches and decreased number of florets from the base to the peak. Frequently, the florets at the top of the panicle did not develop completely. The underdeveloped florets often showed slender and white in their life cycle. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant traits were controlled by a single recessive gene （temporarily designated as ah）. ah gene controlled the development of inflorescence meristem and the flower organ. The florets of mutant showed degenerated lemma and palea. Stamens and lodicules were homeoticly transformed into pistils and palea/lemma-like structures, respectively. It seemed that ah mutant phenotypes of the homeotic conversions in lodicules and stamens were very similar to that of the B loss-of-function spwl gene reported previously in rice.

Research Progress on Leaf Anatomical Structures of Plants Under Drought Stress

Plants usually suffer drought stress during their growth process. As the photosynthetic activity center of plants, the leaf is the most sensitive organ under drought stress. In order to support the research on drought resistance of higher plants, this study reviewed the adaptation response and damage performance of epidermal structure, palisade tissue and spongy tissue, thickness, veins and stomata of plant leaves under drought stress.

Evolution Mechanism of Calcium Carbonate in Solution

Calcium carbonate was synthesized in a CaCl2/NaCO3 mixed solution by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） as an additive. The thermodynamics and kinetics analyses indicate that although the driving force of amorphous calcium carbonate （ACC） precipitation is always less than that of calcite and vaterite precipitation, the nucleation rate of ACC is greater than that of calcite and vaterite at the initial stage of the precipitation reaction. With the increasing incubation time, vaterite and calcite particles nucleate heterogeneously by using the as-formed particles as active sites. Scanning electron microscopy images indicate that the transformation mechanism of ACC and vaterite to calcite is the dissolution-recrystallisation reaction. The presence of EDTA not only improves the stabilities of ACC and vaterite, but also leads to forming enlongated, connected rhombohedral calcite crystals after incubation 7 days in solutions. The ACC and vaterite are stabler in air than in solutions at room temperature, although the dissolution-recrystallisation reaction occurs on the surface.

Study on Structure Evolution of Leaves of 3 Plants in Vicia

This study was conducted to compare leaf anatomical structures and ap- parent plant print characteristics of 3 Vicia plants from Changbai Mountains applying structural botany principle and fingerprint identification technology, aiming at dis- cussing the structure evolution law of Vicia plants and providing scientific reference for research about classification, genetic relationship and evolutionary trend of this genus. The comparison of leaf anatomical structures of Vicia lilacina, V. pseu- dorobus and V. unijuga showed that： V. unijuga has tidily arranged leaf epidermal cells, thickened outer tangential wall cuticle, large diameter of xylem vessels, and developed midrib fibrocytes which form vascular bundle sheaths. Plant print identifi- cation results showed that the tested 3 plants showed remarkable differences in leaf apparent texture and anticlinal wall type though plant print characteristics of appar- ent structures of plants in the same genus had homologous similarity. V. lilacina has no subsidiary cells, and apparent textures of V. pseudorobus and V. unijuga are both of paracytic unequal type. Statistical analysis showed that V. unijuga is more advanced than V. pseudorobus. The 3 tested plants are in evolutionary rela- tionship of V. lilacina〈V, pseudorobus〈V, unijuga.

Growth and Development of Staminate Inflorescence and Anatomic Observation of Male Chestnut Flower

The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successively. About 50 days were needed from the formation of staminate inflorescence on the base of branch to ful y develop the staminate inflorescence on the top of the branch. On the same staminate inflorescence, male flower clusters of the base formed first, then upward successively. About 20 days were needed from the formation of stami-nate inflorescence on the base of the male flower cluster to ful y develop the stami-nate inflorescence on the top of the branch. 5-7 male flowers forming a cluster, the flower number in a cluster was odd number usual y, and there was one on the top and each two paral el y arranged downward. The flower on the top came into bloom first, and then downward successively. The flowers paral el y arranged came into bloom at the same time. Sporangium of male flower of chestnut was monolocular. There were a large number of pol en grains in the sporangium. There were large differences between the development process of different sporangium in one male flower. Chestnut had larger quantity of male flowers and pol en and long period of pol ination compared with female flower. It is remained to be further studied whether it was necessary for anemophilous pol ination.

Effect of TYLCV Infection on Leaf Anatomical Structure and Protective Enzyme System of Tomato

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of tomato yellow leaf curl virus （TYLCV） infection on leaf anatomical structure and protective enzyme system of tomato. [Method] The anatomical structure of infected and healthy leaves of tomato were observed and compared by using paraffin section method. The activity changes of SOD, POD and CAT in the infected leaves of tomato were determined. [ Result] The results revealed that there were some differences in anatomical structure between healthy and infected leaves. Some cells of infected leaves were damaged so that the leaves curled and became yellow, which affected the normal function of organs. Compared with control, enzyme activities in the tomato plants infected by TYLCV were enhanced at the early periods and higher than that in control, then started to decline at the middle and late periods but lower than that in control.[ Conclusion] After infection by TYLCV, the leaf anatomical structure of tomato was changed greatly and the protective enzyme system was damaged severely, and affected the normal physJological metabolic functions of tissues and organs in tomato in further.

Effects of Salt Stress on Anatomical Structure of Leaves of Malus sieversii and Malus robusta

[Objective] This study was conducted to compare leaf anatomical structure of Malus sieversii and M. robusta under different salt concentration levels to determine their tolerance to salt and thus to provide rootstock materials for apple production in salinized soil in Southern Xinjiang. [Method] The experiment was conducted with M. sieversii and M. robusta as test materials. Salt stress was simulated using 8 g/L of NaCI solution, and Hoagland nutrient solution was used instead of NaCI solution as control group （CK）. Samples were collected on the 20^th d of treatment, sliced through paraffin processing. The prepared paraffin sections of M. sieversii and M. robusta were then observed under a light microscope for anatomical structures of leaf, upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue and spongy tissue. [Result] Compared with the control, the leaf, upper epidermis, lower epidermis and spongy tissue of M. sieversii and M. robusta under salt stress were thickened at different degrees, while the thickness of the palisade tissue was decreased. Moreover, high salt concentration caused severer damage to the cell structure of M. sieversii than to that of M. robusta, as M. robusta cells maintained better structural integrity. [Conclusion] M. robusta has higher adaptability to salt stress than M. sieversii.

Fabrication of a monoclinic/hexagonal junction in WO_3 and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

A series of WO3 samples with different crystalline phases were prepared by the thermal decomposition method from ammonium tungstate hydrate.X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and N2 adsorption-desorption were used to characterize the crystalline phase,morphology,particle size,chemical composition,and surface area of the WO3 samples.The formation of hexagonal（h-WO3） and monoclinic（m-WO3） crystal structures of WO3 at different temperatures or different times was confirmed by XRD.m-WO3 is formed at 600 ℃,while m-WO3 starts to transform into h-WO3 at 800℃.However,h-WO3,which forms at 800℃,may transform into m-WO3 by increasing the calcination temperature to 1000℃.SEM results indicate that m-WO3 particles exhibit a bulky shape with heavy aggregates,while h-WO3 particles exhibit a rod-like shape.Moreover,m-WO3 crystals are sporadically patched on the surface of the h-WO3 rod-like particles,resulting in the exposure of both m-WO3 and h-WO3 on the surface.It is observed that the monoclinic phase（m-WO3）/hexagonal phase（h-WO3） junction was fabricated by tuning the calcination temperature and calcination time.The relative ratios between m-WO3 and h-WO3 in the phase junction can readily be tailored by control of the calcination time.The photocatalytic activities of WO3 with different crystalline phases were evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B as a model pollutant.A higher photocatalytic activity was observed in the WO3 sample with the m-WO3/h-WO3junction as compared with the sample with only m-WO3.The improvement of photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the reduction of the electron-hole recombination rate owing to the formation of the phase junction,whose presence has been confirmed by HRTEM and photoluminescence spectra.

Photocatalytic degradation and inactivation of Escherichia coli by ZnO/ZnAl_2O_4 with heteronanostructures

ZnO/Znml2O4 nanocomposites with heteronanostructures were successfully prepared by co-precipitation method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by HRTEM, TEM, XRD, BET, TG-DTA, and UV-Vis spectra techniques. The photoeatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and inactivation of Escherichia coli in suspension under the irradiation of the simulated sunlight. The effects of compositions, calcination temperatures, concentration ofphotocatalysts and light source on the photocatalytic activities were systematically studied. The results show that when the concentration of ZnO/ZnA1204 photocatalyst with the starting Zn to Al molar ratio of 1：1.5 calcined at 600 ℃ is 1.0 g/L, the maximum photocatalytic degradation rate of 98.5% can be obtained in 50 min under the irradiation of the simulated sunlight. Under the same conditions, an inactivation rate of 99.8% for E.coli is achieved in 60 min.

Dissolution kinetics and mechanism of gibbsitic bauxite and pure gibbsite in sodium hydroxide solution under atmospheric pressure

The crystal structure, morphology, dissolution kinetics and mechanism of gibbsitic bauxite and pure gibbsite in Na OH solution under atmospheric pressure were systematically investigated by XRD and SEM. The results show that the size of single crystal of gibbsite in gibbsitic bauxite is smaller than that in pure gibbsite, but the interplanar distance is larger than that of pure gibbsite, which result in more defects in the crystal and less energy needed to dissolve in alkaline solution for the gibbsitic bauxite. The dissolution kinetic equations of gibbsitic bauxite and pure gibbsite were established, and the corresponding activation energies were calculated to be 99.144 and 115.149 k J/mol, respectively.

Kinetic model for calcium sulfate decomposition at high temperature

A modified shrinking unreacted-core model,based on thermogravimetric analysis,was developed to investigate CaSO4 decomposition in oxy-fuel combustion,especially under isothermal condition which is difficult to achieve in actual experiments due to high-temperature corrosion.A method was proposed to calculate the reaction rate constant for CaSO4 decomposition.Meanwhile,the diffusion of SO2 and O2,and the sintering of CaO were fully considered during the development of model.The results indicate that the model can precisely predict the decomposition of CaSO4 under high SO2 concentration（1100×10-6）.Concentrations of SO2 and O2 on the unreacted-core surface were found to increase first and then decrease with increasing temperature,and the average specific surface area and porosity of each CaO sintering layer decreased with increasing time.The increase of SO2 and/or O2 concentration inhibited CaSO4 decomposition.Moreover,the kinetics of CaSO4 decomposition had obvious dependence on temperature and the decomposition rate can be dramatically accelerated with increasing temperature.

Changes of Granule Structure and Enzyme Hydrolysability of Starch in Upper Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves During Bulk Flue-curing

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the changes of granule struc- ture, characteristic and related enzymatic activity of starch in upper flue-cured tobac- co leaves during bulk flue-curing process, to provide theoretical basis for reasonably regulating the starch content in upper flue-cured tobacco leaves and improving the quality of upper flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Method] Changes of amylase activity, enzyme hydrolysability and granule structure of starch in upper flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied during flue-curing process using conventional physical and chemical analysis and SEM. [Result] During the flue-curing process, the starch con- tent of tobacco leaves changed greatly at yellowing stage, and the activity of amy- lase presented the double-peak curve. The SEM observation results showed that most of the starch granules in fresh tobacco leaves were spheroidal and long cylin- drical, while some individuals were in irregular shape, with obvious groove-like in- vagination and layered structure on granule surface; during the flue-curing process, a large amount of starch granules showed layered structure on the surface at yellow- ing stage, and the long cylindrical starch granules were reduced greatly; at the end of flue-curing, there were barely any long cylindrical starch granule in flue-cured to- bacco leaves. Average long-axis-diameter of starch granules in fresh tobacco leaves was 3.21 μm, showing an overall gradually increasing trend during the flue-curing process, which was significantly enhanced at 38 and 42 ℃. The diameter of starch granules increased by more than 60% at the end of 42 ℃ and there was no re- markable difference after 47 ℃. During the flue-curing process, enzyme hydrolysabil- ity of starch in flue-cured tobacco leaves first increased, reached a peak at 38 ~C, and then decreased. [Conclusion] During the bulk flue-curing, the yellowing stage is the critical period for starch content, granule structure and characteristic changes of flue-cured tobacco leaves, it is of positive effects to improve the quality of upper flue-cured tobacco leaves by regulating the flue-curing conditions at yellowing stage.

Stem Morphological Structure of Super Hybrid Rice and Its Relationship with Lodging Resistance

The stem morphology and anatomical structure of rice, as well as their relationship with lodging resistance, were studied with six super hybrid rice varieties as the tested materials. The results showed that the rice varieties with stronger lodging resistance were characterized by shorter basal elongated internodes and thicker stem base. The lodging index of hybrid rice was positively correlated with the lengths of the first, second and third basal elongated internodes （P〈0.01） and was negatively correlated with the thickness of basal stem wall and the number and area of small vascular bundles, the area of large vascular bundles and the total area of vascular bundles of the second basal elongated internode （P〈0.05）. The correlations between lodging index and plant height, maximum culm diameter of stem base and minimum culm diameter of stem base were not significant. It indi- cates that the lodging resistance of super hybrid rice can be improved by shorten- ing the length of basal elongated internodes, thickening the wall of stem base and increasing the number and area of vascular bundles of basal elongated internodes.