火电行业发展与“电荒”的形成——基于“市场煤”与“计划电”矛盾的分析

本文利用27个省市的面板数据,对在"市场煤"与"计划电"机制下的火电行业运营状况进行了详细分析,结果表明,"计划电"下政府对上网电价的上调促进了各地火电行业的生产与投资,而"市场煤"下快速上升的电煤价格在减少了火电行业产量与利润的同时却带来投资的增加。综合而言,在"市场煤"与"计划电"两种机制的影响下,电力行业的投资虽然得到增加,但受困于成本的大幅上升,即便有多余的生产能力,厂商也会因利润的下降而减少产量,造成严重的"电荒"。因此,电力市场亟须进一步市场化改革,以跟上煤炭市场改革的步伐。

Prospects of Shanghai City Network in 21~st Century

According to the population, area and economy development of Shanghai City, this paper introduces the load forecast of the city and points out that the development of urban power network should adapt the development of its economy. In this paper, the developing targets of Shanghai power network are also presented.

Ten Focal Problems inthe 10th Five-Year Power Plan

In view of that the average electricity consumption per capita is still rather low in China, this paper putsforward ten focal problems in the 10th Five-year Power Plan, including optimized allocation of power sources and powernetworks, environmental protection in coal-fired power plants, as well as localization of power equipment, etc.

Solution to reinforcement learning problems with artificial potential field

A novel method was designed to solve reinforcement learning problems with artificial potential field.Firstly a reinforcement learning problem was transferred to a path planning problem by using artificial potential field(APF),which was a very appropriate method to model a reinforcement learning problem.Secondly,a new APF algorithm was proposed to overcome the local minimum problem in the potential field methods with a virtual water-flow concept.The performance of this new method was tested by a gridworld problem named as key and door maze.The experimental results show that within 45 trials,good and deterministic policies are found in almost all simulations.In comparison with WIERING's HQ-learning system which needs 20 000 trials for stable solution,the proposed new method can obtain optimal and stable policy far more quickly than HQ-learning.Therefore,the new method is simple and effective to give an optimal solution to the reinforcement learning problem.

Detection of Bluetongue Virus Group-specific Antigen Using Monoclonal Antibody Based Sandwich ELISA

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the bluetongue virus (BTV) group specific antigen (VP7) was characterized for its reactivity with purified virus and recombinant BTV VP7 (rVP7) protein and its suitability for use in the sandwich ELISA.The MAb,designated as 5B5 was specific to VP7 and belongs to IgG2a subclass and was selected for the development of the sELISA in this study.The MAb had a titer of 1:25 with BTV and 1:2 with the rVP7 protein.The sELISA is based on capturing of BTV antigen with VP7 specific MAb followed by detection using BTV polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits.The assay was evaluated with six cell culture adapted serotypes of BTV that have been isolated from India,1,2,15,17,18 and 23.The assay could detect BTV antigen as early as day 8 in blood.It was also successfully applied for the detection of BTV group specific antigen in clinical samples of blood,washed RBCs,buffy coat and plasma.A total of 102 field samples from animals,suspected of being infected with BTV,were tested and 29.42% were positive.The blood samples were also amplified in cell culture which improved the sensitivity of the assay.Results confirmed that the sELISA is rapid and specific.

The Million Book Project at Bibliotheca Alexandrina

The Bibliotheca Alexandrina （BA） has been developing and putting to use a workflow for tuming printed books into digital books as its contribution to the building of a Universal Digital Library. This workflow is a process consisting of multiple phases, namely, scanning, image processing, OCR, digital archiving, document encoding, and publishing. Over the past couple of years, the BA has defined procedures and special techniques for the scanning, processing, OCR and publishing, especially of Arabic books. This workflow has been automated, allowing the governance of the different phases and making possible the production of 18000 books so far. The BA has also designed and implemented a framework for the encoding of digital books that allows publishing as well as a software system for managing the creation, maintenance, and publishing of the overall digital repository.

Design of 256 bit single-poly MTP memory based on BCD process

We propose a single-poly MTP （multi-time programmable） cell consisting of one capacitor and two transistors based on MagnaChip＇s BCD process. The area of a unit cell is 37.743 75μm^2. The proposed single-poly MTP cell is erased and programmed by the FN tunnelling scheme. We design a 256 bit MTP memory for PMICs （power management ICs） using the proposed single-poly MTP cells. For small-area designs, we propose a selection circuit between V10V and VSV, and a WL （word-line） driver by simplifying its logic circuit. We reduce the total layout area by using pumped internal node voltages from a seven-stage cross-coupled charge pump for V10V （=10 V） and V5V （=5 V） without any additional charge pumps. The layout size of the designed 256 bit MTP memory is 618.250 μm × 437.425μm.

A COLLABORATIVE SPECTRUM SENSING SCHEME USING FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION IN COGNITIVE RADIO

Cognitive Radio(CR) is a promising technology to solve the challenging spectrum scarcity problem.However, to implement CR, spectrum sensing is the groundwork and the precondition.In this paper, a collaborative spectrum sensing scheme using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is proposed.The final sensing decision of the proposed scheme is based on the combination of distributed sensing results of different Secondary Users(SUs).To improve the reliability of the sensing decision, the combination procedure takes into account the credibility of each SU, which is evaluated using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.The effect of the presence of malicious SUs and malfunctioning SUs on the performance of the proposed scheme is also investigated.The efficiency of the scheme is validated through analysis and simulation.

China's Electric Power Industry Achievements during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period and Development Prospects for the 10th Five-Year Plan Period

This paper looks back upon the achievements of the electric power industry during the Ninth Five-year Plan Period(1996-2000), and puts forward the developing targets and the working focuses for the Tenth Five-year Plan Period(2001-2005).

Autonomous Optimal Coordination Scheme in Protection System of Power Distribution Network by Using Multi-Agent Concept

A protection system using a multi-agent concept for power distribution networks is proposed.Every digital over current relay(OCR)is developed as an agent by adding its own intelligence,self-tuning and communication ability.The main advantage of the multi-agent concept is that a group of agents work together to achieve a global goal which is beyond the ability of each individual agent.In order to cope with frequent changes in the network operation condition and faults,an OCR agent,proposed in this paper,is able to detect a fault or a change in the network and find its optimal parameters for protection in an autonomous manner considering information of the whole network obtained by communication between other agents.Through this kind of coordination and information exchanges,not only a local but also a global protective scheme is completed.Simulations in a simple distribution network show the effectiveness of the proposed protection system.

Asynchronous cooperative transmission scheme using linear dispersion code

The cooperative diversity schemes can effectively create a virtual antenna array for path fading combating multiin wireless channels. However, a lot of cooperative diversity schemes require perfect synchronization which is, in practice, difficult and even impossible to be realized. In this paper, we propose an asynchronous cooperative diversity scheme based on the linear dispersion code （LDC）. By adding the zero padding （ZP） between linear dispersion codewords, our scheme mitigates the effect of asynchronism effectively. The length of ZP is decided by relative timing errors between different relays. Besides, an easy decoding method of our scheme is given in this paper by restructuring the stacked channel matrix.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PRECISE ELECTRO CHEMICAL INTERFACE

Based on the circuit principle of 1186 Electro Chemical Interface preduced by Solartron Electronic Group Ltd., a precise electro chemical interface (ECI) unit, which can provide the interfacing requirements for the control and measurement of characteristics of electro chemical cell, was developed by means of some essential improvements. Not only can it be used to control and measure the steady and non-steady state characteristics, but also it can be directly connected with Solartron 1170 series or 1250 Frequency Response Analysers (FRA) to measure the AC impedance. Besides,the EC1 can also be connected with two- or three-electrode electro chemical cell systems to test convenlently and correctly their DC and AC characteristics, and used as a four-electrode potentlostat combined with four-electrode electro chernical cell system which contains two reference electrodes (RES) for researches on the electro chemical characteristics of oil-water interface, etc.

Modeling Assessment of Renewable Energy to Design Business Plans of Power Options Aimed Energy Planning

The objective of this paper is the evaluation of business opportunities attractiveness in RER （renewable-energy resources） within a specific geographic area, and using some concepts of integrated energy-resource planning. The proposed methodology includes the main figures of economic merit evaluated to each resource assessed, the sensitivity analysis on cash flow, and recommendations of investments to each energy option assessed. A study case is applied within the northwest region of Sao Paulo State （Brazil） for those renewable-energy options. Five options of renewable-energy resources were chosen to be evaluated： three ERs （energy resources） from supply side （small hydro, wind farms and sugarcane bagasse） and two ERs from demand side （replacement of incandescent lighting by fluorescent and replacement of electric showers by central heating systems）. The conclusion is that, only two assessed ERs that have received investment grade were sugarcane biomass and fluorescent lamps replacing incandescent lamps. The rest have restriction due different reasons listed.

New Program Projects Selection for TV Companies

Selecting new program projects plays an important role for TV companies. Balanced scorecard （BSC） which links financial and non-financial, tangible and intangible, inward and outward factors can provide an integrated viewpoint for decision makers to select optimal new program projects. This study combines BSC with analytic hierarchy process （AHP） to help Taiwan Residents TV company managers make better decisions in new program projects selection. Moreover, the practical application of the proposed approach is generic and also suitable to be exploited for Taiwan Residents TV companies.

Correction Scheme for Scheduled Network Loss Rate Applied to UHV Transmission Trading

The size and allocation method of transmission network loss have major impact on particular users involved with the electricity market trading process, therefore, the accuracy of scheduled network loss rates will be vital to the economic concerns from the stakeholders. In view of the shortcoming of existing loss rate scheme in 1,000 kV demonstration project, three scheduled loss rates applied to the UHV AC （ultra high voltage alternating current） transaction settlement are revised. By taking relationship between loss rate and power into consideration, the new segmented correction scheme greatly reduces the deviation between scheduled loss rates and actual loss rates, and is more accurate, flexible and expansible than the old one.

Can Quality of Content Be a Differentiator for Broadcast Programs？ A Case Study in Japan

This paper discusses the idea that the industry can have a differentiator of program quality by encouraging the activities of the Broadcasting Ethics ＆ Program Improvement Organization （BPO） in Japan. The BPO, a worldwide independent organization, has a mission of a breakwater against state power, and thus can be regarded as a kind of media accountability system, as proposed by Claude-Jean Bertrand. We review some controversial affairs in the TV industry and discuss BPO＇s activities aimed preventing ＂yellow journalism＂ and improving the quality of programming. High-quality content may be a differentiator for viewers faced with a choice of media, and thus, we focus on BPO and its role as a differentiator of the Japanese TV industry among the other, especially, Internet media. We also propose four ideas in response of critiques of BPO. Those are to strengthen transparency of governance of BPO, to improve the conformity of the TV industry to BPO＇s assessments of it, to establish a new committee to examine the whole concept of journalism, and to introduce a new certification institution to guarantee quality.

An Activity in Japan for Realizing CO2-Free Hydrogen Global Supply Chains

The current basic energy plan of Japan was authorized in the Cabinet in June 2010, in which ambitious energy and environmental targets and policies giving nuclear power a pivotal role toward 2030 were described. At present, the Japanese government has been forced to review the basic energy plan in the wake of the great east Japan earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011 followed by the severe accident at the nuclear power plants in Fukushima. Before the disaster, the IAE （institute of applied energy） had realized that it was not clear how CO2-free hydrogen would contribute to solving various energy and environmental issues, or that prospects were not clear for large demand of CQ-free hydrogen other than FCVs （fuel cell vehicles）. In this connection, the authors organized a voluntary ＂Concept Study Group （in short）＂ in March 2011 and held four meetings until the end of March 2012. Through the quantitative studies using IAE＇s simulation model （GRAPE）, the common recognition was built in the concept study group that hydrogen could contribute to energy security and increase in zero-emissions electric power ratio in Japan. It was also estimated that global CO2-free hydrogen supply chains could be realized by degrees after 2020. Based on these results, the authors made a proposal that hydrogen should be added in the primary energy constitution for new basic energy plan to the Japanese government because imported hydrogen could be considered as a pseudo-primary energy like LNG （liquefied natural gas）. Now, the succeeding ＂Action Plan Study Group （in short）＂ has been held focusing on hydrogen demand in various applications, future pictures of CO2-free hydrogen chains and road maps. Activity results of the ＂Concept Study Group＂ are shown here.

Look Back Transmission Planning Around Three Gorges

In view of its huge installed capacity and very complex transmission system,the design process of China's Three Gorges Hydropower Station had been repeatedly demonstrated for more than ten years.The smooth construction,bringing into production and operation show that the planning scheme for Three Gorges power transmission project is successful.In this paper the design course of Three Gorges power transmission system is retrospected;the main planning schemes for Three Gorges power transmission system are reviewed;and the design results in different design stages are summarized.

Toward a high resolution 2-DE profile of the normal human liver proteome using ultra-zoom gels

The human liver is the largest organ in the body and has many important physiological functions. A global analysis of human liver proteins is essential for a better understanding of the molecular basis of the normal functions of the liver and of its diseases. As part of the Human Liver Proteome Project (HLPP), the goal of the present study was to visualize and detect as many proteins as possible in normal human livers using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). We have constructed a reference map of the proteins of human normal liver that can be used for the comprehensive analysis of the human liver proteome and other related research. To improve the resolution and enhance the detection of low abundance proteins, we developed and optimized narrow pH range ultra-zoom 2-DE gels. High resolution patterns of human liver in pH gradients 4.5-5.5, 5-6, 5.5-6.7, 6-9 and 6-11 are presented. To improve the poor resolution in the alkaline pH range of 2-DE gels, we optimized the isoelectric focusing protocol by including sample application using cup loading at the anode and incorporating 1.2% hydroxyethyl disulfide, 15% 2-propanol and 5% glycerol in the rehydration buffer. Using the optimized protocol, we obtained reproducibly better resolution in both analytical and preparative 2-DE gels. Compared with the 2386 and 1878 protein spots resolved in the wide range 3-10 and 4-7 pH gradients respectively, we obtained 5481 protein spots from the multiple (overlapping) narrow pH range ultra-zoom gels in the range of pH 4.5-9. The visualized reference map of normal human liver proteins presented in this paper will be valuable for comparative proteomic research of the liver proteome.

Single-trial ERP evidence for the three-stage scheme of facial expression processing

Using a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm, we previously showed that the average amplitudes of six event-related potential (ERP) components were affected by different categories of emotional faces. In the current study, we investigated the six discriminating components on a single-trial level to clarify whether the amplitude difference between experimental conditions results from a difference in the real variability of single-trial amplitudes or from latency jitter across trials. It is found that there were consistent amplitude differences in the single-trial P1, N170, VPP, N3, and P3 components, demonstrating that a substantial proportion of the average amplitude differences can be explained by the pure variability in amplitudes on a single-trial basis between experimental conditions. These single-trial results verified the three-stage scheme of facial expression processing beyond multitrial ERP averaging, and showed the three processing stages of "fear popup", "emotional/unemotional discrimination", and "complete separation" based on the single-trial ERP dynamics.