邮件成为“讨论组”——IMail邮件列表的使用

和很多成功的网络服务一样邮件列表也是从一个简单的想法中发展而来的．当用户想向一个人发出一封电子邮件，那他就必须指定一个邮件地址．如果用户希望向不止一个人发送同一封邮件，那他就要设置一个特殊的名字我们称之为“别名(alias）”．在这里．别名代表的是一组用户．这里的组称为“讨论组”．

Evaluation of Training Program for New Nurses to Enhance Caring Behavior

This research was aimed to evaluate the training program enhancing caring behaviors of new nurses by Kirkpatrick＇s four level for evaluation model： reaction, learning, behavior, and result of the program. The participants were new nurses, preceptors of new nurses, administrators, patients and members of the patients＇ family cared by new nurses. The research instruments were： （1） five questionnaires toward program suitability, knowledge, attitude, caring expression, and result to organization. The mean, standard deviation and dependent sample t-test were used for data analysis; （2） guidelines for focus group discussion and semi-structural questionnaire analyzed by content analysis. The study revealed that： （1） the mean of suitability was at the very high level （X = 4.49, SD. = .30）; （2） the knowledge and attitude after training were significantly higher than before training at .000 level, [t =-21.65, p = .000 and t = -19.30, p = .000）; {3} caring behavior after training was significantly higher than before training at the .000 level; and {4} the result of the program was at the high level { X = 4.25, SD. = .17}, related to the result of semi-structured interview and focus group discussion. These evaluation research finding suggested that administrators can use for improving the preparation of any project and apply to evaluate other training programs, developing human resource system.

Audience-Performer Interface as a Battlefield of Expression： A Study of Ateso Oral Narratives

The purpose of the study was to investigate and illustrate the challenges faced by performers and audiences during Ateso oral narratives in Ateso speaking communities in Uganda. The study used ethnographic and discurssive analyses methods of research. The topic was Audience-Performer Interface as a Battlefield of Expression： A Study of Ateso Oral Narratives. Ethnographic method of study was used in Ateso speaking communities of Serere, Ngora, Bukedea and Pallisa districts of Uganda. The author stayed with communities for four to seven days in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The study analysed the interpretational dimensions of the oral narrative episodes. Questionnaires and focused group discussions were used to solicit data from a total of 20 （33.3%） out of 60 persons. The study saw that there was dire need to revive the cultural media of communication in Teso. In Serere, Bukedea and Ngora there was more of unpleasant intrusion than in Pallisa and Serere. Performers should consider their audiences complementary to the narration and establish rapport. Audiences should appreciate the efforts of the narrators to keep the cultural norm of story-telling alive in Teso. The Ministry of Education and Sports in Uganda should encourage local languages at all levels of education.

Study of group discussion in EFL classroom teaching

Communicative Language Teaching （CLT） lays emphasis on communication in the classroom, pair and group activities and student involvement in the learning process. Amid the classroom activities, group discussion predominates in almost all EFL classroom teaching, characterized by maximized participation of language learners. Several elements contribute to a fruitful group discussion, namely, grouping, topic selection, process control and outcome presentation. The interdependence and interaction of all the elements help to build up a productive group discussion and finalize with novice ideas. In spite of all the advantages, some constraints on group discussion still deserve our attention.

Homegardens as a Source of Income for Rural Households A Case Study of Bieha District, Southern Burkina Faso

This exploratory research studied the contribution of homegardens to household income generation. In Burkina Faso, the Bieha department was purposively selected. The initial rapid rural appraisal was complemented by a household survey. Tools of data collection included observation, key informant interview, and focus group discussion. For the survey, eighty households were selected based on systematic sampling. Data was collected by individual interviews at household level, and for statistical calculations, the households were subsequently categorized as small, medium and commercial based on their homegarden size. It was found that all the surveyed households managed homegardens composed of trees, crops and animals. Majority of the farmers （43%） belonged to the small category due to land constraints. Generally, farms contributed more income than the plant component of homegardens. However, when the livestock component of homegardens was added, homegardens became far more important than farms and accounted for over 60% of income generation for all categories. It can be concluded that homegardens are important to rural people for food and cash income.

Uses of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary of Bangladesh

An exploratory survey was conducted on the uses and role of invasive alien species(IAS) to local livelihoods in the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary in the northeastern hilly region of Bangladesh.Vegetation was sampled in 50 quadrates,each 10 m×10 m,and 25 line transects,each 50 m×20 m,through a combination of random and systematic sampling.Group discussions were also arranged with fifty local inhabitants(17 % of the total inhabitants) to learn the various uses of IAS.A total of 17 alien plant species belonging to 10 different families,of which Leguminosae constitutes the highest number(5 species),include tree(53%) followed by herb(12%),shrub(12%) and others(weed,climber and palm).The majority of the identified species were found to be used for fuel,followed by timber production,medicinal or curative uses,fodder,and many others.In addition to providing various forest products,alien tree species planted in forest plantation help provide many vital ecosystem services such as soil amelioration through nitrogen fixation.It is true that the alien species have some negative impacts on local ecosystems,and not all of them are harmful.Therefore,a national programme must be initiated to distinguish the harmful from the harmless species and to identify the uses and impacts of the former and latter.

Harnessing the Potential of Community Radio in Empowering Rural Women in Malawi

This paper examines the extent to which community radio has the empowering and transformation potential. It draws on Nkhotakota community radio station in Malawi to analyze how community radio can empower women especially in rural areas. Although the whole of the rural population can be considered as marginalized, women are the most affected as they face marginalization in the family and village setting. Based on the data drawn from semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, document analysis, and participant observation, the paper observes that inequality and high illiteracy rate are the major hindrances among rural women which prevent them from accessing information necessary for their improvement. This paper argues that community radio has the potential to empower women in rural areas by providing them with access to information necessary to empower and transform their lives and enable them to participate in development activities.

Mathematics Knowledge of Proof in Geometry： Pre-Service Teachers＇ Perspectives

This article is based on research on pre-service teachers＇ perspectives on their mathematics knowledge of proof in geometry. The study was framed using tile mathematical knowledge for teaching framework. This qualitative study employed the use of a task-based worksheet, focus group sessions and semi-structured individual interviews. The task-based worksheet was completed by 180 pre-service mathematics teachers （second, third and fourth year mathematics education students）. Pre-service mathematics teachers are student teachers who have not yet completed their training to become teachers. After the analysis of the task-based worksheet, 20 participants were invited to participate in focus group sessions and individual interviews. The findings of the study reveal that the participants possess peripheral mathematics knowledge of proof in geometry. The study aims at assisting pre-service teachers and interested educationists to explore innovative methods of acquiring and imparting mathematics knowledge of proof in geometry. The study proposes possible changes in curriculum at school and university level.

Female Executives＇ Experiences of Contrapower Sexual Harassment From Male Subordinates in the Workplace

This paper examines female executives＇ experiences of contra-power sexual harassment （CPSH）. One hundred and fifteen respondents, consisting of 67 female executives and 48 male subordinates, were purposively selected. Both quantitative and qualitative data were utilized. Female executives perceived and experienced three out of the 11 acts-male subordinates grabbing their groins before female executives, male subordinates bragging about their sexual organs as hefty before female executives, and male subordinates bragging about their prowess in bed before female executives-as most sexually harassing And 35~6 of the male respondents reported that they grabbed their groins before female executives, 60.4% bragged of the size of their sexual organs, and 52.1% bragged of their prowess in bed. The focused group discussions （FGDs） revealed that CPSH may induce low job satisfaction, job commitment and reduced productivity, increase feelings of loss of control over the body, destroy gender identity, and increase the tendency to quit the job. Female executives ignored the acts and maintained strict formal relationships with their male subordinates as ways of coping with the acts. Conclusively, as powerful as female executives are in position of authority, they are still powerless as regards CPHS.

INTRODUCTION OF IRE DISCOURSE PATTERN TO GROUP DISCUSSIONS

This paper presents a new approach of conducting group discussions in oral communication classes by teaching students to follow the IRE (Initiation-Reply-Evaluation) discourse pattern and speak like a teacher. This approach emphasizes the use of specific conversational skills to accomplish the process of meaning negotiation in discussions and has obtained satisfactory classroom results.

GROUP DISCUSSIONS AND EFL WRITING

Although a limited number of studies have been undertaken to support the argument that group discussion facilitates EFL writing, few studies have provided statistical proof for this. The present study was designed to compare the written work of two groups of Chinese students, in order to identify the differences in writing outcomes achieved with different teaching methods: conducting group discussions with the Experimental Group (EG) and teacher-dominance with the Control Group (CG). By comparing the two groups' written products and analyzing the sample writings and questionnaire results, the study suggests that group discussion facilitates students' writing better than traditional classes, in terms of content, readership and thinking patterns. [HJ][WTH3]

FACE-TO-FACE AND SYNCHRONOUS ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION AS PREWRITING ACTIVITY IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE WRITING CLASS

One of the main findings of computer-mediated communication study in recent years is that it has anequalizing effect among student participation in class. Face-to-face discussions tend to be relatively unbalanced,with the teacher or a few participants dominating the floor; however, computer-mediated communicationfeatures more balanced participation, with participants sharing the floor more equally. According to somestudies, second and foreign language teachers have also claimed that electronic communication has been provedto be an equalizer in their classrooms. Besides, some researches find that the formality and complexity oflanguage in electronic discussion might be an excellent medium for prewriting work since it could serve as abridge from spoken interaction to written composition. This study aims to prove these claims throughcomparing the performances of student participation in the traditional face-to-face prewriting small groupdiscussions and those in the synchronous computer-mediated communication mode. The findings show out atendency toward more equal participation in computer-mediated communication mode. The study alsodiscovers that the language students used in the electronic prewriting discussion and in the first drafts composedafter the discussion is more formal and complex lexically and syntactically than the language they used in face-to-face mode. The comparison of the first drafts which were finished separately after the two modes ofdiscussion by individual student demonstrate, however, there is not obvious differences among the twocategories of first drafts concerning the content of writing.

Should Online Forums Be Monetized?

Chinese search engine giant Baidu has recently come under fire for selling its health-related Tieba,an online community-based group discussion service,to unlicensed hospitals or quack doctors.

Minutes of the First International Editorial Board Meeting of Chinese Journal of Traumatology

The First International Editorial Board Meeting of Chinese Journal of Traumatology was held in Guiyang, China on August 16, 2015. Totally 32 domestic and 20 foreign professors from America. Europe, Asia and Oceania attended the panel discussion about the future of this journal. Some experience from globally excellent journals was proposed.